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McCarthy SF, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Bornath DPD, Islam H, Gurd BJ, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Differential changes in appetite hormones post-prandially based on menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use: A preliminary study. Appetite 2024; 198:107362. [PMID: 38636667 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This was a preliminary study that examined whether appetite regulation is altered during the menstrual cycle or with oral contraceptives. Ten naturally cycling females (NON-USERS) and nine tri-phasic oral contraceptive using females (USERS) completed experimental sessions during each menstrual phase (follicular phase: FP; ovulatory phase: OP; luteal phase: LP). Appetite perceptions and blood samples were obtained fasted, 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandial to measure acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and total peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥medium. There appeared to be a three-way (group x phase x time) interaction for acylated ghrelin where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS versus NON-USERS during the OP 90-min post-prandial and during the LP fasted, and 90-min post-prandial. In USERS, ghrelin appeared to be greater 90-min post-prandial in the OP versus the FP with no other apparent differences between phases. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be a three-way interaction for PYY where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS during the FP 60-min post-prandial and during the OP 30-min post-prandial. In USERS PYY appeared to be greater 60-min post-prandial during the OP versus the LP with no other apparent differences. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be no effect of group or phase on GLP-1, or appetite perceptions. These data demonstrate small effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on the acylated ghrelin and total PYY response to a standardized meal, with no effects on active GLP-1 or perceived appetite, though more work with a large sample size is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Arhen BB, Renwick JRM, Zedic AK, Menezes ES, Preobrazenski N, Simpson CA, Stokes T, McGlory C, Gurd BJ. AMPK and PGC- α following maximal and supramaximal exercise in men and women: a randomized cross-over study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:526-538. [PMID: 38113478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that AMPK activation and peroxisome proliferator gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) expression are not augmented as exercise intensity (power output) increases from maximal to supramaximal intensities and conducted an exploratory analysis comparing AMPK activation and PGC-1α expression in males and females. Seventeen (n = 9 males; n = 8 females) recreationally active, healthy, young individuals volunteered to participate in the current study. Participants completed work matched interval exercise at 100% (Max) and 133% (Supra) of peak work rate (WRpeak). Intervals were 1 min in duration and participants were prescribed 6 and 8 intervals of Max and Supra, respectively, to equate external work across protocols. PGC-1α mRNA expression and activation of AMPK (p-ACC) were examined in muscle biopsy samples. Interval WR (watts; W), intensity (%WRpeak) and average HR (bpm), blood lactate (mmol/L) and rating of perceived exertion were all higher (all p < 0.05) in Supra. Fatigue was greater (p < 0.05) in Supra. PGC-1α mRNA expression significantly increased after exercise in Max (p < 0.01) and Supra (p < 0.01), but was not significantly different (p = 0.71) between intensities. A main effect of time (Pre - 0 h) (p < 0.01) was observed for p-ACC; however, no effect of intensity (p = 0.08) or interaction (p = 0.97) was observed. No significant effects of time (p = 0.05) intensity (p = 0.42), or interaction (p = 0.97) were observed for p-AMPK (Thr172). Exploratory sex analysis demonstrated a main effect of sex for p-ACC (greater p-ACC in males; p < 0.05) but not for p-AMPK or PGC-1α expression. Our results confirm that AMPK-PGC-1α signalling is not augmented following supramaximal exercise and provide novel data demonstrating a decrease in AMPK activation (p-ACC) in females compared to men. Trial registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U7PX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J R M Renwick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A K Zedic
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - E S Menezes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - N Preobrazenski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - C A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - T Stokes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - C McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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3
