1
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Alvarez-Romero J, Laguette MJN, Seale K, Jacques M, Voisin S, Hiam D, Feller JA, Tirosh O, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Kumagai H, Kikuchi N, Kamiya N, Fuku N, Collins M, September AV, Eynon N. Genetic variants within the COL5A1 gene are associated with ligament injuries in physically active populations from Australia, South Africa, and Japan. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:284-293. [PMID: 34821541 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2011426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous small-scale studies have shown an association between the COL5A1 gene and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. In this larger study, the genotype and allele frequency distributions of the COL5A1 rs12722 C/T and rs10628678 AGGG/deletion (AGGG/-) indel variants were compared between participants: (i) with ACL injury in independent and combined cohorts from South-Africa (SA) and Australia (AUS) vs controls (CON), and (ii) with any ligament (ALL) or only ACL injury in a Japanese (JPN) cohort vs CON. Samples were collected from SA (235 cases; 232 controls), AUS (362 cases; 80 controls) and JPN (500 cases; 1,403 controls). Genomic DNA was extracted and genotyped. Distributions were compared, and inferred haplotype analyses performed. No independent associations were noted for rs12722 or rs10628678 when the combined SA + AUS cohort was analysed. However, the C-deletion (rs12722-rs10628678) inferred haplotype was under-represented (p = 0.040, OR = 0.15, CI = 0.04-0.56), while the T-deletion inferred haplotype was over-represented in the female SA + AUS ACL participants versus controls (p < 0.001, OR = 4.74, CI = 1.66-13.55). Additionally, the rs12722 C/C genotype was under-represented in JPN CON vs ACL (p = 0.039, OR = 0.52, 0.27-1.00), while the rs10628678 -/- genotype was associated with increased risk of any ligament injuries (p = 0.035, OR = 1.31, CI = 1.02-1.68) in the JPN cohort. Collectively, these results highlight that a region within the COL5A1 3'-UTR is associated with ligament injury risk. This must be evaluated in larger cohorts and its functional relevance to the structure and capacity of ligaments and joint biomechanics be explored.Highlights The COL5A1 T-deletion inferred haplotype (rs12722-rs10628678) was associated with an increased risk of ACL rupture in the combined SA and AUS female participants.The COL5A1 C-deletion inferred haplotype (rs12722-rs10628678) was associated with a decreased risk of ACL rupture in the combined SA and AUS female participants.The COL5A1 rs12722 C/C and rs10628678 -/- genotypes were associated with increased risk of ACL rupture and of ligament injuries in JPN, respectively.A region within the COL5A1 3'-UTR is associated with risk of ligament injury, including ACL rupture, and therefore the functional significance of this region on ligament capacity and joint biomechanics requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary-Jessica N Laguette
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, ESSM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsten Seale
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Oren Tirosh
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,School Health Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne Australia
| | - Eri Miyamoto-Mikami
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fuku
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Malcolm Collins
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alison V September
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Human Biology Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Centre for Health Through Physical Activity and Sport, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Woessner MN, Hiam D, Smith C, Lin X, Zarekookandeh N, Tacey A, Parker L, Landen S, Jacques M, Lewis JR, Brennan-Speranza T, Voisin S, Duque G, Eynon N, Levinger I. Osteoglycin Across the Adult Lifespan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1426-e1433. [PMID: 34850904 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Osteoglycin (OGN) is a proteoglycan released from bone and muscle which has been associated with markers of metabolic health. However, it is not clear whether the levels of circulating OGN change throughout the adult lifespan or if they are associated with clinical metabolic markers or fitness. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the levels of circulating OGN across the lifespan and to further explore the relationship between OGN and aerobic capacity as well as OGN's association with glucose and HOMA-IR. METHODS 107 individuals (46 males and 61 females) aged 21-87 years were included in the study. Serum OGN levels, aerobic capacity (VO2peak), glucose, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed. T-tests were used to compare participant characteristics between sexes. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between OGN and age, and OGN and fitness and metabolic markers. RESULTS OGN displayed a nonlinear, weak "U-shaped" relationship with age across both sexes. Men had higher levels of OGN than women across the lifespan (β = 0.23, P = .03). Age and sex explained 16% of the variance in OGN (adjusted R2 = 0.16; P < .001). Higher OGN was associated with higher VO2peak (β = 0.02, P = .001); however, those aged <50 showed a stronger positive relationship than those aged >50. A higher OGN level was associated with a higher circulating glucose level (β = 0.17, P < .01). No association was observed between OGN and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION OGN was characterized by a U-shaped curve across the lifespan which was similar between sexes. Those with a higher aerobic capacity or higher glucose concentration had higher OGN levels. Our data suggest an association between OGN and aerobic fitness and glucose regulation. Future studies should focus on exploring the potential of OGN as a biomarker for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xuzhu Lin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Navabeh Zarekookandeh
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Tacey
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Medical School, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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3
