1
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Nagano Y, Inaki M, Matsuno K. High-Precision Calorimetry-Based Analysis of Pupal-Pharate Adult Development in Drosophila melanogaster. Zoolog Sci 2024; 41:400-406. [PMID: 39093286 DOI: 10.2108/zs230093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In holometabolous insects, the larval body is almost completely decomposed and reconstructed into the adult body during the pupal-pharate adult stages. Therefore, the total energetic cost of this process is a key thermodynamic quantity necessary for evaluating the benefit of their life history. Here, we measured whole-body thermal dissipation of single pupae of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, during the period from puparium formation to adult eclosion as a function of age, using a high-precision isothermal calorimeter at T = 298 K. The mass-specific energy consumption during the period from the onset of larval-pupal apolysis to adult eclosion was determined to be 2.3 kJ/g for an individual of mass (adult) = 1.0 mg, while it was observed to follow Kleiber's law for individuals smaller than mass (adult) = 1.0 mg. During the pupal-pharate adult period, in addition to the U-shaped variation, several characteristic thermal dissipations related to various events, including somatic muscle contractions, ecdyses, pulsatile hormone secretion in a pharate adult, and vaporization of the exuvial fluid, were observed. The periodic bursts in the pharate adult stage grew exponentially, suggesting that the positive feedback in the metabolic system synchronized with the progression of development, making the energy consumption in this stage more efficient. The present study showed that high-precision calorimetry is a powerful and credible method for measuring not only the total energy spent during development but also the energy spent during every specific developmental event in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatsuhisa Nagano
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan,
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan,
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan
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2
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Amaral AP, Haug JT, Haug C, Linhart S, Müller P, Hammel JU, Baranov V. Expanding the Mesozoic Record of Early Brachyceran Fly Larvae, including New Larval Forms with Chimera-Type Morphologies. INSECTS 2024; 15:270. [PMID: 38667400 PMCID: PMC11049986 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Diptera are one of the four megadiverse groups of holometabolan insects. Flies perform numerous ecological functions, especially in their larval stages. We can assume that this was already the case in the past; however, fly larvae remain rare in most deposits. Here we report new dipteran larvae preserved in Cretaceous (about 99 Ma) Kachin amber from Myanmar and, even older, Jurassic (about 165 Ma) compression fossils from China. Through light microscopy and micro-CT scanning we explore their peculiar morphology and discuss their possible phylogenetic affinities. Several larvae seem to represent the lineage of Stratiomyomorpha. A few others present characters unique to Xylophagidae (awl-flies), as well as to Athericidae (water sniper-flies), resulting in a chimeric morphology. Understanding the exact relationships of most of these specimens with a particular lineage remains challenging, since they differ considerably from any other known dipteran larvae and present some unique traits. Additionally, we report new specimens of Qiyia jurassica Chen et al., 2014, supposedly parasitic larvae, most likely representatives of Athericidae. These new findings offer valuable insights into the evolution of the early diversification of the brachyceran flies and underscore the importance of immature stages in understanding the evolutionary history and ecology of flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André P. Amaral
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (C.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Joachim T. Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (C.H.); (S.L.)
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (C.H.); (S.L.)
