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Liu Y, Wang H, Yang J, Dao Z, Sun W. Conservation genetics and potential geographic distribution modeling of Corybas taliensis, a small 'sky Island' orchid species in China. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:11. [PMID: 38163918 PMCID: PMC10759615 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corybas taliensis is an endemic species of sky islands in China. Its habitat is fragile and unstable, and it is likely that the species is threatened. However, it is difficult to determine the conservation priority or unit without knowing the genetic background and the overall distribution of this species. In this study, we used double digest restriction-site associated DNA-sequencing (ddRAD-seq) to investigate the conservation genomics of C. taliensis. At the same time, we modeled the extent of suitable habitat for C. taliensis in present and future (2030 and 2090) habitat using the maximum-entropy (MaxEnt) model. RESULTS The results suggested that the related C. fanjingshanensis belongs to C. taliensis and should not be considered a separate species. All the sampling locations were divided into three genetic groups: the Sichuan & Guizhou population (SG population), the Hengduan Mountains population (HD population) and Himalayan population (HM population), and we found that there was complex gene flow between the sampling locations of HD population. MT was distinct genetically from the other sampling locations due to the unique environment in Motuo. The genetic diversity (π, He) of C. taliensis was relatively high, but its contemporary effective population size (Ne) was small. C. taliensis might be currently affected by inbreeding depression, although its large population density may be able to reduce the effect of this. The predicted areas of suitable habitat currently found in higher mountains will not change significantly in the future, and these suitable habitats are predicted to spread to other higher mountains under future climate change. However, suitable habitat in relatively low altitude areas may disappear in the future. This suggests that C. taliensis will be caught in a 'summit trap' in low altitude areas, however, in contrast, the high altitude of the Himalaya and the Hengduan Mountains are predicted to act as 'biological refuges' for C. taliensis in the future. CONCLUSIONS These results not only provide a new understanding of the genetic background and potential resource distribution of C. taliensis, but also lay the foundation for its conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huichun Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Zhiling Dao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Weibang Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Kunming Botanical Garden, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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2
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Shi BY, Pan D, Zhang KQ, Gu TY, Yeo DCJ, Ng PKL, Cumberlidge N, Sun HY. Diversification of freshwater crabs on the sky islands in the Hengduan Mountains Region, China. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 190:107955. [PMID: 37898294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The numerous naturally-fragmented sky islands (SIs) in the Hengduan Mountains Region (HMR) of southwestern China constitute discontinuous landscapes where montane habitats are isolated by dry-hot valleys which have fostered exceptional species diversification and endemicity. However, studies documenting the crucial role of SI on the speciation dynamics of native freshwater organisms are scarce. Here we used a novel set of comprehensive genetic markers (24 nuclear DNA sequences and complete mitogenomes), morphological characters, and biogeographical information to reveal the evolutionary history and speciation mechanisms of a group of small-bodied montane potamids in the genus Tenuipotamon. Our results provide a robustly supported phylogeny, and suggest that the vicariance events of these montane crabs correlate well with the emergence of SIs due to the uplift of the HMR during the Late Oligocene. Furthermore, ancestrally, mountain ridges provided corridors for the dispersal of these montane crabs that led to the colonization of moist montane-specific habitats, aided by past climatic conditions that were the crucial determinants of their evolutionary history. The present results illustrated that the mechanisms isolating SIs are reinforced by the harsh-dry isolating climatic features of dry-hot valleys separating SIs and continue to affect local diversification. This offers insights into the causes of the high biodiversity and endemism shown by the freshwater crabs of the HMR-SIs in southwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Da Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kang-Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tian-Yu Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Darren C J Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Republic of Singapore; Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter K L Ng
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore
| | - Neil Cumberlidge
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA
| | - Hong-Ying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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3
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Climate-driven convergent evolution in riparian ecosystems on sky islands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2817. [PMID: 36797341 PMCID: PMC9935884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate-induced evolution will determine population persistence in a changing world. However, finding natural systems in which to study these responses has been a barrier to estimating the impact of global change on a broad scale. We propose that isolated sky islands (SI) and adjacent mountain chains (MC) are natural laboratories for studying long-term and contemporary climatic pressures on natural populations. We used greenhouse common garden trees to test whether populations on SI exposed to hot and dry climates since the end of the Pleistocene have phenotypically diverged from populations on MC, and if SI populations have converged in these traits. We show: (1) populations of Populus angustifolia from SI have diverged from MC, and converged across SI, in reproductive and productivity traits, (2) these traits (cloning and aboveground biomass, respectively) are significantly correlated, suggesting a genetic linkage between them, and (3) the trait variation is driven by both natural selection and genetic drift. These shifts represent potentially beneficial phenotypes for population persistence in a changing world. These results suggest that the SI-MC comparison is a natural laboratory, as well as a predictive framework, for studying long-term responses to climate change across the globe.