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Williams CJ, Li Z, Harvey N, Lea RA, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Papadimitriou I, Jacques M, Croci I, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Cox ER, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Bye A, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Brown MA, Torquati L, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: the Predict-HIIT study. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:37. [PMID: 33985508 PMCID: PMC8117553 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) is highly associated with chronic disease and mortality from all causes. Whilst exercise training is recommended in health guidelines to improve V̇O2peak, there is considerable inter-individual variability in the V̇O2peak response to the same dose of exercise. Understanding how genetic factors contribute to V̇O2peak training response may improve personalisation of exercise programs. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response following exercise training. METHODS Participant change in objectively measured V̇O2peak from 18 different interventions was obtained from a multi-centre study (Predict-HIIT). A genome-wide association study was completed (n = 507), and a polygenic predictor score (PPS) was developed using alleles from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated (P < 1 × 10-5) with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response. Findings were tested in an independent validation study (n = 39) and compared to previous research. RESULTS No variants at the genome-wide significance level were found after adjusting for key covariates (baseline V̇O2peak, individual study, principal components which were significantly associated with the trait). A Quantile-Quantile plot indicates there was minor inflation in the study. Twelve novel loci showed a trend of association with V̇O2peak response that reached suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5). The strongest association was found near the membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2 (MAGI2) gene (rs6959961, P = 2.61 × 10-7). A PPS created from the 12 lead SNPs was unable to predict V̇O2peak response in a tenfold cross validation, or in an independent (n = 39) validation study (P > 0.1). Significant correlations were found for beta coefficients of variants in the Predict-HIIT (P < 1 × 10-4) and the validation study (P < × 10-6), indicating that general effects of the loci exist, and that with a higher statistical power, more significant genetic associations may become apparent. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing research and validation of current and previous findings is needed to determine if genetics does play a large role in V̇O2peak response variance, and whether genomic predictors for V̇O2peak response trainability can inform evidence-based clinical practice. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), Trial Id: ACTRN12618000501246, Date Registered: 06/04/2018, http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374601&isReview=true .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Sport, Movement and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily R Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luciana Torquati
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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4
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Tanisawa K, Wang G, Seto J, Verdouka I, Twycross-Lewis R, Karanikolou A, Tanaka M, Borjesson M, Di Luigi L, Dohi M, Wolfarth B, Swart J, Bilzon JLJ, Badtieva V, Papadopoulou T, Casasco M, Geistlinger M, Bachl N, Pigozzi F, Pitsiladis Y. Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54:969-975. [PMID: 32201388 PMCID: PMC7418627 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in technologies in the field of genomics such as high throughput DNA sequencing, big data processing by machine learning algorithms and gene-editing techniques are expected to make precision medicine and gene-therapy a greater reality. However, this development will raise many important new issues, including ethical, moral, social and privacy issues. The field of exercise genomics has also advanced by incorporating these innovative technologies. There is therefore an urgent need for guiding references for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancements in this field of sport and exercise medicine, while protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic information. Here, we update a previous consensus and develop a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This SWOT analysis and the developed guiding reference highlight the need for scientists/clinicians to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to advance sport and exercise genomics without compromising the privacy of athletes and the efforts of international sports federations. Conducting research based on the present guiding reference will mitigate to a great extent the risks brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with best ethical standards and international data protection principles and policies. This guiding reference should regularly be updated on the basis of new information emerging from the area of sport and exercise medicine as well as from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general in order to best protect the athletes, patients and all other relevant stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Guan Wang
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Verdouka
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department for Health and Longevity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mats Borjesson
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Center for Health and Performance, Goteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michiko Dohi
- Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sport Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Swart
- UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Victoriya Badtieva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
- British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK
| | | | - Michael Geistlinger
- Unit of International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Norbert Bachl
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Sport Medicine Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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5
