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Zhang J, Zhang ZX, Wen BY, Jiang YJ, He X, Bai R, Zhang XL, Chai WC, Xu XY, Xu J, Hou LP, Li ML. Molecular Regulatory Network of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Black Radish Skin as Revealed by Transcriptome and Metabonome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13663. [PMID: 37686469 PMCID: PMC10563070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the coloring mechanism in black radish, the integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses of root skin from a black recombinant inbred line (RIL 1901) and a white RIL (RIL 1911) were carried out. A total of 172 flavonoids were detected, and the analysis results revealed that there were 12 flavonoid metabolites in radish root skin, including flavonols, flavones, and anthocyanins. The relative concentrations of most flavonoids in RIL 1901 were higher than those in RIL 1911. Meanwhile, the radish root skin also contained 16 types of anthocyanins, 12 of which were cyanidin and its derivatives, and the concentration of cyanidin 3-o-glucoside was very high at different development stages of black radish. Therefore, the accumulation of cyanidin and its derivatives resulted in the black root skin of radish. In addition, a module positively related to anthocyanin accumulation and candidate genes that regulate anthocyanin synthesis was identified by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Among them, structural genes (RsCHS, RsCHI, RsDFR, and RsUGT75C1) and transcription factors (TFs) (RsTT8, RsWRKY44L, RsMYB114, and RsMYB308L) may be crucial for the anthocyanin synthesis in the root skin of black radish. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in the root skin of black radish was constructed based on the expression of genes related to flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways (Ko00941 and Ko00942) and the relative expressions of metabolites. In conclusion, this study not only casts new light on the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in the root skin of black radish but also provides a molecular basis for accelerating the cultivation of new black radish varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Bo-Yue Wen
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Ya-Jie Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xia He
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Rui Bai
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | | | - Wen-Chen Chai
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization for Vegetable and Flower Germplasm Resources in Shanxi, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Jin Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization for Vegetable and Flower Germplasm Resources in Shanxi, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Lei-Ping Hou
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization for Vegetable and Flower Germplasm Resources in Shanxi, Taiyuan 030000, China
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Wang Y, Song Y, Wang D. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Providing Insights into the Coloring Mechanism of Docynia delavayi. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182899. [PMID: 36141027 PMCID: PMC9498648 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolome and transcriptome profiles of three different variations of mature Docynia delavayi fruit were synthesized to reveal their fruit color formation mechanism. A total of 787 secondary metabolites containing 149 flavonoid metabolites, most of which were flavonoids and flavonols, were identified in the three variations using ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and we found that the secondary metabolites cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were the major coloring substances in D. delavayi. This was associated with the significant upregulation of the structural genes F3H and F3′H in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway and the control genes WRKY, MYB, bZIP, bHLH, and NAC in RP. F3′H expression may play a significant role in the selection of components for anthocyanin synthesis. Our results contribute to breeding and nutritional research in D. delavayi and provide insight into metabolite studies of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yuyang Song
- Department of Forestry, Agricultural College, Xinjiang Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-135-7967-9010 (Y.S.); +86-138-8891-5161 (D.W.)
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Genetic and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (D.W.); Tel.: +86-135-7967-9010 (Y.S.); +86-138-8891-5161 (D.W.)
