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Hayes V, Gong T, Jiang J, Bornman R, Gheybi K, Stricker P, Weischenfeldt J, Mutambirwa S. Rare pathogenic structural variants show potential to enhance prostate cancer germline testing for African men. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4531885. [PMID: 38947031 PMCID: PMC11213160 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4531885/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is highly heritable, with men of African ancestry at greatest risk and associated lethality. Lack of representation in genomic data means germline testing guidelines exclude for African men. Established that structural variations (SVs) are major contributors to human disease and prostate tumourigenesis, their role is under-appreciated in familial and therapeutic testing. Utilising a clinico-methodologically matched African (n = 113) versus European (n = 57) deep-sequenced PCa resource, we interrogated 42,966 high-quality germline SVs using a best-fit pathogenicity prediction workflow. We identified 15 potentially pathogenic SVs representing 12.4% African and 7.0% European patients, of which 72% and 86% met germline testing standard-of-care recommendations, respectively. Notable African-specific loss-of-function gene candidates include DNA damage repair MLH1 and BARD1 and tumour suppressors FOXP1, WASF1 and RB1. Representing only a fraction of the vast African diaspora, this study raises considerations with respect to the contribution of kilo-to-mega-base rare variants to PCa pathogenicity and African associated disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jue Jiang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research
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2
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Abad Baucells C, Schönauer R, Halbritter J. The genetics of cystinuria - an update and critical reevaluation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:231-237. [PMID: 38240263 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to critically evaluate how the establishment of genotype-based treatment for cystinuria has been hampered due to the large number of variants of unknown significance (VUS) within the disease causing genes as well as challenges in accessing a large enough sample size for systematic analysis of endpoint parameters that truly reflect disease severity. This review further discusses how to overcome these hurdles with the establishment of a cystinuria-specific refinement of the current American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)-criteria of variant interpretation. RECENT FINDINGS Novel tools such as AlphaMissense combined with the establishment of a refined ACMG criterion will play a significant role in classifying VUS within the responsible disease genes SLC3A1 (rBAT) and SLC7A9 (BAT1). This will also be essential in elucidating the role of promising candidate genes, such as SLC7A13 (AGT1), which have been derived from murine model systems and still need further research to determine if they are involved in human cystinuria. SUMMARY Cystinuria was one of the first disorders to receive a gene-based classification, nonetheless, the clinically actionable implications of genetic diagnostics is still minor. This is due to poorly characterized genotype-phenotype correlations which results in a lack of individualized (genotype-) based management and metaphylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Abad Baucells
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee B, Lee SY, Han DH, Park HD. Interpretation of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 variants in cystinuria patients: The significance of the PM3 criterion and protein stability. Urolithiasis 2023; 51:94. [PMID: 37439839 PMCID: PMC10345071 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystinuria is a genetic disorder caused by defects in the b0,+ transporter system, which is composed of rBAT and b0,+AT coded by SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, respectively. Variants in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 follow autosomal recessive inheritance and autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance, respectively, which complicates the interpretation of cystinuria-related variants. Here, we report seven different SLC3A1 variants and six different SLC7A9 variants. Among these variants were two novel variants previously not reported: SLC3A1 c.223C > T and SLC7A9 c.404A > G. In silico analysis using REVEL correlated well with the functional loss upon SLC7A9 variants with scores of 0.8560-0.9200 and 0.4970-0.5239 for severe and mild decrease in transport activity, respectively. In addition, DynaMut2 was able to predict a decreased protein expression level resulting from the SLC7A9 variant c.313G > A with a ΔΔGStability -2.93 kcal/mol. Our study adds to the literature as additional cases of a variant allow applying the PM3 criterion with higher strength level. In addition, we suggest the clinical utility of REVEL and DynaMut2 in interpreting SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 variants. While a decreased protein expression level is not embraced in the current variant interpretation guidelines, we believe in silico protein stability predicting tools could serve as evidence of protein function loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Deok Hyun Han
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Doo Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Korea.