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Simon Linhart
- Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; (J.T.H.); (C.H.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Jörg U. Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany;
| | - Viktor Baranov
- Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, Avd. Americo Vespucio 26, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
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3
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Haug C, Haug JT, Haug GT, Müller P, Zippel A, Kiesmüller C, Gauweiler J, Hörnig MK. Fossils in Myanmar amber demonstrate the diversity of anti-predator strategies of Cretaceous holometabolan insect larvae. iScience 2024; 27:108621. [PMID: 38213619 PMCID: PMC10783632 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Holometabolan larvae are a major part of the animal biomass and an important food source for many animals. Many larvae evolved anti-predator strategies and some of these can even be recognized in fossils. A Lagerstätte known for well-preserved holometabolan larvae is the approximately 100-million-year-old Kachin amber from Myanmar. Fossils can not only allow to identify structural defensive specializations, but also lifestyle and even behavioral aspects. We review here the different defensive strategies employed by various holometabolan larvae found in Kachin amber, also reporting new cases of a leaf-mining hymenopteran caterpillar and a hangingfly caterpillar with extensive spines. This overview demonstrates that already 100 million years ago many modern strategies had already evolved in multiple lineages, but also reveals some cases of now extinct strategies. The repetitive independent evolution of similar strategies in distantly related lineages indicates that several strategies evolved convergently as a result of similar selective pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Joachim T. Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Gideon T. Haug
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ana Zippel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU Munich), Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christine Kiesmüller
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joshua Gauweiler
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie K. Hörnig
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- University Medical Center Rostock, Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Strempelstr. 14, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Prokop J, Nel A, Engel MS. Diversity, Form, and Postembryonic Development of Paleozoic Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 68:401-429. [PMID: 36689304 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120220-022637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While Mesozoic, Paleogene, and Neogene insect faunas greatly resemble the modern one, the Paleozoic fauna provides unique insights into key innovations in insect evolution, such as the origin of wings and modifications of postembryonic development including holometaboly. Deep-divergence estimates suggest that the majority of contemporary insect orders originated in the Late Paleozoic, but these estimates reflect divergences between stem groups of each lineage rather than the later appearance of the crown groups. The fossil record shows the initial radiations of the extant hyperdiverse clades during the Early Permian, as well as the specialized fauna present before the End Permian mass extinction. This review summarizes the recent discoveries related to the documented diversity of Paleozoic hexapods, as well as current knowledge about what has actually been verified from fossil evidence as it relates to postembryonic development and the morphology of different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France;
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas, USA;
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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5
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Schachat SR, Goldstein PZ, Desalle R, Bobo DM, Boyce CK, Payne JL, Labandeira CC. Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The earliest fossils of winged insects (Pterygota) are mid-Carboniferous (latest Mississippian, 328–324 Mya), but estimates of their age based on fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenetic studies place their origin at 440–370 Mya during the Silurian or Devonian. This discrepancy would require that winged insects evaded fossilization for at least the first ~50 Myr of their history. Here, we examine the plausibility of such a gap in the fossil record, and possible explanations for it, based on comparisons with the fossil records of other arthropod groups, the distribution of first occurrence dates of pterygote families, phylogenetically informed simulations of the fossilization of Palaeozoic insects, and re-analysis of data presented by Misof and colleagues using updated fossil calibrations under a variety of prior probability settings. We do not find support for the mechanisms previously suggested to account for such an extended gap in the pterygote fossil record, including sampling bias, preservation bias, and body size. We suggest that inference of an early origin of Pterygota long prior to their first appearance in the fossil record is probably an analytical artefact of taxon sampling and choice of fossil calibration points, possibly compounded by heterogeneity in rates of sequence evolution or speciation, including radiations or ‘bursts’ during their early history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Paul Z Goldstein
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Rob Desalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics , New York, NY , USA
| | - Dean M Bobo
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics , New York, NY , USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park , MD , USA
- Capital Normal University, School of Life Sciences , Beijing , China
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6
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New extreme morphologies as exemplified by 100 million-year-old lacewing larvae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20432. [PMID: 34650142 PMCID: PMC8517013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of the group Holometabola (beetles, wasps, flies, moths and others) differ significantly in their morphology from their corresponding adults. In most larvae, appendages and other structures protruding from the body (antennae, palps, legs, trunk processes) appear less elongate than in their corresponding adults, providing the impression that these larvae are restricted to a certain degree in developing more elongate structures. We provide here numerous counterexamples of larvae of lacewings (Neuroptera). These include different forms of elongated antennae, mandibles, maxillae, labial palps, legs, trunk processes and neck regions. Most of these examples are larvae preserved in different types of 100 million-year-old amber. The longest neck region was found in an extant specimen. All these examples demonstrate that certain branches of Neuroptera indeed had larval forms that possessed strongly elongated structures. Hence there is no principal constraint that hinders holometabolan larvae to develop such structures.
