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Andreatta G, Montagnese S, Costa R. Natural alleles of the clock gene timeless differentially affect life-history traits in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1092951. [PMID: 36703932 PMCID: PMC9871817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1092951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks orchestrate a variety of physiological and behavioural functions within the 24-h day. These timekeeping systems have also been implicated in developmental and reproductive processes that span more (or less) than 24 h. Whether natural alleles of cardinal clock genes affect entire sets of life-history traits (i.e., reproductive arrest, developmental time, fecundity), thus providing a wider substrate for seasonal adaptation, remains unclear. Here we show that natural alleles of the timeless (tim) gene of Drosophila melanogaster, previously shown to modulate flies' propensity to enter reproductive dormancy, differentially affect correlated traits such as early-life fecundity and developmental time. Homozygous flies expressing the shorter TIM isoform (encoded by the s-tim allele) not only show a lower dormancy incidence compared to those homozygous for ls-tim (which produce both the short and an N-terminal additional 23-residues longer TIM isoform), but also higher fecundity in the first 12 days of adult life. Moreover, s-tim homozygous flies develop faster than ls-tim homozygous flies at both warm (25°C) and cold (15°C) temperatures, with the gap being larger at 15°C. In summary, this phenotypic analysis shows that natural variants of tim affect a set of life-history traits associated with reproductive dormancy in Drosophila. We speculate that this provides further adaptive advantage in temperate regions (with seasonal changes) and propose that the underlying mechanisms might not be exclusively dependent on photoperiod, as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Andreatta
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Max Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Gabriele Andreatta, ; Rodolfo Costa,
| | - Sara Montagnese
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy,Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy,*Correspondence: Gabriele Andreatta, ; Rodolfo Costa,
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Shetty V, Meyers JI, Zhang Y, Merlin C, Slotman MA. Impact of disabled circadian clock on yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti fitness and behaviors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6899. [PMID: 35478212 PMCID: PMC9046260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other insects, Aedes aegypti displays strong daily patterns in host seeking and mating. Much of these behaviors are believed to be under the control of a circadian clock, an endogenous timekeeping mechanism relying on transcriptional/translational negative feedback loops that drive rhythmic physiology and behavior. To examine the connection between the circadian clock and various Ae. aegypti behaviors, we knocked out the core clock gene cycle using CRISPR/Cas9. We found that the rhythmic pattern and intensity of mRNA expression of seven circadian genes, including AeCyc−/−, were altered across the day/night cycle as well as in constant darkness conditions. We further show that the mutant CYC protein is incapable of forming a dimer with CLK to stimulate per expression and that the endogenous clock is disabled in AeCyc−/− mosquitoes. AeCyc−/− do not display the bimodal locomotor activity pattern of wild type, have a significantly reduced response to host odor, reduced egg hatching rates, delayed embryonic development and reduced adult survival and mating success. Surprisingly however, the propensity to blood feed in AeCyc−/− females is significantly higher than in wildtype females. Together with other recent work on the circadian clock control of key aspects of mosquito biology, our data on how cycle KO affects mosquito behavior and fitness provides a basis for further work into the pathways that connect the mosquito endogenous clock to its vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Shetty
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Jacob I Meyers
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michel A Slotman
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Doria HB, Caliendo C, Gerber S, Pfenninger M. Photoperiod is an important seasonal selection factor in Chironomus riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Most organisms respond and can adapt to photoperiodic changes. This affects measurable end points like developmental time, survival and fertility. For ectotherms like Chironomus riparius, temperature is the most studied environmental cue regulating their life cycle, whereas photoperiodic influence is neglected. However, the developmental speed between summer and winter seasons of a field population could not be explained solely by temperature variations. Therefore, to have a comprehensive view on how photoperiods influence chironomid’s life cycle, we investigated if it plays a role in their development and if it acts as an important selective pressure on developmental time speed. To this end, first emerged C. riparius were artificially selected for seven generations. Pre-selected and unselected organisms could develop and breed independently under three light regimes: constant light (24:0 L:D), long days (16:8 L:D) and short days (8:16 L:D). Adult emergence, mean and median emergence time and fertility were integrated into the population growth rate to compare fitness. Our findings show that although developmental time is extended under short days, this same condition may exert a selective pressure towards a shorter development. Moreover, by also using photoperiodic clues to anticipate environmental changes, chironomids can potentially adapt to alterations in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Binde Doria
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cosima Caliendo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Georg-Voigt-Straße, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Molecular and Organismic Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg, Mainz, Germany
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Poe AR, Mace KD, Kayser MS. Getting into rhythm: developmental emergence of circadian clocks and behaviors. FEBS J 2021; 289:6576-6588. [PMID: 34375504 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks keep time to coordinate diverse behaviors and physiological functions. While molecular circadian rhythms are evident during early development, most behavioral rhythms, such as sleep-wake, do not emerge until far later. Here, we examine the development of circadian clocks, outputs, and behaviors across phylogeny, with a particular focus on Drosophila. We explore potential mechanisms for how central clocks and circadian output loci establish communication, and discuss why from an evolutionary perspective sleep-wake and other behavioral rhythms emerge long after central clocks begin keeping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Poe
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyla D Mace
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Pharmacology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yu Z, Shen J, Li Z, Yao J, Li W, Xue L, Vandenberg LN, Yin D. Obesogenic Effect of Sulfamethoxazole on Drosophila melanogaster with Simultaneous Disturbances on Eclosion Rhythm, Glucolipid Metabolism, and Microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5667-5675. [PMID: 32285665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have recently gained attention because they are emerging environmental pollutants with obesogenic properties. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster were exposed to sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a sulfonamide antibiotic, and the effects were measured on circadian rhythm (represented by the eclosion rhythm), lipid metabolism, and microbiota. Circadian rhythm disorder was considered due to its connection with lipid metabolism and microbiota in association with obesity. SMX decreased the proportion of adult flies that eclosed in the morning (AM adults) and increased the proportion of PM adults. Moreover, SMX increased the body weight of PM adults, indicating that SMX exposure caused dysrhythmia in eclosion together with obesity. In measurements of key metabolites and metabolic enzymes, SMX exposure stimulated 3 indices in AM adults and 10 indices in PM adults. In AMP-activated protein kinase and insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways, SMX upregulated six genes in AM adults and nine genes in PM adults. Finally, microbiota analysis demonstrated that SMX increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratios (F/B) by 79.6- and 5.8-fold compared to concurrent controls in AM and PM adults. Collectively, these results suggest that SMX showed obesogenic effects accompanied with dysrhythmia and disturbances in lipid metabolism and microbiota. Further studies on the intrinsic connection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Jiaxing Tongji Institute for Environment, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314051, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jinmin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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