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Zhan R, Ge Y, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Wang W. Genetic and clinical analysis of Chinese pediatric patients with cystinuria. Urolithiasis 2022; 51:20. [PMID: 36571637 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of Chinese pediatric patients with cystinuria. This was a retrospective study of 14 Chinese pediatric patients with cystine stones. All published studies of the Chinese pediatric cystinuria population were searched and enrolled based on the inclusive standard. Among the 14 pediatric patients with cystinuria, 8 were males and 6 were females. The mean age of first stone onset was 4.0 ± 3.3 years (4 months-9 years). All of the patients had multiple stones, and 57.1% (8/14) had bilateral stones. The mean maximum stone diameter was 1.7 ± 0.6 (range 0.5-2.6) cm. A total of 13 SLC3A1 gene mutations and 9 SLC7A9 gene mutations were detected, of which 41% (9/22) of mutations were novel. Patients with SLC7A9 mutations were more likely to develop bilateral stones than those with SLC3A1 mutations (100% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.03). Thirty-four SLC3A1 gene mutations and twenty-eight SLC7A9 gene mutations were found in a total of fifty-five Chinese children with cystinuria. The SLC7A9 gene mutation distribution was more dispersed, while the SLC3A1 mutation was clustered in exons 6-8. The c.647C > T (p. T216M) (4/53) and c.1113C > A (p. Y371Ter) (4/53) mutations in the SLC3A1 gene and the c.1399 + 2_3insT (3/36) mutation in the SLC7A9 gene represent potential hotspots in cystinuria. Our results present a comprehensive genetic spectrum for pediatric cystinuria patients in China. Patients with SLC7A9 mutations were more likely to develop bilateral stones than those with SLC3A1 mutations. A wide mutation spectrum and the potential mutation hotspots associated with cystinuria were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Zhan
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 YongAn Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yucheng Ge
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 YongAn Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 YongAn Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 YongAn Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 YongAn Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, China.
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5
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McGreig JE, Uri H, Antczak M, Sternberg MJE, Michaelis M, Wass MN. 3DLigandSite: structure-based prediction of protein-ligand binding sites. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:W13-W20. [PMID: 35412635 PMCID: PMC9252821 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3DLigandSite is a web tool for the prediction of ligand-binding sites in proteins. Here, we report a significant update since the first release of 3DLigandSite in 2010. The overall methodology remains the same, with candidate binding sites in proteins inferred using known binding sites in related protein structures as templates. However, the initial structural modelling step now uses the newly available structures from the AlphaFold database or alternatively Phyre2 when AlphaFold structures are not available. Further, a sequence-based search using HHSearch has been introduced to identify template structures with bound ligands that are used to infer the ligand-binding residues in the query protein. Finally, we introduced a machine learning element as the final prediction step, which improves the accuracy of predictions and provides a confidence score for each residue predicted to be part of a binding site. Validation of 3DLigandSite on a set of 6416 binding sites obtained 92% recall at 75% precision for non-metal binding sites and 52% recall at 75% precision for metal binding sites. 3DLigandSite is available at https://www.wass-michaelislab.org/3dligandsite. Users submit either a protein sequence or structure. Results are displayed in multiple formats including an interactive Mol* molecular visualization of the protein and the predicted binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake E McGreig
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Hannah Uri
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Magdalena Antczak
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Michael J E Sternberg
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Martin Michaelis
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Mark N Wass
- School of Biosciences, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
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Prot-Bertoye C, Daudon M, Tostivint I, Dousseaux MP, Defazio J, Traxer O, Knebelmann B, Courbebaisse M. [Cystinuria]. Nephrol Ther 2021; 17S:S100-S107. [PMID: 33910689 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystinuria is the most common monogenic nephrolithiasis disorder. Because of its poor solubility at a typical urine pH of less than 7, cystine excretion results in recurrent urinary cystine stone formation. A high prevalence of high blood pressure and of chronic kidney disease has been reported in these patients. Alkaline hyperdiuresis remains the cornerstone of the preventive medical treatment. To reach a urine pH between 7.5 and 8 and a urine specific gravity less than or equal to 1.005 should be the goal of medical treatment. D-penicillamine and tiopronin, two cysteine-binding thiol agents, should be considered as second line treatments with frequent adverse events that should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Service de physiologie - explorations fonctionnelles rénales et métaboliques, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Michel Daudon
- Service de physiologie-explorations fonctionnelles, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Tostivint
- Service de néphrologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 149, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Paule Dousseaux