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4
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Abouheif E. My road to the ants: A model clade for eco-evo-devo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:231-290. [PMID: 35337451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is the story of how I pioneered ants as a system for studying eco-evo-devo, a field that integrates developmental biology with ecology and evolutionary biology. One aim of eco-evo-devo is to understand how the interactions between genes and their environments during development facilitates the origin and evolution of novel phenotypes. In a series of six parts, I review some of the key discoveries from my lab on how novel worker caste systems in ants--soldiers and supersoldiers--originated and evolved. I also discuss some of the ideas that emerged from these discoveries, including the role that polyphenisms, hidden developmental potentials, and rudimentary organs play in facilitating developmental and evolutionary change. As superorganisms, I argue that ants are uniquely positioned to reveal types of variation that are often difficult to observe in nature. In doing so, they have the potential to transform our view of biology and provide new perspectives in medicine, agriculture, and biodiversity conservation. With my story I hope to inspire the next generation of biologists to continue exploring the unknown regions of phenotypic space to solve some of our most pressing societal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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5
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Wang YL, Wang NN, Zhang Y, Tsaur SC, Chen HW. Cryptic diversity in the subgenus Oxyphortica (Diptera, Drosophilidae, Stegana). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12347. [PMID: 34760370 PMCID: PMC8559608 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of the subgenus Oxyphortica were reconstructed based on two mitochondrial genes (COI and ND2). The results revealed the paraphyly of Oxyphortica and supported high levels of cryptic diversity within this subgenus. By integrating morphological characteristics and molecular evidence, we identified 17 new species as members of Oxyphortica: S. (O.) amphigya sp. nov., S. (O.) armillata sp. nov., S. (O.) ashima sp. nov., S. (O.) bawo sp. nov., S. (O.) crypta sp. nov., S. (O.) gelea sp. nov., S. (O.) hengduanmontana sp. nov., S. (O.) jinmingi sp. nov., S. (O.) mengbalanaxi sp. nov., S. (O.) mouig sp. nov., S. (O.) setipes sp. nov., S. (O.) shangrila sp. nov., S. (O.) tsauri sp. nov., S. (O.) valleculata sp. nov., S. (O.) wanhei sp. nov., S. (O.) yangjin sp. nov. and S. (O.) hypophaia sp. nov. To test the early morphological identifications and confirm the species boundaries, different species delimitation methods, including Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BP&P), were used, together with traditional distance. All species boundaries were clearly defined. As Oxyphortica species are mainly distributed across Southwest China (e.g., 20 spp. from the Hengduan Mountains), the complex climate and topographic landforms of the area may be responsible for the high levels of species diversity and endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lian Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shun-Chern Tsaur
- Center for General Education, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | - Hong-Wei Chen
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Gene flow in phylogenomics: Sequence capture resolves species limits and biogeography of Afromontane forest endemic frogs from the Cameroon Highlands. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 163:107258. [PMID: 34252546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Puddle frogs of the Phrynobatrachus steindachneri species complex are a useful group for investigating speciation and phylogeography in Afromontane forests of the Cameroon Volcanic Line, western Central Africa. The species complex is represented by six morphologically relatively cryptic mitochondrial DNA lineages, only two of which are distinguished at the species level - southern P. jimzimkusi and Lake Oku endemic P. njiomock, leaving the remaining four lineages identified as 'P. steindachneri'. In this study, the six mtDNA lineages are subjected to genomic sequence capture analyses and morphological examination to delimit species and to study biogeography. The nuclear DNA data (387 loci; 571,936 aligned base pairs) distinguished all six mtDNA lineages, but the topological pattern and divergence depths supported only four main clades: P. jimzimkusi, P. njiomock, and only two divergent evolutionary lineages within the four 'P. steindachneri' mtDNA lineages. One of the two lineages is herein described as a new species, P. amieti sp. nov. Reticulate evolution (hybridization) was detected within the species complex with morphologically intermediate hybrid individuals placed between the parental species in phylogenomic analyses, forming a ladder-like phylogenetic pattern. The presence of hybrids is undesirable in standard phylogenetic analyses but is essential and beneficial in the network multispecies coalescent. This latter approach provided insight into the reticulate evolutionary history of these endemic frogs. Introgressions likely occurred during the Middle and Late Pleistocene climatic oscillations, due to the cyclic connections (likely dominating during cold glacials) and separations (during warm interglacials) of montane forests. The genomic phylogeographic pattern supports the separation of the southern (Mt. Manengouba to Mt. Oku) and northern mountains at the onset of the Pleistocene. Further subdivisions occurred in the Early Pleistocene, separating populations from the northernmost (Tchabal Mbabo, Gotel Mts.) and middle mountains (Mt. Mbam, Mt. Oku, Mambilla Plateau), as well as the microendemic lineage restricted to Lake Oku (Mt. Oku). This unique model system is highly threatened as all the species within the complex have exhibited severe population declines in the past decade, placing them on the brink of extinction. In addition, Mount Oku is identified to be of particular conservation importance because it harbors three species of this complex. We, therefore, urge for conservation actions in the Cameroon Highlands to preserve their diversity before it is too late.