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Smith C, Voisin S, Al Saedi A, Phu S, Brennan-Speranza T, Parker L, Eynon N, Hiam D, Yan X, Scott D, Blekkenhorst LC, Lewis JR, Seeman E, Byrnes E, Flicker L, Duque G, Yeap BB, Levinger I. Osteocalcin and its forms across the lifespan in adult men. Bone 2020; 130:115085. [PMID: 31622778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-specific secreted protein expressed by mature osteoblasts, is used in clinical practice and in research as a marker of bone turnover. The carboxylated (cOC) and undercarboxylated (ucOC) forms may have a different biological function but age-specific reference ranges for these components are not established. Given the different physiological roles, development of reference ranges may help to identify people at risk for bone disease. METHODS Blood was collected in the morning after an overnight fast from 236 adult men (18 to 92 years old) free of diabetes, antiresorptive, warfarin or glucocorticoid use. Serum was analyzed for total osteocalcin (tOC) and the ucOC fraction using the hydroxyapatite binding method. cOC, ucOC/tOC and cOC/tOC ratios were calculated. Reference intervals were established by polynomial quantile regression analysis. RESULTS The normal ranges for young men (≤30 years) were: tOC 17.9-56.8 ng/mL, ucOC 7.1-22.0 ng/mL, cOC 8.51-40.3 ng/mL (2.5th to 97.5th quantiles). Aging was associated with a "U" shaped pattern for tOC, cOC and ucOC levels. ucOC/tOC ratio was higher, while cOC/tOC ratio was lower in men of advanced age. Age explained ∼31%, while body mass index explained ∼4%, of the variance in the ratios. CONCLUSIONS We have defined normal reference ranges for the OC forms in Australian men and demonstrated that the OC ratios may be better measures, than the absolute values, to identify the age-related changes on OC in men. These ratios may be incorporated into future research and clinical trials, and their associations with prediction of events, such as fracture or diabetes risk, should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Phu
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tara Brennan-Speranza
- Department of Physiology and Bosch Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lewan Parker
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danielle Hiam
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ego Seeman
- University of Melbourne and the Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health and the Mary Mackillop Institute of Healthy Aging, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Department of Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Western Australian Centre for Health & Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Abstract
Exercise is a well-known non-pharmacologic agent used to prevent and treat a wide range of pathologic conditions such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease. In this sense, the classic field of exercise physiology has determined the main theoretical and practical bases of physiologic adaptations in response to exercise. However, the last decades were marked by significant advances in analytical laboratory techniques, where the field of biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology promoted exercise science to enter a new era. Regardless of its application, whether in the field of disease prevention or performance, the association of molecular biology with exercise physiology has been fundamental for unveiling knowledge of the molecular mechanisms related to the adaptation to exercise. This chapter will address the natural evolution of exercise physiology toward genetics and molecular biology, emphasizing the collection of integrated analytical approaches that composes the OMICS and their contribution to the field of molecular exercise physiology.
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7
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Ericsson KA, Harwell KW. Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance: Why the Original Definition Matters and Recommendations for Future Research. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2396. [PMID: 31708836 PMCID: PMC6824411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 25 years ago Ericsson et al. (1993) published the results of their search for the most effective forms of training in music, a domain where knowledge of effective training has been accumulated over centuries. At music academies master teachers provide students individualized instruction and help them identify goals and methods for their practice sessions between meetings - this form of solitary practice was named deliberate practice, and its accumulated duration during development was found to distinguish groups with differing levels of attained music performance. In an influential meta-analysis Macnamara et al. (2014) identified studies that had collected estimates of practice accumulated during development and attained performance and reported that individual differences in deliberate practice accounted for only 14% of variance in performance. Their definition of "deliberate practice" differs significantly from the original definition of deliberate practice and will henceforth be referred to as structured practice. We explicate three criteria for reproducible performance and purposeful/deliberate practice and exclude all effect sizes considered by Macnamara et al. (2014) that were based on data not meeting these criteria. A reanalysis of the remaining effects estimated that accumulated duration of practice explained considerably more variance in performance (29 and 61% after attenuation correction). We also address the argument that the limited amount of variance explained by the duration of practice necessarily implies an important role of genetic factors, and we report that genetic effects have so far accounted for remarkably small amounts of variance - with exception of genetic influences of height and body size. The paper concludes with recommendations for how future research on purposeful and deliberate practice can go beyond recording only the duration of practice to measuring the quality of practice involving concentration, analysis, and problem solving to identify conditions for the most effective forms of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Anders Ericsson
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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8