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Yao X, Yao Y, An L, Li X, Bai Y, Cui Y, Wu K. Accumulation and regulation of anthocyanins in white and purple Tibetan Hulless Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.) revealed by combined de novo transcriptomics and metabolomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:391. [PMID: 35922757 PMCID: PMC9351122 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colored barley, which may have associated human health benefits, is more desirable than the standard white variety, but the metabolites and molecular mechanisms underlying seedcoat coloration remain unclear. RESULTS Here, the development of Tibetan hulless barley was monitored, and 18 biological samples at 3 seedcoat color developmental stages were analyzed by transcriptomic and metabolic assays in Nierumuzha (purple) and Kunlun10 (white). A total of 41 anthocyanin compounds and 4186 DEGs were identified. Then we constructed the proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of Tibetan hulless barley, including 19 genes encoding structural enzymes in 12 classes (PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3'H, DFR, ANS, ANR, GT, and ACT). 11 DEGs other than ANR were significantly upregulated in Nierumuzha as compared to Kunlun10, leading to high levels of 15 anthocyanin compounds in this variety (more than 25 times greater than the contents in Kunlun10). ANR was significantly upregulated in Kunlun10 as compared to Nierumuzha, resulting in higher contents of three anthocyanins compounds (more than 5 times greater than the contents in Nierumuzha). In addition, 22 TFs, including MYBs, bHLHs, NACs, bZips, and WD40s, were significantly positively or negatively correlated with the expression patterns of the structural genes. Moreover, comparisons of homologous gene sequences between the two varieties identified 61 putative SNPs in 13 of 19 structural genes. A nonsense mutation was identified in the coding sequence of the ANS gene in Kunlun10. This mutation might encode a nonfunctional protein, further reducing anthocyanin accumulation in Kunlun10. Then we identified 3 modules were highly specific to the Nierumuzha (purple) using WGCNA. Moreover, 12 DEGs appeared both in the putative proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and the protein co-expression network were obtained and verified. CONCLUSION Our study constructed the proanthocyanin-anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of Tibetan hulless barley. A series of compounds, structural genes and TFs responsible for the differences between purple and white hulless barley were obtained in this pathway. Our study improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis in barley seeds. It provides new targets for the genetic improvement of anthocyanin content and a framework for improving the nutritional quality of barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Yao
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Youhua Yao
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Likun An
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xin Li
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yixiong Bai
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yongmei Cui
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Kunlun Wu
- Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, Xining, 810016, China.
- Qinghai Subcenter of National Hulless Barley Improvement, Xining, 810016, China.
- Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, Xining, 810016, China.
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Metabolic and transcriptome analysis of dark red taproot in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268295. [PMID: 35536827 PMCID: PMC9089891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The red color in radish taproots is an important quality index and is mainly affected by anthocyanins. However, the metabolite components and gene expression underlying dark red taproot color formation in radish remain elusive. In this study, the metabolites and gene expression patterns affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis were monitored in the dark red taproots. Comparative analysis of anthocyanin metabolites between dark red taproots and white taproots indicated that pelargonin and pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside were the most promising dark red pigments responsible for the coloration of the taproots. Transcriptomic analysis of gene expression between dark red taproots and white taproots revealed that most of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated in dark red taproots. In particular, RsCHS and RsDFR were the two most up-regulated genes in the dark red taproots. Moreover, the higher coexpression of two R2R3-Myb transcription factors, RsMYB1 and RsMYB2, may contribute to dark red color formation. Our work documents metabolomic and transcriptomic changes related to the dark red color formation in taproots radish and provides valuable data for anthocyanin-rich radish breeding.
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Development of Molecular Markers for Predicting Radish ( Raphanus sativus) Flesh Color Based on Polymorphisms in the RsTT8 Gene. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10071386. [PMID: 34371589 PMCID: PMC8309288 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Red radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars are a rich source of health-promoting anthocyanins and are considered a potential source of natural colorants used in the cosmetic industry. However, the development of red radish cultivars via conventional breeding is very difficult, given the unusual inheritance of the anthocyanin accumulation trait in radishes. Therefore, molecular markers linked with radish color are needed to facilitate radish breeding. Here, we characterized the RsTT8 gene isolated from four radish genotypes with different skin and flesh colors. Sequence analysis of RsTT8 revealed a large number of polymorphisms, including insertion/deletions (InDels), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and simple sequence repeats (SSRs), between the red-fleshed and white-fleshed radish cultivars. To develop molecular markers on the basis of these polymorphisms for discriminating between radish genotypes with different colored flesh tissues, we designed four primer sets specific to the RsTT8 promoter, InDel, SSR, and WD40/acidic domain (WD/AD), and tested these primers on a diverse collection of radish lines. Except for the SSR-specific primer set, all primer sets successfully discriminated between red-fleshed and white-fleshed radish lines. Thus, we developed three molecular markers that can be efficiently used for breeding red-fleshed radish cultivars.
