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Zhang W, Xu Y, Jing L, Jiang B, Wang Q, Wang Y. Preliminary Study on the Formation Mechanism of Malformed Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.) Fruits in Southern China Using Transcriptome and Metabolome Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:153. [PMID: 38203324 PMCID: PMC10779264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an important plant hormone that is involved in various physiological processes during plant development. Sweet cherries planted in southern China have always encountered difficulty in bearing fruit. In recent years, gibberellin has successfully solved this problem, but there has also been an increase in malformed fruits. This study mainly explores the mechanism of malformed fruit formation in sweet cherries. By analyzing the synthesis pathway of gibberellin using metabolomics and transcriptomics, the relationship between gibberellin and the formation mechanism of deformed fruit was preliminarily determined. The results showed that the content of GA3 in malformed fruits was significantly higher than in normal fruits. The differentially expressed genes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway were mainly enriched in pathways such as "plant hormone signal transduction", "diterpenoid biosynthesis", and "carotenoid biosynthesis". Using Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, the gibberellin hydrolase gene GA2ox and gibberellin synthase genes GA20ox and GA3ox were found to be significantly up-regulated. Therefore, we speculate that the formation of malformed fruits in sweet cherries may be related to the accumulation of GA3. This lays the foundation for further research on the mechanism of malformed sweet cherry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshu Zhang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Luyang Jing
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baoxin Jiang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qinghao Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315000, China; (Y.X.); (B.J.); (Q.W.); (Y.W.)
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Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Hormones in Different Seasons of Idesia polycarpa Maxim. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030788. [PMID: 36983943 PMCID: PMC10053573 DOI: 10.3390/life13030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Idesia polycarpa Maxim is a native dioecious tree from East Asia cultivated for its fruits and as an ornamental plant throughout temperate regions. Given the economic potential, comparative studies on cultivated genotypes are of current interest. This study aims to discover the dynamic changes and potential functions of endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa, as well as the differences in endogenous hormone contents in different growth stages among different I. polycarpa provenances. We used High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to measure and compare the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3), and trans-Zeatin-riboside (tZR) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of I. polycarpa from various provenances between April and October. Our findings indicated that changes in the ABA and GA3 content of plants from Jiyuan and Tokyo were minimal from April to October. However, the levels of these two hormones in Chengdu plants vary greatly at different stages of development. The peak of IAA content in the three plant materials occurred primarily during the early fruit stage and the fruit expansion stage. The concentration of tZR in the three plant materials varies greatly. Furthermore, we discovered that the contents of endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa leaves, flowers, and fruits from Chengdu provenances were slightly higher than those from Tokyo and Jiyuan provenances. The content of IAA was higher in male flowers than in female flowers, and the content of ABA, GA3, and tZR was higher in female flowers than in male flowers. According to the findings, the contents of these four endogenous hormones in I. polycarpa are primarily determined by the genetic characteristics of the trees and are less affected by cultivation conditions. The gender of I. polycarpa had a great influence on these four endogenous hormones. The findings of this study will provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for artificially regulating the flowering and fruiting of I. polycarpa.
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Wen B, Gong X, Chen X, Tan Q, Li L, Wu H. Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in nitrogen deficiency stress in apples. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 279:153822. [PMID: 36244263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the macroelements required for plant growth and development and the identification of candidate genes involved in nitrogen deficiency stress is of great importance to the sustainable development of agriculture. Here, we found that the color of apple leaves changed from dark green to yellow-green, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, soluble protein content, and proline content significantly increased, the chlorophyll content significantly decreased in response to nitrate deficiency stress. According to the physiological and biochemical changes of apple leaves during nitrate deficiency stress, nitrogen deficiency stress was divided into two stages: early nitrogen deficiency stage (ES) and late nitrogen deficiency stage (LS). Transcriptome sequencing was performed in these two stress stages. 5773 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified in the early nitrogen deficiency stress stage and 6130 DEGs were identified in the late nitrogen deficiency stress stage. Functional analysis of these DEGs revealed that a large number of DEGs were enriched in 'porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic' pathways, the 'photosynthesis' pathway, the 'photosynthesis-antenna protein' pathway, and the 'ABA', 'ETH', and 'JA' signal transduction pathways, and the metabolic networks of these pathways were constructed. In addition, overexpression of MdNAC4 weakened the tolerance of apple calli to nitrogen deficiency stress. Taken together, our results reveal possible pathways for apple adaptation to nitrogen deficiency stress and identify the function of MdNAC4, a key transcription factor regulating nitrogen deficiency stress, which enriches the molecular mechanism of apple adapting to a nitrogen deficiency environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Xingyao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Xiude Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Qiuping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| | - Hongyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