- Service de néphrologie, hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 149, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Defazio
- Association pour l'information et la recherche sur les maladies génétiques (AIRG-France), BP 78, 75261 Paris cedex 06, France
| | - Olivier Traxer
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Tenon, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Service de néphrologie, hôpital Necker, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie Courbebaisse
- Service de physiologie - explorations fonctionnelles rénales et métaboliques, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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7
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Cristoni S, Bernardi LR, Malvandi AM, Larini M, Longhi E, Sortino F, Conti M, Pantano N, Puccio G. A case of personalized and precision medicine: Pharmacometabolomic applications to rare cancer, microbiological investigation, and therapy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8976. [PMID: 33053249 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Advances in metabolomics, together with consolidated genetic approaches, have opened the way for investigating the health of patients using a large number of molecules simultaneously, thus providing firm scientific evidence for personalized medicine and consequent interventions. Metabolomics is an ideal approach for investigating specific biochemical alterations occurring in rare clinical situations, such as those caused by rare associations between comorbidities and immunosuppression. METHODS Metabolomic database matching enables clear identification of molecular factors associated with a metabolic disorder and can provide a rationale for elaborating personalized therapeutic protocols. Mass spectrometry (MS) forms the basis of metabolomics and uses mass-to-charge ratios for metabolite identification. Here, we used an MS-based approach to diagnose and develop treatment options in the clinical case of a patient afflicted with a rare disease further complicated by immunosuppression. The patient's data were analyzed using proprietary databases, and a personalized and efficient therapeutic protocol was consequently elaborated. RESULTS The patient exhibited significant alterations in homocysteine:methionine and homocysteine:thiodiglycol acid plasma concentration ratios, and these were associated with low immune system function. This led to cysteine concentration deficiency causing extreme oxidative stress. Plasmatic thioglycolic acid concentrations were initially altered and were used for therapeutic follow-up and to evaluate cysteine levels. CONCLUSIONS An MS-based pharmacometabolomics approach was used to define a personalized protocol in a clinical case of rare peritoneal carcinosis with confounding immunosuppression. This personalized protocol reduced both oxidative stress and resistance to antibiotics and antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristoni
- Ion Source & Biotechnologies (ISB) srl, Biotechnology, Bresso, Italy
| | - Luigi Rossi Bernardi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica, Biotechnology and cardiovascular medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica, Biotechnology and cardiovascular medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Larini
- Ion Source & Biotechnologies (ISB) srl, Biotechnology, Bresso, Italy
| | - Ermanno Longhi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Multimedica, Biotechnology and cardiovascular medicine, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Conti
- University Hospital of Bologna Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Analytical Chemistry, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Puccio
- Emmanuele Scientific Research Association, Analytical Chemistry, Palermo, Italy
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8
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Transport of L-Arginine Related Cardiovascular Risk Markers. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123975. [PMID: 33302555 PMCID: PMC7764698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine and its derivatives, asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) and L-homoarginine, have emerged as cardiovascular biomarkers linked to cardiovascular outcomes and various metabolic and functional pathways such as NO-mediated endothelial function. Cellular uptake and efflux of L-arginine and its derivatives are facilitated by transport proteins. In this respect the cationic amino acid transporters CAT1 and CAT2 (SLC7A1 and SLC7A2) and the system y+L amino acid transporters (SLC7A6 and SLC7A7) have been most extensively investigated, so far, but the number of transporters shown to mediate the transport of L-arginine and its derivatives is constantly increasing. In the present review we assess the growing body of evidence regarding the function, expression, and clinical relevance of these transporters and their possible relation to cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
The prevalence of urolithiasis in humans is increasing worldwide; however, non-surgical treatment and prevention options remain limited despite decades of investigation. Most existing laboratory animal models for urolithiasis rely on highly artificial methods of stone induction and, as a result, might not be fully applicable to the study of natural stone initiation and growth. Animal models that naturally and spontaneously form uroliths are an underused resource in the study of human stone disease and offer many potential opportunities for improving insight into stone pathogenesis. These models include domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of other captive and wild species, such as otters, dolphins and ferrets, that form calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid, cystine and other stone types. Improved collaboration between urologists, basic scientists and veterinarians is warranted to further our understanding of how stones form and to consider possible new preventive and therapeutic treatment options.