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7
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Sanger TJ. Integrative developmental biology in the age of anthropogenic change. Evol Dev 2021; 23:320-332. [PMID: 33848387 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans are changing and challenging nature in many ways. Conservation Biology seeks to limit human impacts on nature and preserve biological diversity. Traditionally, Developmental Biology and Conservation Biology have had nonoverlapping objectives, operating in distinct spheres of biological science. However, this chasm can and should be filled to help combat the emerging challenges of the 21st century. The means by which to accomplish this goal were already established within the conceptual framework of evo- and eco-devo and can be further expanded to address the ways that anthropogenic disturbance affect embryonic development. Herein, I describe ways that these approaches can be used to advance the study of reptilian embryos. More specifically, I explore the ways that a developmental perspective can advance ongoing studies of embryonic physiology in the context of global warming and chemical pollution, both of which are known stressors of reptilian embryos. I emphasize ways that these developmental perspectives can inform conservation biologists trying to develop management practices that will address the complexity of challenges facing reptilian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Sanger
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Hanna L, Abouheif E. The origin of wing polyphenism in ants: An eco-evo-devo perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:279-336. [PMID: 33602491 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of eusociality, where solitary individuals integrate into a single colony, is a major transition in individuality. In ants, the origin of eusociality coincided with the origin of a wing polyphenism approximately 160 million years ago, giving rise to colonies with winged queens and wingless workers. As a consequence, both eusociality and wing polyphenism are nearly universal features of all ants. Here, we synthesize fossil, ecological, developmental, and evolutionary data in an attempt to understand the factors that contributed to the origin of wing polyphenism in ants. We propose multiple models and hypotheses to explain how wing polyphenism is orchestrated at multiple levels, from environmental cues to gene networks. Furthermore, we argue that the origin of wing polyphenism enabled the subsequent evolution of morphological diversity across the ants. We finally conclude by outlining several outstanding questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hanna
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Hill T, Unckless RL. Adaptation, ancestral variation and gene flow in a 'Sky Island' Drosophila species. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:83-99. [PMID: 33089581 PMCID: PMC7945764 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over time, populations of species can expand, contract, fragment and become isolated, creating subpopulations that must adapt to local conditions. Understanding how species maintain variation after divergence as well as adapt to these changes in the face of gene flow is of great interest, especially as the current climate crisis has caused range shifts and frequent migrations for many species. Here, we characterize how a mycophageous fly species, Drosophila innubila, came to inhabit and adapt to its current range which includes mountain forests in south-western USA separated by large expanses of desert. Using population genomic data from more than 300 wild-caught individuals, we examine four populations to determine their population history in these mountain forests, looking for signatures of local adaptation. In this first extensive study, establishing D. innubila as a key genomic "Sky Island" model, we find D. innubila spread northwards during the previous glaciation period (30-100 KYA) and have recently expanded even further (0.2-2 KYA). D. innubila shows little evidence of population structure, consistent with a recent establishment and genetic variation maintained since before geographic stratification. We also find some signatures of recent selective sweeps in chorion proteins and population differentiation in antifungal immune genes suggesting differences in the environments to which flies are adapting. However, we find little support for long-term recurrent selection in these genes. In contrast, we find evidence of long-term recurrent positive selection in immune pathways such as the Toll signalling system and the Toll-regulated antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hill
- 4055 Haworth Hall, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- 4055 Haworth Hall, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045
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10
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Carvalho TR, Seger KR, Magalhães FM, Lourenço LB, Haddad CFB. Systematics and cryptic diversification of
Leptodactylus
frogs in the Brazilian campo rupestre. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Karin R. Seger
- Laboratório de Estudos Cromossômicos Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Magalhães
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Brazil
| | - Luciana B. Lourenço
- Laboratório de Estudos Cromossômicos Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Célio F. B. Haddad