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Preobrazenski N, McCaig A, Turner A, Kushner M, Pacitti L, Mendolia P, MacDonald B, Storoschuk K, Bouck T, Zaza Y, Lu S, Gurd BJ. Risk of bias in exercise science: A systematic review of 340 studies. iScience 2024; 27:109010. [PMID: 38405604 PMCID: PMC10884506 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Risk of bias can contribute to irreproducible science and mislead decision making. Analyses of smaller subsections of the exercise science literature suggest many exercise science studies have unclear or high risk of bias. The current review (osf.io/jznv8) assesses whether this unclear or high risk of bias is more widespread in the exercise science literature and whether this bias has decreased since the publication of the 1996 Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. We report significant reductions in selection, performance, detection, and reporting biases in 2020 compared with 1995 in the 340 of 5,451 studies assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Despite these improvements, most 2020 studies still had unclear or high risks of bias. These results underscore the need for methodological vigilance, adherence to reporting standards, and education on experimental bias. Factors contributing to these improvements, such advancements in education and journal requirements, remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abby McCaig
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anna Turner
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Maddy Kushner
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lauren Pacitti
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter Mendolia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ben MacDonald
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristi Storoschuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tori Bouck
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Youssef Zaza
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephanie Lu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Storoschuk KL, Lesiuk D, Nuttall J, LeBouedec M, Khansari A, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Impact of fasting on the AMPK and PGC-1α axis in rodent and human skeletal muscle: A systematic review. Metabolism 2024; 152:155768. [PMID: 38154612 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Based primarily on evidence from rodent models fasting is currently believed to improve metabolic health via activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear whether the skeletal muscle AMPK-PGC-1α axis is activated by fasting in humans. The current systematic review examined the fasting response in skeletal muscle from 34 selected studies (7 human, 21 mouse, and 6 rat). From these studies, we gathered 38 unique data points related to AMPK and 47 related to PGC-1α. In human studies, fasting mediated activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis is largely absent. Although evidence does support fasting-induced activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in rodent skeletal muscle, the evidence is less robust than anticipated. Our findings question the ability of fasting to activate the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in human skeletal muscle and suggest that the metabolic benefits of fasting in humans are associated with caloric restriction rather than the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KWNQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Storoschuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Lesiuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Nuttall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M LeBouedec
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Khansari
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - B J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Hrubeniuk TJ, Bouchard DR, Gurd BJ, Sénéchal M. Increasing aerobic exercise intensity fails to consistently improve the glycemic response in people living with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: the INTENSITY trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024. [PMID: 38382049 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Some individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who engage in exercise will not experience the anticipated improvements in glycemic control, referred to as non-responders. Increasing exercise intensity may improve the proportion of individuals who become responders. The objectives were to (i) identify responders and non-responders based on changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in individuals with prediabetes or T2DM following 16 weeks of aerobic exercise; (ii) investigate if increasing exercise intensity enhances the responders' status for individuals not previously responding favourably to the intervention. Participants (n = 40; age = 58.0 years (52.0-66.0); HbA1c = 7.0% (6.0-7.2)) engaged in a two-phase, randomized study design. During phase one, participants performed 16 weeks of treadmill-based, supervised, aerobic exercise at 4.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) for 150 min per week. Thereafter, participants were categorized as responders, non-responders, or unclear based on the 90% confidence interval above, below, or crossing a 0.3% reduction in HbA1c. For phase two, participants were randomized to a maintained intensity (4.5 METs) or increased intensity (6.0 METs) group for 12 weeks. Following phase one, two (4.1%) participants were categorized as responders, four (8.2%) as non-responders, and 43 (87.7%) as unclear. Following phase two, two from the increased intensity group and one from the maintained intensity group experienced an improvement in response categorization. There were no significant between or within group (maintained vs. increased) differences in HbA1c. For most people with prediabetes or T2DM, increasing exercise intensity by 1.5 METs does not improve response categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Hrubeniuk
- Interdisciplinary Studies, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Danielle R Bouchard