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Chen C, Chen H, Chen Y, Yang W, Li M, Sun B, Song H, Tang W, Zhang Y, Gong R. Joint metabolome and transcriptome analysis of the effects of exogenous GA 3 on endogenous hormones in sweet cherry and mining of potential regulatory genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041068. [PMID: 36330269 PMCID: PMC9623316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an important phytohormone that can participate in various developmental processes of plants. The study found that application of GA3 can induce parthenocarpy fruit and improve fruit set. However, the use of GA3 affects endogenous hormones in fruits, thereby affecting fruit quality. This study mainly investigates the effect of exogenous GA3 on endogenous hormones in sweet cherries. The anabolic pathways of each hormone were analyzed by metabolome and transcriptome to identify key metabolites and genes that affect endogenous hormones in response to exogenous GA3 application. Results showed that exogenous GA3 led to a significant increase in the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and GA and affected jasmonic acid (JA) and auxin (IAA). At the same time, the key structural genes affecting the synthesis of various hormones were preliminarily determined. Combined with transcription factor family analysis, WRKY genes were found to be more sensitive to the use of exogenous GA3, especially the genes belonging to Group III (PaWRKY16, PaWRKY21, PaWRKY38, PaWRKY52, and PaWRKY53). These transcription factors can combine with the promoters of NCED, YUCCA, and other genes to regulate the content of endogenous hormones. These findings lay the foundation for the preliminary determination of the mechanism of GA3's effect on endogenous hormones in sweet cherry and the biological function of WRKY transcription factors.
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Vignati E, Lipska M, Dunwell JM, Caccamo M, Simkin AJ. Options for the generation of seedless cherry, the ultimate snacking product. PLANTA 2022; 256:90. [PMID: 36171415 PMCID: PMC9519733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript identifies cherry orthologues of genes implicated in the development of pericarpic fruit and pinpoints potential options and restrictions in the use of these targets for commercial exploitation of parthenocarpic cherry fruit. Cherry fruit contain a large stone and seed, making processing of the fruit laborious and consumption by the consumer challenging, inconvenient to eat 'on the move' and potentially dangerous for children. Availability of fruit lacking the stone and seed would be potentially transformative for the cherry industry, since such fruit would be easier to process and would increase consumer demand because of the potential reduction in costs. This review will explore the background of seedless fruit, in the context of the ambition to produce the first seedless cherry, carry out an in-depth analysis of the current literature around parthenocarpy in fruit, and discuss the available technology and potential for producing seedless cherry fruit as an 'ultimate snacking product' for the twenty-first century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vignati
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Marzena Lipska
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Mario Caccamo
- NIAB, Cambridge Crop Research, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- NIAB East Malling, Department of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, New Road, West Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK.
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Sharif R, Su L, Chen X, Qi X. Hormonal interactions underlying parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:6497882. [PMID: 35031797 PMCID: PMC8788353 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In some horticultural crops, such as Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Rosaceae species, fruit set and development can occur without the fertilization of ovules, a process known as parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy is an important agricultural trait that can not only mitigate fruit yield losses caused by environmental stresses but can also induce the development of seedless fruit, which is a desirable trait for consumers. In the present review, the induction of parthenocarpic fruit by the application of hormones such as auxins (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; naphthaleneacetic acid), cytokinins (forchlorfenuron; 6-benzylaminopurine), gibberellic acids, and brassinosteroids is first presented. Then, the molecular mechanisms of parthenocarpic fruit formation, mainly related to plant hormones, are presented. Auxins, gibberellic acids, and cytokinins are categorized as primary players in initiating fruit set. Other hormones, such as ethylene, brassinosteroids, and melatonin, also participate in parthenocarpic fruit formation. Additionally, synergistic and antagonistic crosstalk between these hormones is crucial for deciding the fate of fruit set. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future directions of research on parthenocarpic fruit formation in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Sharif
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ,
| | - Xiaohua Qi