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7
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Shi C, Yang Q, Shih C, Labandeira CC, Pang H, Ren D. Cretaceous mantid lacewings with specialized raptorial forelegs illuminate modification of prey capture (Insecta: Neuroptera). Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Mantispidae (Neuroptera), commonly known as mantid lacewings or mantispids, are characterized by raptorial forelegs used by adults for predation. They have a fossil history extending to the Early Jurassic. During the past 180 Myr, the lineage has undergone significant evolutionary transformation, exhibiting an elevated diversity in morphology yet retaining the same overall ground plan. Although raptorial foreleg morphology and capture behaviour are well documented in extant insects, they are poorly known for premodern lineages, attributable to the scarcity and poor preservation of fossils. Here, we report two new genera and species of Mantispidae from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber. Both taxa have highly specialized raptorial forelegs and highlight modification of capture strategy in Cretaceous Mantispidae. The foreleg of both species has one major spine that is the same length as the foretibia on the ventral surface of the forefemur, which faces the foretibia with a row of robust setae. The two new amber mantid lacewings provide structural and functional indications that represent an extinct mode of capture strategy. The new findings reveal the presence of a geochronologically rapid diversification of Mantispidae during the Early Cretaceous, thereby illuminating the varied morphologies involved in prey-capture strategies integral to the early evolution of mantispids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Geodynamics and Geohazards, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources & Geological Processes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chungkun Shih
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hong Pang
- School of Ecology/Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, The Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences and Academy for Multidisciplinary Studies, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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8
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Haug JT, Schädel M, Baranov VA, Haug C. An unusual 100-million-year old holometabolan larva with a piercing mouth cone. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8661. [PMID: 32280565 PMCID: PMC7134054 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Holometabola is a hyperdiverse group characterised by a strong morphological differentiation between early post-embryonic stages (= larvae) and adults. Adult forms of Holometabola, such as wasps, bees, beetles, butterflies, mosquitoes or flies, are strongly differentiated concerning their mouth parts. The larvae most often seem to retain rather plesiomorphic-appearing cutting-grinding mouth parts. Here we report a new unusual larva preserved in Burmese amber. Its mouth parts appear beak-like, forming a distinct piercing mouth cone. Such a morphology is extremely rare among larval forms, restricted to those of some beetles and lacewings. The mouth parts of the new fossil are forward oriented (prognathous). Additionally, the larva has distinct subdivisions of tergites and sternites into several sclerites. Also, the abdomen segments bear prominent protrusions. We discuss this unusual combination of characters in comparison to the many different types of holometabolan larvae. The here reported larva is a new addition to the 'unusual zoo' of the Cretaceous fauna including numerous, very unusual appearing forms that have gone extinct at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T. Haug
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, München, Germany
| | - Mario Schädel
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Viktor A. Baranov
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- GeoBio-Center at LMU, München, Germany
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9
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Haug C, Haug JT. Untangling the Gordian knot-further resolving the super-species complex of 300-million-year-old xiphosurids by reconstructing their ontogeny. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:13-26. [PMID: 32002661 PMCID: PMC7000541 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The group Xiphosurida (horseshoe “crabs”) is today only represented by four species. However, in the fossil record, several dozen species have been described, especially from the Carboniferous (about 300 million years ago). Several species have been interpreted as representatives of Euproops or Belinurus, but there is ongoing discussion which of these species are valid and how they can be differentiated. Recent studies suggested that differences in the timing of individual development could provide information for species distinction, exemplified by studies on Euproops danae (Mazon Creek, USA) and Euproops sp. (“Piesproops”; Piesberg, Germany). For this study, we reinvestigated all Carboniferous xiphosurids from the British Coal Measures stored in the collections of the Natural History Museum London. Size comparisons of the specimens revealed nine size groups; the smaller specimens were originally labelled as Belinurus, the larger ones as Euproops. The nine size groups exhibit five different morphotypes differing in structures surrounding the posterior shield (= thoracetron): spines of different lengths and, in larger specimens, a more or less developed flange. Two of these morphotypes show significantly longer spines than the remaining specimens and could be conspecific as E. anthrax. The remaining specimens are interpreted as growth series of another species, presumably of E. rotundatus. An ontogenetic flange formation is also known from E. danae and the “Piesproops”, but the timing differs between all three species. In E. rotundatus, the flange develops rather late, but then comparably abruptly, which makes this development more metamorphic in relation to development in the other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Haug
- Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. .,GeoBio-Center of the LMU Munich, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany.