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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Renwick JRM, Preobrazenski N, Giudice MD, Swinton PA, Gurd BJ. Including supramaximal verification reduced uncertainty in VO 2peak response rate. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:41-51. [PMID: 37611323 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Many reports describe using a supramaximal verification phase-exercising at a power output higher than the highest power output recorded during an incremental cardiopulmonary test-to validate VO2max. The impact of verification phases on estimating the proportion of individuals who increased VO2peak in response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) remains an underexplored area in the individual response literature. This analysis investigated the influence of same-day and separate-day verification phases during repeated measurements (incremental tests-INCR1 and INCR2; incremental tests + supramaximal verification phases-INCR1+ and INCR2+) of VO2peak on typical error (TE) and the proportion of individuals classified as responders (i.e., the response rate) following 4 weeks of HIIT (n = 25) or a no-exercise control period (n = 9). Incorporation of supramaximal verification consistently reduced the standard deviation of individual response, TE, and confidence interval (CI) widths. However, variances were statistically similar across all groups (p > 0.05). Response rates increased when incorporating either one (INCR1 to INCR1+; 24%-48%, p = 0.07) or two (INCR2 to INCR2+; 28%-48%, p = 0.063) supramaximal verification phases. However, response rates remained unchanged when either zero-based thresholds or smallest worthwhile difference response thresholds were used (50% and 90% CIs, all p > 0.05). Supramaximal verification phases reduced random variability in VO2peak response to HIIT. Compared with separate-day testing (INCR2 and INCR2+), the incorporation of a same-day verification (INCR1+) reduced CI widths the most. Researchers should consider using a same-day verification phase to reduce uncertainty and better estimate VO2peak response rate to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R M Renwick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael D Giudice
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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7
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Williams JS, Bonafiglia JT, King TJ, Gurd BJ, Pyke KE. No acute hyperglycemia induced impairment in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation before or after aerobic exercise training in young recreationally active males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2733-2746. [PMID: 37356065 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
There is some evidence that transient endothelial dysfunction induced by acute hyperglycemia may be attenuated by a single bout of aerobic exercise. However, the impact of aerobic exercise training on acute hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic exercise training on the endothelial function response to acute hyperglycemia. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in 24 healthy males (21 ± 1 years) pre-, 60 and 90 min post ingestion of 75 g of glucose. Participants completed a four-week control (CON; n = 13) or exercise training (EX; n = 11) intervention. The EX group completed four weeks of cycling exercise (30 min, 4×/week at 65% work rate peak). Cardiorespiratory fitness ([Formula: see text]O2peak) increased and resting HR decreased in EX, but not CON post-intervention (p < 0.001). Glucose and insulin increased (p < 0.001) following glucose ingestion, with no significant difference pre- and post-intervention. In contrast to previous research, FMD was unaffected by glucose-ingestion, pre- and post-intervention in both groups. In conclusion, acute hyperglycemia did not impair endothelial function, before or after exercise training. Relatively high baseline fitness ([Formula: see text]O2peak ~ 46 mL/kg/min) and young age may have contributed to the lack of impairment observed. Further research is needed to examine the impact of exercise training on hyperglycemia-induced impairments in endothelial function in sedentary males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Williams
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J King
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Stouth DW, vanLieshout TL, Mikhail AI, Ng SY, Raziee R, Edgett BA, Vasam G, Webb EK, Gilotra KS, Markou M, Pineda HC, Bettencourt-Mora BG, Noor H, Moll Z, Bittner ME, Gurd BJ, Menzies KJ, Ljubicic V. CARM1 drives mitophagy and autophagy flux during fasting-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Autophagy 2023. [PMID: 38018843 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2288528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CARM1 (coactivator associated arginine methyltransferase 1) has recently emerged as a powerful regulator of skeletal muscle biology. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the methyltransferase remodels muscle remain to be fully understood. In this study, carm1 skeletal muscle-specific knockout (mKO) mice exhibited lower muscle mass with dysregulated macroautophagic/autophagic and atrophic signaling, including depressed AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) site-specific phosphorylation of ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; Ser555) and FOXO3 (forkhead box O3; Ser588), as well as MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase)-induced inhibition of ULK1 (Ser757), along with AKT/protein kinase B site-specific suppression of FOXO1 (Ser256) and FOXO3 (Ser253). In addition to lower mitophagy and autophagy flux in skeletal muscle, carm1 mKO led to increased mitochondrial PRKN/parkin accumulation, which suggests that CARM1 is required for basal mitochondrial turnover and autophagic clearance. carm1 deletion also elicited PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 alpha) activity and a slower, more oxidative muscle phenotype. As such, these carm1 mKO-evoked adaptations disrupted mitophagy and autophagy induction during food deprivation and collectively served to mitigate fasting-induced muscle atrophy. Furthermore, at the threshold of muscle atrophy during food deprivation experiments in humans, skeletal muscle CARM1 activity decreased similarly to our observations in mice, and was accompanied by site-specific activation of ULK1 (Ser757), highlighting the translational impact of the methyltransferase in human skeletal muscle. Taken together, our results indicate that CARM1 governs mitophagic, autophagic, and atrophic processes fundamental to the maintenance and remodeling of muscle mass. Targeting the enzyme may provide new therapeutic approaches for mitigating skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Stouth
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Andrew I Mikhail
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Rozhin Raziee
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Goutham Vasam
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 7K4, Canada
| | - Erin K Webb
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kevin S Gilotra
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew Markou
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Hannah C Pineda
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Haleema Noor
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zachary Moll
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Megan E Bittner
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 7K4, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and the Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
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9
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Metcalfe RS, Gurd BJ, Vollaard NBJ. Exploring interindividual differences in fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity adaptations in response to sprint interval exercise training. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1950-1960. [PMID: 36093904 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have concluded that wide variance in changes in insulin sensitivity markers following exercise training demonstrates heterogeneity in individual trainability. However, these studies frequently don't account for technical, biological, and random within-subject measurement error. We used the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to determine whether interindividual variability in trainability exists for fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity outcomes following low-volume sprint interval training (SIT). We pooled data from 63 untrained participants who completed 6 weeks of SIT (n = 49; VO2max: 35 (7) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) or acted as no-intervention controls (n = 14; VO2max: 34 (6) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1). Fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived measures of insulin sensitivity were measured pre- and post-intervention. SDIR values were positive and exceeded a small effect size threshold for changes in fasting glucose (SDIR = 0.27 [95%CI 0.07,0.38] mmol⋅L-1), 2-h OGTT glucose (SDIR = 0.89 [0.22,1.23] mmol⋅L-1), glucose area-under-the-curve (SDIR = 66.4 [-81.5,124.3] mmol⋅L-1⋅120min-1) and The Cederholm Index (SDIR = 7.2 [-16.0,19.0] mg⋅l2⋅mmol-1⋅mU-1⋅min-1), suggesting meaningful individual responses to SIT, whilst SDIR values were negative for fasting insulin, fasting insulin resistance and insulin AUC. For all variables, the 95% CIs were wide and/or crossed zero, highlighting uncertainty about the existence of true interindividual differences in exercise trainability. Only 2-22% of participants could be classified as responders or non-responders with more than 95% certainty. Our findings demonstrate it cannot be assumed that variation in changes in insulin sensitivity following SIT is attributable to inherent differences in trainability, and reiterate the importance of accounting for technical, biological, and random error when examining heterogeneity in health-related training adaptations.Highlights This study tested whether true interindividual variability exists for changes in insulin sensitivity and glyceamic control following 6-weeks of low volume sprint interval training (SIT).The high level of technical, biological, and random error associated with repeated measurements of insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control, means we can neither confidently conclude that there is evidence of true interindividual differences in the trainability of these outcomes following SIT, nor confidently identify responders or non-responders for such parameters.Researchers contrasting responders vs. non-responders for a given parameter, either to understand mechanisms of adaptation and/or develop physiological/genetic/epigenetic predictors of response, need to be aware that identification of responders and non-responders with sufficient certainty may not be achievable for parameters with a high level of technical, biological, and random error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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10