- Department of Horticulture, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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Cai Y, Yin L, Tu W, Deng Z, Yan J, Dong W, Gao H, Xu J, Zhang N, Wang J, Zhu L, Meng Q, Zhang Y. Ectopic Expression of VvSUC27 Induces Stenospermocarpy and Sugar Accumulation in Tomato Fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:759047. [PMID: 34868153 PMCID: PMC8637806 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.759047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seedless fruits are favorable in the market because of their ease of manipulation. Sucrose transporters (SUTs or SUCs) are essential for carbohydrate metabolism in plants. Whether SUTs participate directly in causing stenospermocarpy, thereby increasing fruit quality, remains unclear. Three SUTs, namely, VvSUC11, VvSUC12, and VvSUC27 from Vitis vinifera, were characterized and ectopic expression in tomatoes. VvSUC11- and VvSUC12-overexpressing lines had similar flower and fruit phenotypes compared with those of the wild type. VvSUC27-overexpressing lines produced longer petals and pistils, an abnormal stigma, much less and shrunken pollen, and firmer seedless fruits. Moreover, produced fruits from all VvSUC-overexpressing lines had a higher soluble solid content and sugar concentration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed more genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport and showed downregulation of auxin- and ethylene-related signaling pathways during early fruit development in VvSUC27-overexpressing lines relative to that of the wild type. Our findings demonstrated that stenospermocarpy can be induced by overexpression of VvSUC27 through a consequential reduction in nutrient delivery to pollen at anthesis, with a subsequent downregulation of the genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and hormone signaling. These commercially desirable results provide a new strategy for bioengineering stenospermocarpy in tomatoes and in other fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Cai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Crops Research Institute, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Yin
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenrui Tu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhefang Deng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxu Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- The State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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RNAseq reveals different transcriptomic responses to GA 3 in early and midseason varieties before ripening initiation in sweet cherry fruits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13075. [PMID: 34158527 PMCID: PMC8219793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) negatively affects color evolution and other ripening-related processes in non-climacteric fruits. The bioactive GA, gibberellic acid (GA3), is commonly applied at the light green-to-straw yellow transition to increase firmness and delay ripening in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), though causing different effects depending on the variety. Recently, we reported that GA3 delayed the IAD parameter (a ripening index) in a mid-season variety, whereas GA3 did not delay IAD but reduced it at ripeness in an early-season variety. To further explore this contrasting behavior between varieties, we analyzed the transcriptomic responses to GA3 applied on two sweet cherry varieties with different maturity time phenotypes. At harvest, GA3 produced fruits with less color in both varieties. Similar to our previous report, GA3 delayed fruit color initiation and IAD only in the mid-season variety and reduced IAD at harvest only in the early-season variety. RNA-seq analysis of control- and GA3-treated fruits revealed that ripening-related categories were overrepresented in the early-season variety, including 'photosynthesis' and 'auxin response'. GA3 also changed the expression of carotenoid and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic genes in this variety. In contrast, overrepresented categories in the mid-season variety were mainly related to metabolic processes. In this variety, some PP2Cs putative genes were positively regulated by GA3, which are negative regulators of ABA responses, and MYB44-like genes (putative repressors of PP2Cs expression) were downregulated. These results show that GA3 differentially modulates the transcriptome at the onset of ripening in a variety-dependent manner and suggest that GA3 impairs ripening through the modification of ripening associated gene expression only in the early-season variety; whereas in the mid-season variety, control of the ripening timing may occur through the PP2C gene expression regulation. This work contributes to the understanding of the role of GA in non-climacteric fruit ripening.
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Plant-Based Biostimulant as Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Growth Regulators in Two Sweet Cherry Cultivars. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10040619. [PMID: 33805215 PMCID: PMC8064333 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweet cherry is a high value crop and the economic success of its cultivation depends not only on yield but also on fruit visual and nutritional quality attributes that influence consumer acceptability, as well as on fruit post-harvest performance and resistance to cracking. During the last few decades, cherry growers have tried to achieve these goals through exogenous applications of synthetic plant hormones and/or nutrients, but there is growing concern about the sustainability of the extensive use of these compounds in agriculture. For this reason, there is increasing interest in the possible adoption of different classes of biostimulants as sustainable alternatives to plant growth regulators. This research aimed to study the impact of foliar application of a novel tropical-plant extract, performed between full bloom and fruit set, on the yield and fruit quality of two important commercial sweet cherry cultivars, Kordia and Regina. The experimental design included a commercial control involving the application of a cytokinin promoter. In both cultivars, the tropical-plant extract induced significant increases in fruit yield. In addition, in the cultivar Kordia, the tropical-plant extract enhanced fruit calcium concentration, soluble solids content, flesh firmness, and skin color by 26.2%, 11.8%, 6.7%, and 12.0% (of fruits with mahogany skin color), respectively. Our results suggest that the tropical-plant extract tested as a biostimulant may be a sustainable and effective alternative to the exogenous application of synthetic hormones for sweet cherry cultivation.
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