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, Biocenter, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,GeoBio-Center of the LMU Munich, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333, Munich, Germany
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10
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McKenna DD, Shin S, Ahrens D, Balke M, Beza-Beza C, Clarke DJ, Donath A, Escalona HE, Friedrich F, Letsch H, Liu S, Maddison D, Mayer C, Misof B, Murin PJ, Niehuis O, Peters RS, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, Scully ED, Yan EV, Zhou X, Ślipiński A, Beutel RG. The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:24729-24737. [PMID: 31740605 PMCID: PMC6900523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909655116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but the evolutionary history of beetles, including the impacts of plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle diversification, remain poorly understood. We inferred the phylogeny of beetles using 4,818 genes for 146 species, estimated timing and rates of beetle diversification using 89 genes for 521 species representing all major lineages and traced the evolution of beetle genes enabling symbiont-independent digestion of lignocellulose using 154 genomes or transcriptomes. Phylogenomic analyses of these uniquely comprehensive datasets resolved previously controversial beetle relationships, dated the origin of Coleoptera to the Carboniferous, and supported the codiversification of beetles and angiosperms. Moreover, plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) obtained from bacteria and fungi via horizontal gene transfers may have been key to the Mesozoic diversification of herbivorous beetles-remarkably, both major independent origins of specialized herbivory in beetles coincide with the first appearances of an arsenal of PCWDEs encoded in their genomes. Furthermore, corresponding (Jurassic) diversification rate increases suggest that these novel genes triggered adaptive radiations that resulted in nearly half of all living beetle species. We propose that PCWDEs enabled efficient digestion of plant tissues, including lignocellulose in cell walls, facilitating the evolution of uniquely specialized plant-feeding habits, such as leaf mining and stem and wood boring. Beetle diversity thus appears to have resulted from multiple factors, including low extinction rates over a long evolutionary history, codiversification with angiosperms, and adaptive radiations of specialized herbivorous beetles following convergent horizontal transfers of microbial genes encoding PCWDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152;
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Seunggwan Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Balke
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Cristian Beza-Beza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Dave J Clarke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
- Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Alexander Donath
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hermes E Escalona
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Friedrich
- Institute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Letsch
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Wien, Wien 1030, Austria
| | - Shanlin Liu
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - David Maddison
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Christoph Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peyton J Murin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralph S Peters
- Center for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Podsiadlowski
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Pohl
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Erin D Scully
- Center for Grain and Animal Health, Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502
| | - Evgeny V Yan
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Adam Ślipiński
- Australian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rolf G Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Montagna M, Tong KJ, Magoga G, Strada L, Tintori A, Ho SYW, Lo N. Recalibration of the insect evolutionary time scale using Monte San Giorgio fossils suggests survival of key lineages through the End-Permian Extinction. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191854. [PMID: 31594499 PMCID: PMC6790769 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are a highly diverse group of organisms and constitute more than half of all known animal species. They have evolved an extraordinary range of traits, from flight and complete metamorphosis to complex polyphenisms and advanced eusociality. Although the rich insect fossil record has helped to chart the appearance of many phenotypic innovations, data are scarce for a number of key periods. One such period is that following the End-Permian Extinction, recognized as the most catastrophic of all extinction events. We recently discovered several 240-million-year-old insect fossils in the Mount San Giorgio Lagerstätte (Switzerland-Italy) that are remarkable for their state of preservation (including internal organs and soft tissues), and because they extend the records of their respective taxa by up to 200 million years. By using these fossils as calibrations in a phylogenomic dating analysis, we present a revised time scale for insect evolution. Our date estimates for several major lineages, including the hyperdiverse crown groups of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Diptera, are substantially older than their currently accepted post-Permian origins. We found that major evolutionary innovations, including flight and metamorphosis, appeared considerably earlier than previously thought. These results have numerous implications for understanding the evolution of insects and their resilience in the face of extreme events such as the End-Permian Extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Montagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - K. Jun Tong
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Giulia Magoga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Strada
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra ‘Ardito Desio’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Tintori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra ‘Ardito Desio’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 34, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simon Y. W. Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan Lo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Sydney, Australia
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12
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Labandeira CC. The Fossil Record of Insect Mouthparts: Innovation, Functional Convergence, and Associations with Other Organisms. INSECT MOUTHPARTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29654-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Raś M, Iwan D, Kamiński MJ. The tracheal system in post-embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle. J Anat 2018; 232:997-1015. [PMID: 29574917 PMCID: PMC5980188 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro-computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co-analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo-prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo-prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso- and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Raś