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Transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis reveals distinct flavonoid biosynthesis regulation for variegated testa color development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10721. [PMID: 34021210 PMCID: PMC8140124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut is one of the important oil and economic crops, among which the variegated testa peanut is a unique member. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pigment synthesis in variegated testa are still unclear. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the flavonoid metabolism pathway in pigmented areas indicated that there were 27 DEGs highly related to the synthesis of variegated testa color among 1,050 DEGs. Of these 27, 13 were up-regulated and 14 were down-regulated, including 3 PALs, 1 C4H, 2 CHSs, 1 F3H, 1 F3'H, 2 DFRs, 2 LARs, 2 IAAs, 4 bHLHs, and 9 MYBs. GO (Gene Ontology) analysis indicated that DEGs were similarly enriched in three branches. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) analysis suggested flavonoid biosynthesis is the most direct metabolic pathway for the synthesis of testa variegation. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) results showed that cyanidin and delphinidin were the primary metabolites that caused the color differences between the pigmented and the non-pigmented areas. Through the verification of 20 DEGs via qPCR, the results were consistent with transcriptome sequencing in four comparison groups. The results in this study lay the foundation for revealing the molecular regulation mechanisms of flavonoid synthesis in variegated testa peanut.
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Song X, Gao J, Peng H. Transcriptomic dynamics changes related to anthocyanin accumulation in the fleshy roots of carmine radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) characterized using RNA-Seq. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10978. [PMID: 33868802 PMCID: PMC8035900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carmine radish is famous for containing a natural red pigment (red radish pigment). However, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes during the dynamic development stages of the fleshy roots in carmine radish has not been fully investigated. Here, based on HPLC quantification of anthocyanin levels from our previous study, young fleshy roots of the carmine radish “Hongxin 1” obtained at the dynamic development stages of fleshy roots (seedling stage (SS), initial expansion (IE), full expansion (FE), bolting stage (BS), initial flowering stage (IFS), full bloom stage (FBS) and podding stage (PS)) were used for RNA-Seq. Approximately 126 comodulated DEGs related to anthocyanin biosynthesis (common DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish) were identified, from which most DEGs appeared to be likely to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, including two transcription factors, RsMYB and RsRZFP. In addition, some related proteins, e.g., RsCHS, RsDFR, RsANS, RsF′3H, RsF3GGT1, Rs3AT1, RsGSTF12, RsUFGT78D2 and RsUDGT-75C1, were found as candidate contributors to the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish. In addition, 11 putative DEGs related to anthocyanin synthesis were evaluated by qRT-PCR via the (2-ΔΔCT) method; the Pearson correlation analysis indicated excellent concordance between the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results. Furthermore, GO enrichment analysis showed that “anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process” and “anthocyanin-containing compound metabolic process” were commonly overrepresented in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots after the initial expansion stage. Moreover, five significantly enriched pathways were identified among the DEGs in the dynamic growth stages of fleshy roots in carmine radish, namely, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, diterpenoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. In conclusion, these results will expand our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fleshy roots of carmine radish and the putative candidate genes involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Song
- Research Center for Tourism Agriculture Development, Sichuan Tourism College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Peng
- Research Center for Tourism Agriculture Development, Sichuan Tourism College, Chengdu, China