- Laboratório de Herpetologia Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro Brazil
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11
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Doellman MM, Saint Jean G, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Hood GR, Schuler H, Bruzzese DJ, Glover MM, Smith JJ, Yee WL, Goughnour R, Rull J, Aluja M, Feder JL. Evidence for spatial clines and mixed geographic modes of speciation for North American cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12727-12744. [PMID: 33304490 PMCID: PMC7713972 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An important criterion for understanding speciation is the geographic context of population divergence. Three major modes of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation define the extent of spatial overlap and gene flow between diverging populations. However, mixed modes of speciation are also possible, whereby populations experience periods of allopatry, parapatry, and/or sympatry at different times as they diverge. Here, we report clinal patterns of variation for 21 nuclear-encoded microsatellites and a wing spot phenotype for cherry-infesting Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) across North America consistent with these flies having initially diverged in parapatry followed by a period of allopatric differentiation in the early Holocene. However, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) displays a different pattern; cherry flies at the ends of the clines in the eastern USA and Pacific Northwest share identical haplotypes, while centrally located populations in the southwestern USA and Mexico possess a different haplotype. We hypothesize that the mitochondrial difference could be due to lineage sorting but more likely reflects a selective sweep of a favorable mtDNA variant or the spread of an endosymbiont. The estimated divergence time for mtDNA suggests possible past allopatry, secondary contact, and subsequent isolation between USA and Mexican fly populations initiated before the Wisconsin glaciation. Thus, the current genetics of cherry flies may involve different mixed modes of divergence occurring in different portions of the fly's range. We discuss the need for additional DNA sequencing and quantification of prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation to verify the multiple mixed-mode hypothesis for cherry flies and draw parallels from other systems to assess the generality that speciation may commonly involve complex biogeographies of varying combinations of allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M. Doellman
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Gilbert Saint Jean
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Advanced Diagnostics & TherapeuticsUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyFree University of Bozen‐BolzanoBozenItaly
| | - Daniel J. Bruzzese
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Mary M. Glover
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - James J. Smith
- Department of EntomologyLyman Briggs CollegeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Wee L. Yee
- Temperate Tree Fruit & Vegetable Research UnitUnited States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceWapatoWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Juan Rull
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C.XalapaMéxico
- LIEMEN‐División Control Biológico de PlagasPROIMI Biotecnología‐CONICETTucumánArgentina
| | | | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Advanced Diagnostics & TherapeuticsUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
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12
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Halbritter DA, Storer CG, Kawahara AY, Daniels JC. Phylogeography and population genetics of pine butterflies: Sky islands increase genetic divergence. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13389-13401. [PMID: 31871652 PMCID: PMC6912906 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The sky islands of southeastern Arizona (AZ) mark a major transition zone between tropical and temperate biota and are considered a neglected biodiversity hotspot. Dispersal ability and host plant specificity are thought to impact the history and diversity of insect populations across the sky islands. We aimed to investigate the population structure and phylogeography of two pine-feeding pierid butterflies, the pine white (Neophasia menapia) and the Mexican pine white (Neophasia terlooii), restricted to these "islands" at this transition zone. Given their dependence on pines as the larval hosts, we hypothesized that habitat connectivity affects population structure and is at least in part responsible for their allopatry. We sampled DNA from freshly collected butterflies from 17 sites in the sky islands and adjacent high-elevation habitats and sequenced these samples using ddRADSeq. Up to 15,399 SNPs were discovered and analyzed in population genetic and phylogenetic contexts with Stacks and pyRAD pipelines. Low genetic differentiation in N. menapia suggests that it is panmictic. Conversely, there is strong evidence for population structure within N. terlooii. Each sky island likely contains a population of N. terlooii, and clustering is hierarchical, with populations on proximal mountains being more related to each other. The N. menapia habitat, which is largely contiguous, facilitates panmixia, while the N. terlooii habitat, restricted to the higher elevations on each sky island, creates distinct population structure. Phylogenetic results corroborate those from population genetic analyses. The historical climate-driven fluxes in forest habitat connectivity have implications for understanding the biodiversity of fragmented habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A. Halbritter
- Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory3225 College AveFort LauderdaleFL33314USA
| | - Caroline G. Storer
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and BiodiversityFlorida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Akito Y. Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and BiodiversityFlorida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jaret C. Daniels
- Entomology and Nematology DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and BiodiversityFlorida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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13
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Grabowsky ER, Mackessy SP. Predator-prey interactions and venom composition in a high elevation lizard specialist, Crotalus pricei (Twin-spotted Rattlesnake). Toxicon 2019; 170:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Foster SA, Baker JA. Loss and re-emergence of plastic ancestral behavioural traits: influences on phenotypic and evolutionary pattern. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Esquerré D, Brennan IG, Catullo RA, Torres‐Pérez F, Keogh JS. How mountains shape biodiversity: The role of the Andes in biogeography, diversification, and reproductive biology in South America's most species‐rich lizard radiation (Squamata: Liolaemidae). Evolution 2018; 73:214-230. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Esquerré
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National University 0200 Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Ian G. Brennan
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National University 0200 Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Renee A. Catullo
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National University 0200 Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- School of Science & Health and Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney University 2751 Perth New South Wales Australia
| | - Fernando Torres‐Pérez
- Instituto de BiologíaPontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso 2950 Valparaíso Chile
| | - J. Scott Keogh
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National University 0200 Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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16
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Oettler J, Platschek T, Schmidt C, Rajakumar R, Favé MJ, Khila A, Heinze J, Abouheif E. Interruption points in the wing gene regulatory network underlying wing polyphenism evolved independently in male and female morphs in Cardiocondyla ants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 332:7-16. [PMID: 30460750 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Wing polyphenism in ants, which produces a winged female queen caste and a wingless female worker caste, evolved approximately 150 million years ago and has been key to the remarkable success of ants. Approximately 20 million years ago, the myrmicine ant genus Cardiocondyla evolved an additional wing polyphenism among males producing two male morphs: wingless males that fight to enhance mating success and winged males that disperse. Here we show that interruption of rudimentary wing-disc development in larvae of the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior occurs further downstream in the network in wingless males as compared with wingless female workers. This pattern is corroborated in C. kagutsuchi, a species from a different clade within the genus, indicating that late interruption of wing development in males is conserved across Cardiocondyla. Therefore, our results show that the novel male wing polyphenism was not developmentally constrained by the pre-existing female wing polyphenism and evolved through independent alteration of interruption points in the wing gene network. Furthermore, a comparison of adult morphological characters in C. obscurior reveals that developmental trajectories lead to similar morphological trait integration between winged and wingless females, but dramatically different integration between winged and wingless males. This suggests that the alternative sex-specific developmental routes to achieve winglessness in the genus Cardiocondyla may have evolved through different selection regimes acting on wingless males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oettler
- Zoologie-Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Platschek
- Zoologie-Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Schmidt
- Zoologie-Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Marie-Julie Favé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jürgen Heinze
- Zoologie-Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Rajakumar R, Koch S, Couture M, Favé MJ, Lillico-Ouachour A, Chen T, De Blasis G, Rajakumar A, Ouellette D, Abouheif E. Social regulation of a rudimentary organ generates complex worker-caste systems in ants. Nature 2018; 562:574-577. [PMID: 30305737 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The origin of complex worker-caste systems in ants perplexed Darwin1 and has remained an enduring problem for evolutionary and developmental biology2-6. Ants originated approximately 150 million years ago, and produce colonies with winged queen and male castes as well as a wingless worker caste7. In the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole, the wingless worker caste has evolved into two morphologically distinct subcastes-small-headed minor workers and large-headed soldiers8. The wings of queens and males develop from populations of cells in larvae that are called wing imaginal discs7. Although minor workers and soldiers are wingless, vestiges or rudiments of wing imaginal discs appear transiently during soldier development7,9-11. Such rudimentary traits are phylogenetically widespread and are primarily used as evidence of common descent, yet their functional importance remains equivocal1,12-14. Here we show that the growth of rudimentary wing discs is necessary for regulating allometry-disproportionate scaling-between head and body size to generate large-headed soldiers in the genus Pheidole. We also show that Pheidole colonies have evolved the capacity to socially regulate the growth of rudimentary wing discs to control worker subcaste determination, which allows these colonies to maintain the ratio of minor workers to soldiers. Finally, we provide comparative and experimental evidence that suggests that rudimentary wing discs have facilitated the parallel evolution of complex worker-caste systems across the ants. More generally, rudimentary organs may unexpectedly acquire novel regulatory functions during development to facilitate adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendhran Rajakumar