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10
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Structural basis for amino acid exchange by a human heteromeric amino acid transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21281-21287. [PMID: 32817565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteromeric amino acid transporters (HATs) comprise a group of membrane proteins that belong to the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily. They are formed by two different protein components: a light chain subunit from an SLC7 family member and a heavy chain subunit from the SLC3 family. The light chain constitutes the transport subunit whereas the heavy chain mediates trafficking to the plasma membrane and maturation of the functional complex. Mutation, malfunction, and dysregulation of HATs are associated with a wide range of pathologies or represent the direct cause of inherited and acquired disorders. Here we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the neutral and basic amino acid transport complex (b[0,+]AT1-rBAT) which reveals a heterotetrameric protein assembly composed of two heavy and light chain subunits, respectively. The previously uncharacterized interaction between two HAT units is mediated via dimerization of the heavy chain subunits and does not include participation of the light chain subunits. The b(0,+)AT1 transporter adopts a LeuT fold and is captured in an inward-facing conformation. We identify an amino-acid-binding pocket that is formed by transmembrane helices 1, 6, and 10 and conserved among SLC7 transporters.
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11
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Pandey B, Aarthy M, Sharma M, Singh SK, Kumar V. Computational analysis identifies druggable mutations in human rBAT mediated Cystinuria. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:5058-5067. [PMID: 32602810 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1784792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Cqm1 protein acts as the receptor for Lysinibacillus sphaericus mosquito-larvicidal binary (BinAB) toxin that is used worldwide for mosquito control. We found amino acid transporter protein, rBAT, as phylogenetically closest Cqm1 homolog in humans. The present study reveals large evolutionary distance between Cqm1 and rBAT, and rBAT ectodomain lacks the sequence motif which serves as binding-site for the BinAB toxin. Thus, BinAB toxin can be expected to remain safe for humans. rBAT (heavy subunit; SLC3A1) and catalytic b0,+AT (light subunit; SLC7A9), linked by single disulfide bond, mediate renal reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids in Na+ independent manner. Mutations in rBAT cause type I Cystinuria disease which shows global prevalence, and rBAT can be thought as an important pharmacological target. However, 3D structures of rBAT and b0,+AT, the two components of b0,+ heteromeric amino acid transporter systems, are not available. We constructed a reliable homology model of rBAT using Cqm1 coordinates and that of transmembrane b0,+AT subunit using LAT1 coordinates. Mapping of pathogenic mutations onto rBAT ectodomain revealed their scattered distribution throughout the rBAT protein. Further, our computational simulations-based scoring of several known deleterious mutations of rBAT revealed that mutations those do not compromise the protein fold and stability, are localized on the same face of the molecule. These residues are expected to interact with the b0,+AT transporter. The present study thus identifies druggable sites on rBAT that could be targeted for the treatment of type I Cystinuria.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Pandey
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Murali Aarthy
- Computer-aided drug design Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Mahima Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer-aided drug design Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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12
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Asi T, Dogan HS, Bozaci AC, Citamak B, Altan M, Tekgul S. A single center's experience in pediatric cystine stone disease management: what changed over time? Urolithiasis 2020; 48:493-499. [PMID: 32556828 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-020-01200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors aimed to evaluate the factors affecting clinical outcomes of cystine stone disease in children and to understand the change in disease management over time. Between January 1991 and September 2017, the demographic and clinical data of pediatric patients with documented cystine stone disease were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with at least 12-month follow-up were included. Disease management and clinical outcomes were compared between the first and second 35 patients managed during the study's time frame. A total of 70 patients were included. The female to male ratio was 30/40. The mean age and follow-up period was 29.8 ± 40.1 months and 106.5 ± 56 months, respectively. The mean initial procedure number to treat the first stone episode was 2.4 ± 1.6. Single stone and single affected site were significant predictors for stone clearance. Overall, patients underwent a mean of 5.5 procedure during their follow-up. Recurrence was detected in 71.4% (50/70) of patients. Residual fragments and non-compliance to medical treatment after the initial intervention were significant predictors for recurrence within shorter interval period. 31.4% (22/70) of patients had renal atrophy during follow-up. They were older at the initial diagnosis and had average urine pH lower than 7.5. The first 35 patients had more open procedures. Still, they had more recurrence rate and tend to have more renal atrophy. As a conclusion, cystine stone disease has a recurrent course in children. Stone and fragments entirely removed (SaFER) concept with all minimally invasive methods available and strict follow-up should be the basis for any management plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Asi
