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Molecular sexual determinants in Pistacia genus by KASP assay. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5473-5482. [PMID: 35235154 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07285-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistacia is a genus of dioecious plant species whose trees can take 4-5 years to reach the economically valuable fruit-bearing stage. The fruits have great importance as raw material in the food, healthcare, and baking industries. For that reason, the identification of individual plants in the early juvenile period for the pollination and positioning of trees is crucial for growers. The objective of this study is to develop markers for each Pistacia species that can help in screening the sex of plant seedlings before they reach the reproductive stage, without waiting for morphological characteristics to appear. METHODS AND RESULTS Within this context, by using the power of the kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) assay technology as a marker screening system, we successfully discriminated seven out of eight Pistacia species: P. atlantica, P. integerrima, P. khinjuk, P. mutica, P. terebinthus, P. vera, and P. lentiscus. We used a high-throughput DNA sequence read archive (SRA) to assemble a reference genome that was employed in our studies as a de novo bioinformatics method. Four genomic regions from SRA and three single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) positions from Kafkas et al. BMC Genomics 16:98, 2015) were selected and sequenced with collected plant material from predominantly the Antepfıstıgı Research Institute Collection Garden, and eight species were aligned intraspecifically for SNP mining. In total, 12 SNP markers were converted to KASP markers, and 5 of them (SNP-PIS-133396, SNP-PIS-167992, P-ATL-91951-565, P-INT-91951-256, P-KHI-91951-115) showed clear allelic discrimination between male and female plants. SNP-PIS-167992 and P-ATL-91951-565 were identified as the best marker assays because they showed allelic frequency differences for all individuals and for both homozygous and heterozygous characters. These markers could be the most comprehensive ones for the whole genus because they showed discriminative power for several species. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first one to use the KASP assay for sex discrimination in Pistacia species, and it can be regarded as a precursor study for sex discrimination by KASP for plants in general.
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Nonaka E, Kaitala V. The effects of functional response and host abundance fluctuations on genetic rescue in parasitoids with single-locus sex determination. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13030-13043. [PMID: 33304514 PMCID: PMC7713968 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many parasitoids have single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), which produces sterile or inviable males when homozygous at the sex determining locus. A previous study theoretically showed that small populations have elevated risks of extinction due to the positive feedback between inbreeding and small population size, referred to as the diploid male vortex. A few modeling studies have suggested that the diploid male vortex may not be as common because balancing selection at sex determining loci tends to maintain high allelic diversity in spatially structured populations. However, the generality of the conclusion is yet uncertain, as they were drawn either from models developed for particular systems or from a general-purpose competition model. To attest the conclusion, we study several well-studied host-parasitoid models that incorporate functional response specifying the number of attacked hosts given a host density and derive the conditions for a diploid male vortex in a single population. Then, we develop spatially structured individual-based versions of the models to include female behavior, diploid male fertility, and temporal fluctuations. The results show that producing a handful of successful offspring per female parasitoid could enable parasitoid persistence when a typical number of CSD alleles are present. The effect of functional response depends on the levels of fluctuations in host abundance, and inviable or partially fertile diploid males and a small increase in dispersal can alleviate the risk of a diploid male vortex. Our work supports the generality of effective genetic rescue in spatially connected parasitoid populations with sl-CSD. However, under more variable climate, the efficacy of the CSD mechanism may substantially decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Nonaka
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Plant ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Present address:
Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Veijo Kaitala
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Collet M, Amat I, Sauzet S, Auguste A, Fauvergue X, Mouton L, Desouhant E. Insects and incest: Sib-mating tolerance in natural populations of a parasitoid wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:596-609. [PMID: 31850599 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sib-mating avoidance is a pervasive behaviour that is expected to evolve in species subject to inbreeding depression. Although laboratory studies provide elegant demonstrations, small-scaled bioassays minimize the costs of mate finding and choice, and thus may produce spurious findings. We therefore combined laboratory experiments with field observations to examine the existence of inbreeding avoidance using the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens. In the laboratory, our approach consisted of mate-choice experiments to assess kin discrimination in population cages with competitive interactions. A higher mating probability after sib rejections suggested that females could discriminate their sibs; however, in contrast to previous findings, sib-mating avoidance was not observed. To compare our laboratory results to field data, we captured 241 individuals from two populations. Females laid eggs in the lab, and 226 daughters were obtained. All individuals were genotyped at 18 microsatellite loci, which allowed inference of the genotype of each female's mate and subsequently the relatedness within each mating pair. We found that the observed rate of sib-mating did not differ from the probability that sibs encountered one another at random in the field, which is consistent with an absence of sib-mating avoidance. In addition, we detected a weak but significant male-biased dispersal, which could reduce encounters between sibs. We also found weak fitness costs associated with sib-mating. As such, the sex-biased dispersal that we found is probably sufficient to mitigate these costs. These results imply that kin discrimination has probably evolved for purposes other than mate choice, such as superparasitism avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Collet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Amat
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Sauzet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Laurence Mouton
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Desouhant
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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Nair A, Nonaka E, van Nouhuys S. Increased fluctuation in a butterfly metapopulation leads to diploid males and decline of a hyperparasitoid. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0372. [PMID: 30135149 PMCID: PMC6125898 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change can increase spatial synchrony of population dynamics, leading to large-scale fluctuation that destabilizes communities. High trophic level species such as parasitoids are disproportionally affected because they depend on unstable resources. Most parasitoid wasps have complementary sex determination, producing sterile males when inbred, which can theoretically lead to population extinction via the diploid male vortex (DMV). We examined this process empirically using a hyperparasitoid population inhabiting a spatially structured host population in a large fragmented landscape. Over four years of high host butterfly metapopulation fluctuation, diploid male production by the wasp increased, and effective population size declined precipitously. Our multitrophic spatially structured model shows that host population fluctuation can cause local extinctions of the hyperparasitoid because of the DMV. However, regionally it persists because spatial structure allows for efficient local genetic rescue via balancing selection for rare alleles carried by immigrants. This is, to our knowledge, the first empirically based study of the possibility of the DMV in a natural host–parasitoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Nair