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Koch
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Couture
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Favé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Travis Chen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Arjuna Rajakumar
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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18
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Béhague J, Fisher BL, Péronnet R, Rajakumar R, Abouheif E, Molet M. Lack of interruption of the gene network underlying wing polyphenism in an early‐branching ant genus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:109-117. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Béhague
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, iEES Paris France
| | - Brian L. Fisher
- Department of Entomology California Academy of Sciences San Francisco California
| | - Romain Péronnet
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, iEES Paris France
| | | | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Mathieu Molet
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, iEES Paris France
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19
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Kaji T, Anker A, Wirkner CS, Palmer AR. Parallel Saltational Evolution of Ultrafast Movements in Snapping Shrimp Claws. Curr Biol 2018; 28:106-113.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Conservation Evo-Devo: Preserving Biodiversity by Understanding Its Origins. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:746-759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Trible W, Kronauer DJC. Caste development and evolution in ants: it's all about size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:53-62. [PMID: 28057828 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.145292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Female ants display a wide variety of morphological castes, including workers, soldiers, ergatoid (worker-like) queens and queens. Alternative caste development within a species arises from a variable array of genetic and environmental factors. Castes themselves are also variable across species and have been repeatedly gained and lost throughout the evolutionary history of ants. Here, we propose a simple theory of caste development and evolution. We propose that female morphology varies as a function of size, such that larger individuals possess more queen-like traits. Thus, the diverse mechanisms that influence caste development are simply mechanisms that affect size in ants. Each caste-associated trait has a unique relationship with size, producing a phenotypic space that permits some combinations of worker- and queen-like traits, but not others. We propose that castes are gained and lost by modifying the regions of this phenotypic space that are realized within a species. These modifications can result from changing the size-frequency distribution of individuals within a species, or by changing the association of tissue growth and size. We hope this synthesis will help unify the literature on caste in ants, and facilitate the discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying caste development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waring Trible
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Population and colony structure and morphometrics in the queen dimorphic little black ant, Monomorium sp. AZ-02, with a review of queen phenotypes in the genus Monomorium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180595. [PMID: 28715473 PMCID: PMC5513436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The North American little black ant, Monomorium sp. AZ-02 (subfamily Myrmicinae), displays a dimorphism that consists of alate (winged) and ergatoid (wingless) queens. Surveys at our field site in southcentral Arizona, USA, demonstrated that only one queen phenotype (alate or ergatoid) occurred in each colony during the season in which reproductive sexuals were produced. A morphometric analysis demonstrated that ergatoid queens retained all specialized anatomical features of alate queens (except for wings), and that they were significantly smaller and had a lower mass than alate queens. Using eight morphological characters, a discriminant analysis correctly categorized all queens (40 of 40) of both phenotypes. A molecular phylogeny using 420 base pairs of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I demonstrated that alate and ergatoid queens are two alternative phenotypes within the species; both phenotypes were intermixed on our phylogeny, and both phenotypes often displayed the same haplotype. A survey of the genus Monomorium (358 species) found that wingless queens (ergatoid queens, brachypterous queens) occur in 42 of 137 species (30.6%) in which the queen has been described. These wingless queen species are geographically and taxonomically widespread as they occur on several continents and in eight species groups, suggesting that winglessness probably arose independently on many occasions in the genus.