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Hoang NV, Park C, Kamran M, Lee JY. Gene Regulatory Network Guided Investigations and Engineering of Storage Root Development in Root Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:762. [PMID: 32625220 PMCID: PMC7313660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of plant development relies on its ability to balance growth and stress resistance. To do this, plants have established highly coordinated gene regulatory networks (GRNs) of the transcription factors and signaling components involved in developmental processes and stress responses. In root crops, yields of storage roots are mainly determined by secondary growth driven by the vascular cambium. In relation to this, a dynamic yet intricate GRN should operate in the vascular cambium, in coordination with environmental changes. Despite the significance of root crops as food sources, GRNs wired to mediate secondary growth in the storage root have just begun to emerge, specifically with the study of the radish. Gene expression data available with regard to other important root crops are not detailed enough for us directly to infer underlying molecular mechanisms. Thus, in this review, we provide a general overview of the regulatory programs governing the development and functions of the vascular cambium in model systems, and the role of the vascular cambium on the growth and yield potential of the storage roots in root crops. We then undertake a reanalysis of recent gene expression data generated for major root crops and discuss common GRNs involved in the vascular cambium-driven secondary growth in storage roots using the wealth of information available in Arabidopsis. Finally, we propose future engineering schemes for improving root crop yields by modifying potential key nodes in GRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam V. Hoang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Marchev AS, Georgiev MI. Plant In Vitro Systems as a Sustainable Source of Active Ingredients for Cosmeceutical Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092006. [PMID: 32344812 PMCID: PMC7248771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are hybrids between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals which are being designed for a dual purpose: (1) To provide desired esthetical effects and (2) simultaneously treat dermatological conditions. The increased demand for natural remedies and the trends to use natural and safe ingredients resulted in intensive cultivation of medicinal plants. However, in many cases the whole process of plant cultivation, complex extraction procedure, and purification of the targeted molecules are not economically feasible. Therefore, the desired production of natural cosmetic products in sustainable and controllable fashion in the last years led to the intensive utilization of plant cell culture technology. The present review aims to highlight examples of biosynthesis of active ingredients derived through plant in vitro systems with potential cosmeceutical application. The exploitation of different type of extracts used in a possible cosmeceutical formulation, as well as, their activity tested in in vitro/in vivo models is thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, opportunities to manipulate the biosynthetic pathway, hence engineering the biosynthesis of some secondary metabolites, such as anthocyanins, have been highlighted.
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Gao J, Chen B, Lin H, Liu Y, Wei Y, Chen F, Li W. Identification and characterization of the glutathione S-Transferase (GST) family in radish reveals a likely role in anthocyanin biosynthesis and heavy metal stress tolerance. Gene 2020; 743:144484. [PMID: 32081694 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a large complex family of enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18) that play vital roles in flavonoid metabolism and plant growth and development and are responsive to heavy metal stress. However, knowledge about GST genes in radish (a vegetable crop with an extraordinary capacity to adapt to heavy metal stresses) is limited. Therefore, it is critical to identify putative candidate GST genes responsible for heavy metal stress tolerance and anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, we first identified 82 R. sativus GST (RsGST) genes using various bioinformatic approaches, and their expression profiles were characterized from RNAseq data. These RsGST genes could be grouped into 7 major subclasses: tau (43 members), phi (21 members), tetrachlorohydroquinone dehalogenase (7 members), dehydroascorbat reductase (5 members), zeta (3 members), lambda (2 members) and theta (1 member). In addition, most of the RsGST genes showed organ-specific expression in our study. Moreover, the transcripts of RsGSTF12-1 and RsGSTF12-2, belonging to the phi class, might be candidates encoding anthocyanin transporters in carmine radish, whereas the tau class, consisting of RsGSTU13-1, RsGSTU19, RsGSTU24-1, and RsGSTU3, and theta class, consisting of RsGSTT1-1, might be defend radish against adverse heavy metal stresses. These results will aid in understanding the functions of the GST family related to heavy metal stress and anthocyanin biosynthesis, thereby potentially improving radish breeding programs for high-pigment-content material as well as HM-tolerant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China; Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Haijian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Maize Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Wei
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Fabo Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China; Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China; Green Intelligence Environmental School, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
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