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Serkan Dogan
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Cansu Bozaci
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burak Citamak
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mesut Altan
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar Tekgul
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Prot-Bertoye C, Lebbah S, Daudon M, Tostivint I, Jais JP, Lillo-Le Louët A, Pontoizeau C, Cochat P, Bataille P, Bridoux F, Brignon P, Choquenet C, Combe C, Conort P, Decramer S, Doré B, Dussol B, Essig M, Frimat M, Gaunez N, Joly D, Le Toquin-Bernard S, Méjean A, Meria P, Morin D, N'Guyen HV, Normand M, Pietak M, Ronco P, Saussine C, Tsimaratos M, Friedlander G, Traxer O, Knebelmann B, Courbebaisse M. Adverse events associated with currently used medical treatments for cystinuria and treatment goals: results from a series of 442 patients in France. BJU Int 2019; 124:849-861. [PMID: 30801923 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate medical treatments, in terms of adverse events (AEs) and therapeutic goals, in a large series of patients with cystinuria. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 442 patients with cystinuria were recorded retrospectively. Crystalluria was studied in 89 patients. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to estimate how urine pH, specific gravity and cysteine-binding thiols (CBT) correlate with risk of cystine crystalluria. RESULTS Alkalizing agents and CBT agents were given to 88.8% (n = 381) and 55.3% (n = 238) of patients, respectively. Gastrointestinal AEs were reported in 12.3%, 10.4% and 2.6% of patients treated with potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate, respectively (P = 0.008). The percentages of patients who experienced at least one AE with tiopronin (24.6%) and with D-penicillamine (29.5%) were similar (P = 0.45). Increasing urine pH and decreasing urine specific gravity significantly reduced the risk of cystine crystalluria, whereas D-penicillamine and tiopronin treatments did not reduce this risk (odds ratio [OR] 1 for pH ≤6.5; OR 0.52 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} 0.28-0.95] for 7.0 <pH ≤7.5, P = 0.03; OR 0.26 [95% CI 0.13-0.53] for 7.5 < pH ≤8.0, P <0.001; OR 1 for specific gravity ≤1.005 OR 5.76 [95% CI 1.45-22.85] for 1.006 ≤ specific gravity ≤1.010, P = 0.01; and OR 11.06 [95% CI 2.76-44.26] for 1.011 ≤ specific gravity ≤ 1.014, P < 0.001). Increased urine pH significantly increased the risk of calcium phosphate crystalluria (OR 1 for pH≤ 6.5; OR 6.09 [95% CI 2.15-17.25] for pH >8.0, P <0.001). CONCLUSION Adverse events were frequent with D-penicillamine and tiopronin. Alkaline hyperdiuresis was well tolerated and reduced cystine crystalluria. Urine specific gravity ≤1.005 and urine pH >7.5, while warning about calcium-phosphate crystallization, should be the goals of medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Department of Physiology, Functional Renal Explorations Department, AP-HP (Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris), Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Saïd Lebbah
- Department of Biostatistics, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Michel Daudon
- Department of Physiology, Functional Renal Explorations Department, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital Pierre and Marie Curie University, INSERM UMR S 1155, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Tostivint
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jais
- Department of Biostatistics, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Inserm UMRS 1138 team 22, Paris, France
| | - Agnés Lillo-Le Louët
- Department of Pharmacovigilance, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Clément Pontoizeau
- Functional Unit of Metabolomics, Functional Explorations Department, APHP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cochat
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares Néphrogones, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Bataille
- Department of Nephrology, Boulogne-sur-Mer Hospital, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Franck Bridoux
- Department of Neprhology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre Brignon
- Department of Nephrology, Pasteur Hospital, Colmar, France
| | | | - Christian Combe
- Department of Nephrology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Conort
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Decramer
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Toulouse University Children Hospital, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1048, Toulouse, France
| | - Bertrand Doré
- Department of Urology, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
| | - Bertrand Dussol
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HM (Public Assistance Hospitals of Marseille), Conception Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Essig