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Dariusz Iwan
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Jan Kamiński
- Zoological Museum, Museum and Institute of ZoologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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14
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Schachat SR, Labandeira CC, Saltzman MR, Cramer BD, Payne JL, Boyce CK. Phanerozoic pO 2 and the early evolution of terrestrial animals. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172631. [PMID: 29367401 PMCID: PMC5805952 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent gaps in the Late Devonian/Mississippian fossil records of insects and tetrapods (i.e. Romer's Gap) have been attributed to physiological suppression by low atmospheric pO2 Here, updated stable isotope inputs inform a reconstruction of Phanerozoic oxygen levels that contradicts the low oxygen hypothesis (and contradicts the purported role of oxygen in the evolution of gigantic insects during the late Palaeozoic), but reconciles isotope-based calculations with other proxies, like charcoal. Furthermore, statistical analysis demonstrates that the gap between the first Devonian insect and earliest diverse insect assemblages of the Pennsylvanian (Bashkirian Stage) requires no special explanation if insects were neither diverse nor abundant prior to the evolution of wings. Rather than tracking physiological constraint, the fossil record may accurately record the transformative evolutionary impact of insect flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew R Saltzman
- School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43214, USA
| | - Bradley D Cramer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Haug C, Haug JT. The presumed oldest flying insect: more likely a myriapod? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3402. [PMID: 28584727 PMCID: PMC5452959 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early fossil record of insects is scarce, with only few finds in the Devonian. All these finds appear problematic and controversial, partly due to incomplete preservation and challenging interpretation of many structures. We provide details of one of these important forms, Rhyniognatha hirsti from the famous Rhynie Chert Lagerstätte with up-to-date 3D imaging techniques. The fossil has been interpreted as the remains of one of the earliest flying insects. The specimen mainly preserves the remains of the head. The structures of the mandibles have been used as a main argument for an interpretation as an insect, but these are in fact less easy to interpret. New observed structures include the remains of a head capsule and an additional pair of mouth parts. Structures formerly suggested to represent remains of the head capsule or apodemes are more likely to be representing glands of ectodermal origin. The newly observed structures do not support an interpretation as an insect. Instead they make the interpretation as a myriapod more likely, possibly as a centipede. Centipede remains from the Rhynie Chert are known from scutigeromorphs. We therefore point out that R. hirsti could be interpreted as an early centipede.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Haug
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Labandeira CC, Yang Q, Santiago-Blay JA, Hotton CL, Monteiro A, Wang YJ, Goreva Y, Shih C, Siljeström S, Rose TR, Dilcher DL, Ren D. The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2015.2893. [PMID: 26842570 PMCID: PMC4760178 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mid-Mesozoic kalligrammatid lacewings (Neuroptera) entered the fossil record 165 million years ago (Ma) and disappeared 45 Ma later. Extant papilionoid butterflies (Lepidoptera) probably originated 80–70 Ma, long after kalligrammatids became extinct. Although poor preservation of kalligrammatid fossils previously prevented their detailed morphological and ecological characterization, we examine new, well-preserved, kalligrammatid fossils from Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sites in northeastern China to unravel a surprising array of similar morphological and ecological features in these two, unrelated clades. We used polarized light and epifluorescence photography, SEM imaging, energy dispersive spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to examine kalligrammatid fossils and their environment. We mapped the evolution of specific traits onto a kalligrammatid phylogeny and discovered that these extinct lacewings convergently evolved wing eyespots that possibly contained melanin, and wing scales, elongate tubular proboscides, similar feeding styles, and seed–plant associations, similar to butterflies. Long-proboscid kalligrammatid lacewings lived in ecosystems with gymnosperm–insect relationships and likely accessed bennettitalean pollination drops and pollen. This system later was replaced by mid-Cretaceous angiosperms and their insect pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad C Labandeira
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA Department of Entomology and BEES Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China Geoscience Museum, Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang 050031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jorge A Santiago-Blay
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA Department of Crop and Agroenvironmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
| | - Carol L Hotton
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA National Centre for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138614, Singapore
| | - Yong-Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulia Goreva
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - ChungKun Shih
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Sandra Siljeström
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås 51115, Sweden Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Tim R Rose
- Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - David L Dilcher
- Departments of Geology and Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
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17
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Haug JT, Labandeira CC, Santiago-Blay JA, Haug C, Brown S. Erratum to: Life habits, hox genes, and affinities of a 311 million-year-old holometabolan larva. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:169. [PMID: 27561261 PMCID: PMC5000462 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim T Haug
- Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Biocenter - Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA. .,Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jorge A Santiago-Blay
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.,Department of Crop and Agroenvironmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, 00681, USA
| | - Carolin Haug
- Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Biocenter - Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Susan Brown
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
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18
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Minter NJ, Buatois LA, Mángano MG, Davies NS, Gibling MR, Labandeira C. The Establishment of Continental Ecosystems. TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9600-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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