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23
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Lillico-Ouachour A, Abouheif E. Regulation, development, and evolution of caste ratios in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 19:43-51. [PMID: 28521942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ant colonies are considered complex biological systems because many individuals are divided into different castes that interact to efficiently perform their tasks. Colonies in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole have evolved a worker caste with at least two subcastes: soldiers and minor workers. The proportion of soldiers and minor workers in a colony has a major impact on the colony's fitness and is tightly regulated. Here, we summarize over 100 years of research on the internal, external, and developmental factors that regulate subcaste production as well as influence subcaste evolution in Pheidole. We hope that summarizing these factors into a network of interactions will provide insight into how complex biological systems regulate, develop, and evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Lillico-Ouachour
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Ehab Abouheif
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1B1.
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24
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Unckless RL, Lazzaro BP. The potential for adaptive maintenance of diversity in insect antimicrobial peptides. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150291. [PMID: 27160594 PMCID: PMC4874389 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in immune defence are among the fastest evolving in the genomes of many species. Interestingly, however, genes encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown little evidence for adaptive divergence in arthropods, despite the centrality of these peptides in direct killing of microbial pathogens. This observation, coupled with a failure to detect phenotypic consequence of genetic variation in AMPs, has led to the hypothesis that individual AMPs make minor contributions to overall immune defence and that AMPs instead act as a collective cocktail. Recent data, however, have suggested an alternative explanation for the apparent lack of adaptive divergence in AMP genes. Molecular evolutionary and phenotypic data have begun to suggest that variant AMP alleles may be maintained through balancing selection in invertebrates, a pattern similar to that observed in several vertebrate AMPs. Signatures of balancing selection include high rates of non-synonymous polymorphism, trans-species amino acid polymorphisms, and convergence of amino acid states across the phylogeny. In this review, we revisit published literature on insect AMP genes and analyse newly available population genomic datasets in Drosophila, finding enrichment for patterns consistent with adaptive maintenance of polymorphism.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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25
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Peterson T, Müller GB. Phenotypic Novelty in EvoDevo: The Distinction Between Continuous and Discontinuous Variation and Its Importance in Evolutionary Theory. Evol Biol 2016; 43:314-335. [PMID: 27512237 PMCID: PMC4960286 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of novel phenotypic structures is one of the most significant aspects of organismal evolution. Yet the concept of evolutionary novelty is used with drastically different connotations in various fields of research, and debate exists about whether novelties represent features that are distinct from standard forms of phenotypic variation. This article contrasts four separate uses for novelty in genetics, population genetics, morphology, and behavioral science, before establishing how novelties are used in evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo). In particular, it is detailed how an EvoDevo-specific research approach to novelty produces insight distinct from other fields, gives the concept explanatory power with predictive capacities, and brings new consequences to evolutionary theory. This includes the outlining of research strategies that draw attention to productive areas of inquiry, such as threshold dynamics in development. It is argued that an EvoDevo-based approach to novelty is inherently mechanistic, treats the phenotype as an agent with generative potential, and prompts a distinction between continuous and discontinuous variation in evolutionary theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Peterson
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerd B. Müller
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- The KLI Institute, Martinstrasse 12, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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26
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Holley JAC, Moreau CS, Laird JG, Suarez AV. Subcaste-specific evolution of head size in the ant genusPheidole. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne C. Holley
- Department of Entomology; University of Illinois; 320 Morrill Hall 505 S. Goodwin Ave Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Corrie S. Moreau
- Department of Science and Education; Center for Integrative Research; Field Museum of Natural History; 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago IL 60605 USA
| | - Joseph G. Laird
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Iowa; 4-403 BSB Iowa City IA 52242 USA
| | - Andrew V. Suarez
- Department of Entomology; University of Illinois; 320 Morrill Hall 505 S. Goodwin Ave Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Animal Biology; University of Illinois; 515 Morrill Hall 505 S. Goodwin Ave Urbana IL 61801 USA
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