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges University, Limoges, France.,INSERM UMR-S850, Limoges, France
| | - Marie Frimat
- Department of Nephrology, Claude Huriez University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Dominique Joly
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Medicine, Paris, France
| | | | - Arnaud Méjean
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Paul Meria
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Denis Morin
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Nephrology and Diabetology), Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, UMR 5203-INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
| | - Hung V N'Guyen
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Michel Normand
- Department of Nephrology, Private Saint-Martin Hospital, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Pietak
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Ronco
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.,INSERM Unit 702, Paris, France
| | - Christian Saussine
- Department of Urology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Tsimaratos
- Department of Pediatrics, AP-HM, La Timone Hospital, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Department of Physiology, Functional Renal Explorations Department, AP-HP (Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris), Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Traxer
- Department of Urology, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris Descartes University, Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Marie Courbebaisse
- Department of Physiology, Functional Renal Explorations Department, AP-HP (Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris), Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,INSERM U1151, Paris, France
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14
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Cystinuria: genetic aspects, mouse models, and a new approach to therapy. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:57-66. [PMID: 30515543 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystinuria, a genetic disorder of cystine transport, is characterized by excessive excretion of cystine in the urine and recurrent cystine stones in the kidneys and, to a lesser extent, in the bladder. Males generally are more severely affected than females. The disorder may lead to chronic kidney disease in many patients. The cystine transporter (b0,+) is a heterodimer consisting of the rBAT (encoded by SLC3A1) and b0,+AT (encoded by SLC7A9) subunits joined by a disulfide bridge. The molecular basis of cystinuria is known in great detail, and this information is now being used to define genotype-phenotype correlations. Current treatments for cystinuria include increased fluid intake to increase cystine solubility and the administration of thiol drugs for more severe cases. These drugs, however, have poor patient compliance due to adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with therapy for cystinuria. Four mouse models for cystinuria have been described and these models provide a resource for evaluating the safety and efficacy of new therapies for cystinuria. We are evaluating a new approach for the treatment of cystine stones based on the inhibition of cystine crystal growth by cystine analogs. Our ongoing studies indicate that cystine diamides are effective in preventing cystine stone formation in the Slc3a1 knockout mouse model for cystinuria. In addition to crystal growth, crystal aggregation is required for stone formation. Male and female mice with cystinuria have comparable levels of crystalluria, but very few female mice form stones. The identification of factors that inhibit cystine crystal aggregation in female mice may provide insight into the gender difference in disease severity in patients with cystinuria.
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15
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In silico analysis of SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutations in Iranian patients with Cystinuria. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:1165-1173. [PMID: 30069816 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive defect in reabsorptive transport of cystine and the dibasic amino acids ornithine, arginine, and lysine from renal tubule and small intestine. Mutations in two genes: SLC3A1, encoding the heavy chain rbAT of the renal cystine transport system and SLC7A9, the gene of its light chain b0, + AT have a crucial role in the diseases. In our previous studies from Iranian populations with Cystinuria totally six and eleven novel mutations respectively identified in SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes. In this study, we conducted an in silico functional analysis to explore the possible association between these genetic mutations and Cystinuria. MutationTaster, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, FATHMM. PhDSNP and MutPred was applied to predict the degree of pathogenicity for the missense mutations. Furthermore, Residue Interaction Network (RIN) and Intron variant analyses was performed using Cytoscape and Human Slicing Finder softwares. These genetic variants can provide a better understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships in patients with Cystinuria. In the future, the findings may also facilitate the development of new molecular diagnostic markers for the diseases.
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