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Etsuko Nonaka
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland .,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Nair A, Fountain T, Ikonen S, Ojanen SP, van Nouhuys S. Spatial and temporal genetic structure at the fourth trophic level in a fragmented landscape. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0668. [PMID: 27226470 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fragmented habitat becomes increasingly fragmented for species at higher trophic levels, such as parasitoids. To persist, these species are expected to possess life-history traits, such as high dispersal, that facilitate their ability to use resources that become scarce in fragmented landscapes. If a specialized parasitoid disperses widely to take advantage of a sparse host, then the parasitoid population should have lower genetic structure than the host. We investigated the temporal and spatial genetic structure of a hyperparasitoid (fourth trophic level) in a fragmented landscape over 50 × 70 km, using microsatellite markers, and compared it with the known structures of its host parasitoid, and the butterfly host which lives as a classic metapopulation. We found that population genetic structure decreases with increasing trophic level. The hyperparasitoid has fewer genetic clusters (K = 4), than its host parasitoid (K = 15), which in turn is less structured than the host butterfly (K = 27). The genetic structure of the hyperparasitoid also shows temporal variation, with genetic differentiation increasing due to reduction of the population size, which reduces the effective population size. Overall, our study confirms the idea that specialized species must be dispersive to use a fragmented host resource, but that this adaptation has limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Nair
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Toby Fountain
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Ikonen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami P Ojanen
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saskya van Nouhuys
- Metapopulation Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Wei SJ, Zhou Y, Fan XL, Hoffmann AA, Cao LJ, Chen XX, Xu ZF. Different genetic structures revealed resident populations of a specialist parasitoid wasp in contrast to its migratory host. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5400-5409. [PMID: 28770077 PMCID: PMC5528221 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic comparisons of parasitoids and their hosts are expected to reflect ecological and evolutionary processes that influence the interactions between species. The parasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis, and its host diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, provide opportunities to test whether the specialist natural enemy migrates seasonally with its host or occurs as resident population. We genotyped 17 microsatellite loci and two mitochondrial genes for 158 female adults of C. vestalis collected from 12 geographical populations, as well as nine microsatellite loci for 127 DBM larvae from six separate sites. The samplings covered both the likely source (southern) and immigrant (northern) areas of DBM from China. Populations of C. vestalis fell into three groups, pointing to isolation in northwestern and southwestern China and strong genetic differentiation of these populations from others in central and eastern China. In contrast, DBM showed much weaker genetic differentiation and high rates of gene flow. TESS analysis identified the immigrant populations of DBM as showing admixture in northern China. Genetic disconnect between C. vestalis and its host suggests that the parasitoid did not migrate yearly with its host but likely consisted of resident populations in places where its host could not survive in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China.,College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
| | - Xu-Lei Fan
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Li-Jun Cao
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Zai-Fu Xu
- College of Agriculture South China Agricultural University Guangzhou China
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Soro A, Quezada-Euan JJG, Theodorou P, Moritz RFA, Paxton RJ. The population genetics of two orchid bees suggests high dispersal, low diploid male production and only an effect of island isolation in lowering genetic diversity. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kidner J, Moritz RFA. Conditions for the invasion of male-haploidy in diploid populations. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1804-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Kidner
- Zoology; Molecular Ecology; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - R. F. A. Moritz
- Institut Zoologi- Molekulare Ökologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle/Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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de Boer JG, Groenen MAM, Pannebakker BA, Beukeboom LW, Kraus RHS. Population-level consequences of complementary sex determination in a solitary parasitoid. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:98. [PMID: 26025754 PMCID: PMC4461988 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sex determination mechanisms are known to be evolutionarily labile but the factors driving transitions in sex determination mechanisms are poorly understood. All insects of the Hymenoptera are haplodiploid, with males normally developing from unfertilized haploid eggs. Under complementary sex determination (CSD), diploid males can be produced from fertilized eggs that are homozygous at the sex locus. Diploid males have near-zero fitness and thus represent a genetic load, which is especially severe under inbreeding. Here, we study mating structure and sex determination in the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis to investigate what may have driven the evolution of two complementary sex determination loci in this species. Results We genotyped Cotesia vestalis females collected from eight fields in four townships in Western Taiwan. 98 SNP markers were developed by aligning Illumina sequence reads of pooled DNA of eight different females against a de novo assembled genome of C. vestalis. This proved to be an efficient method for this non-model species and provides a resource for future use in related species. We found significant genetic differentiation within the sampled population but variation could not be attributed to sampling locations by AMOVA. Non-random mating was detected, with 8.1% of matings between siblings. Diploid males, detected by flow cytometry, were produced at a rate of 1.4% among diploids. Conclusions We think that the low rate of diploid male production is best explained by a CSD system with two independent sex loci, supporting laboratory findings on the same species. Fitness costs of diploid males in C. vestalis are high because diploid males can mate with females and produce infertile triploid offspring. This severe fitness cost of diploid males combined with non-random mating may have resulted in evolution from single locus CSD to CSD with two independent loci. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0340-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetske G de Boer
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert H S Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany.
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