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Landen S, Voisin S, Craig JM, McGee SL, Lamon S, Eynon N. Genetic and epigenetic sex-specific adaptations to endurance exercise. Epigenetics 2019; 14:523-535. [PMID: 30957644 PMCID: PMC6557612 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1603961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in personalised interventions such as medicine, nutrition, and exercise is rapidly rising to maximize health outcomes and ensure the most appropriate treatments. Exercising regularly is recommended for both healthy and diseased populations to improve health. However, there are sex-specific adaptations to exercise that often are not taken into consideration. While endurance exercise training alters the human skeletal muscle epigenome and subsequent gene expression, it is still unknown whether it does so differently in men and women, potentially leading to sex-specific physiological adaptations. Elucidating sex differences in genetics, epigenetics, gene regulation and expression in response to exercise will have great health implications, as it may enable gene targets in future clinical interventions and may better individualised interventions. This review will cover this topic and highlight the recent findings of sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression studies, address the gaps in the field, and offer recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanie Landen
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sean L. McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Yaghoob Nezhad F, Verbrugge SAJ, Schönfelder M, Becker L, Hrabě de Angelis M, Wackerhage H. Genes Whose Gain or Loss-of-Function Increases Endurance Performance in Mice: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30967789 PMCID: PMC6439621 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance is not only a key factor in many sports but endurance-related variables are also associated with good health and low mortality. Twin and family studies suggest that several endurance-associated traits are ≈50% inherited. However, we still poorly understand what DNA sequence variants contribute to endurance heritability. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic review to identify genes whose experimental loss or gain-of-function increases endurance capacity in mice. We found 31 genes including two isoforms of Ppargc1a whose manipulation increases running or swimming endurance performance by up to 1800%. Genes whose gain-of-function increases endurance are Adcy5, Adcy8, Hk2, Il15, Mef2c, Nr4a3, Pck1 (Pepck), Ppard, Ppargc1a (both the a and b isoforms of the protein Pgc-1α), Ppargc1b, Ppp3ca (calcineurin), Scd1, Slc5a7, Tfe3, Tfeb, Trib3 & Trpv1. Genes whose loss-of-function increases endurance in mice are Actn3, Adrb2, Bdkrb2, Cd47, Crym, Hif1a, Myoz1, Pappa, Pknox1, Pten, Sirt4, Thbs1, Thra, and Tnfsf12. Of these genes, human DNA sequence variants of ACTN3, ADCY5, ADRB2, BDKRB2, HIF1A, PPARD, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, and PPP3CA are also associated with endurance capacity and/or VO2max trainability suggesting evolutionary conservation between mice and humans. Bioinformatical analyses show that there are numerous amino acid or copy number-changing DNA variants of endurance genes in humans, suggesting that genetic variation of endurance genes contributes to the variation of human endurance capacity, too. Moreover, several of these genes/proteins change their expression or phosphorylation in skeletal muscle or the heart after endurance exercise, suggesting a role in the adaptation to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhreddin Yaghoob Nezhad
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sander A J Verbrugge
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Schönfelder
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Exercise Biology Group, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Williams CJ, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Voisin S, Li Z, Harvey N, Croci I, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Pattyn N, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Bye A, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Papadimitriou I, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Eynon N, Coombes JS. A Multi-Center Comparison of O 2peak Trainability Between Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30804794 PMCID: PMC6370746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is heterogeneity in the observed O2peak response to similar exercise training, and different exercise approaches produce variable degrees of exercise response (trainability). The aim of this study was to combine data from different laboratories to compare O2peak trainability between various volumes of interval training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT). For interval training, volumes were classified by the duration of total interval time. High-volume High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) included studies that had participants complete more than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. Low-volume HIIT/Sprint Interval Training (SIT) included studies using less than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. In total, 677 participants across 18 aerobic exercise training interventions from eight different universities in five countries were included in the analysis. Participants had completed 3 weeks or more of either high-volume HIIT (n = 299), low-volume HIIT/SIT (n = 116), or MICT (n = 262) and were predominately men (n = 495) with a mix of healthy, elderly and clinical populations. Each training intervention improved mean O2peak at the group level (P < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, high-volume HIIT had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) absolute O2peak increase (0.29 L/min) compared to MICT (0.20 L/min) and low-volume HIIT/SIT (0.18 L/min). Adjusted relative O2peak increase was also significantly greater (P < 0.01) in high-volume HIIT (3.3 ml/kg/min) than MICT (2.4 ml/kg/min) and insignificantly greater (P = 0.09) than low-volume HIIT/SIT (2.5 mL/kg/min). Based on a high threshold for a likely response (technical error of measurement plus the minimal clinically important difference), high-volume HIIT had significantly more (P < 0.01) likely responders (31%) compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT (16%) and MICT (21%). Covariates such as age, sex, the individual study, population group, sessions per week, study duration and the average between pre and post O2peak explained only 17.3% of the variance in O2peak trainability. In conclusion, high-volume HIIT had more likely responders to improvements in O2peak compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT and MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Pattyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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