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Gurd BJ, Menezes ES, Arhen BB, Islam H. Impacts of altered exercise volume, intensity, and duration on the activation of AMPK and CaMKII and increases in PGC-1α mRNA. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:17-27. [PMID: 35680515 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to explore and discuss the impacts of augmented training volume, intensity, and duration on the phosphorylation/activation of key signaling protein - AMPK, CaMKII and PGC-1α - involved in the initiation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Specifically, we explore the impacts of augmented exercise protocols on AMP/ADP and Ca2+ signaling and changes in post exercise PGC - 1α gene expression. Although AMP/ADP concentrations appear to increase with increasing intensity and during extended durations of higher intensity exercise AMPK activation results are varied with some results supporting and intensity/duration effect and others not. Similarly, CaMKII activation and signaling results following exercise of different intensities and durations are inconsistent. The PGC-1α literature is equally inconsistent with only some studies demonstrating an effect of intensity on post exercise mRNA expression. We present a novel meta-analysis that suggests that the inconsistency in the PGC-1α literature may be due to sample size and statistical power limitations owing to the effect of intensity on PGC-1α expression being small. There is little data available regarding the impact of exercise duration on PGC-1α expression. We highlight the need for future well designed, adequately statistically powered, studies to clarify our understanding of the effects of volume, intensity, and duration on the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis by exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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11
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Astorino TA, Causer E, Hazell TJ, Arhen BB, Gurd BJ. Change in Central Cardiovascular Function in Response to Intense Interval Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1991-2004. [PMID: 35881924 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-intensity interval training and sprint interval training significantly increase maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), which enhances endurance performance and health status. Whether this response is due to increases in central cardiovascular function (cardiac output (CO) and blood volume) or peripheral factors is unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training (referred to as intense interval training) on changes in central cardiovascular function. METHODS We performed a systematic search of eight databases for studies denoting increases in V̇O 2max in which CO, stroke volume (SV), blood volume, plasma volume, end-diastolic/systolic volume, or hematocrit were measured. RESULTS Forty-five studies were included in this analysis, comprising 946 men and women of various health status (age and V̇O 2max , 20-76 yr and 13-61 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) who performed 6-96 sessions of interval training. Results showed an increase in V̇O 2max with intense interval training that was classified as a large effect ( d = 0.83). SV ( d = 0.69), and CO ( d = 0.49) had moderate effect sizes in response to intense interval training. Of 27 studies in which CO was measured, 77% exhibited significant increases in resting CO or that obtained during exercise. Similarly, 93% of studies revealed significant increases in SV in response to intense interval training. Effect sizes for these outcomes were larger for clinical versus healthy populations. Plasma volume, blood volume, and hematocrit had small effect sizes after training ( d = 0.06-0.14). CONCLUSIONS Increases in V̇O 2max demonstrated with intense interval training are attendant with increases in central O 2 delivery with little contribution from changes in hematocrit, blood volume, or plasma volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos. San Marcos, CA
| | - Ejaz Causer
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Benjamin B Arhen
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, CANADA
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12
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Liu T, Drouin PJ, Preobrazenski N, Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Gurd BJ, Tschakovsky ME. Hypoperfusion At Submaximal Power Outputs In Supine Vs Upright Exercise: Contributor To Reduced VO2 Max? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000875448.81086.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. Risk of bias and reporting practices in studies comparing VO 2max responses to sprint interval vs. continuous training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2022; 11:552-566. [PMID: 33722760 PMCID: PMC9532877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether studies comparing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) response to sprint interval training (SIT) vs. moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) are associated with a high risk of bias and poor reporting quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of bias and quality of reporting in studies comparing changes in VO2max between SIT and MICT. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search of 4 major databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. Studies were excluded if participants were not healthy adult humans or if training protocols were unsupervised, lasted less than 2 weeks, or utilized mixed exercise modalities. We used the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT checklist for non-pharmacological trials to evaluate the risk of bias and reporting quality, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-eight studies with 30 comparisons (3 studies included 2 SIT groups) were included in our meta-analysis (n = 360 SIT participants: body mass index (BMI) = 25.9 ± 3.7 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 37.9 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; n = 359 MICT participants: BMI = 25.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2, baseline VO2max = 38.3 ± 8.0 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD). All studies had an unclear risk of bias and poor reporting quality. CONCLUSION Although we observed a lack of superiority between SIT and MICT for improving VO2max (weighted Hedge's g = -0.004, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.08 to 0.07), the overall unclear risk of bias calls the validity of this conclusion into question. Future studies using robust study designs are needed to interrogate the possibility that SIT and MICT result in similar changes in VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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14
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Astorino TA, Causer E, Hazell TJ, Arhen B, Gurd BJ. Change In Central Cardiovascular Function In Response To High Intensity Interval Training: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878420.31038.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Kurgan N, Islam H, Matusiak JBL, Baranowski BJ, Stoikos J, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK, Gurd BJ, Klentrou P. Subcutaneous adipose tissue sclerostin is reduced and Wnt signaling is enhanced following 4-weeks of sprint interval training in young men with obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15232. [PMID: 35312183 PMCID: PMC8935536 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist, mainly secreted by osteocytes, and most known for its role in reducing bone formation. Studies in rodents suggest sclerostin can also regulate adipose tissue mass and metabolism, representing bone-adipose tissue crosstalk. Exercise training has been shown to reduce plasma sclerostin levels; but the effects of exercise on sclerostin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling specifically within adipose tissue has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) sclerostin content and Wnt signaling in response to exercise training in young men with obesity. To this end, 7 male participants (BMI = 35 ± 4; 25 ± 4 years) underwent 4 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) involving 4 weekly sessions consisting of a 5-min warmup, followed by 8 × 20 s intervals at 170% of work rate at VO2peak , separated by 10 s of rest. Serum and scWAT were sampled at rest both pre- and post-SIT. Despite no changes in serum sclerostin levels, we found a significant decrease in adipose sclerostin content (-37%, p = 0.04), an increase in total β-catenin (+52%, p = 0.03), and no changes in GSK3β serine 9 phosphorylation. There were also concomitant reductions in serum TNF-α (-0.36 pg/ml, p = 0.03) and IL-6 (-1.44 pg/ml, p = 0.05) as well as an increase in VO2peak (+5%, p = 0.03) and scWAT COXIV protein content (+95%, p = 0.04). In conclusion, scWAT sclerostin content was reduced and β-catenin content was increased following SIT in young men with excess adiposity, suggesting a role of sclerostin in regulating human adipose tissue in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Kurgan
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Bradley J. Baranowski
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Department of Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Joshua Stoikos
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Val A. Fajardo
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | | | - Brendon J. Gurd
- Department of KinesiologyQueens UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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16
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Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Gurd BJ. A Systematic Review Examining the Approaches Used to Estimate Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Classify Individual Responses to Exercise Training. Front Physiol 2021; 12:665044. [PMID: 34819869 PMCID: PMC8606564 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.665044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many reports describe statistical approaches for estimating interindividual differences in trainability and classifying individuals as "responders" or "non-responders." The extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted these statistical approaches remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review primarily sought to determine the extent to which studies in the exercise training literature have adopted sound statistical approaches for examining individual responses to exercise training. We also (1) investigated the existence of interindividual differences in trainability, and (2) tested the hypothesis that less conservative thresholds inflate response rates compared with thresholds that consider error and a smallest worthwhile change (SWC)/minimum clinically important difference (MCID). Methods: We searched six databases: AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, PubMed, and SportDiscus. Our search spanned the aerobic, resistance, and clinical or rehabilitation training literature. Studies were included if they used human participants, employed standardized and supervised exercise training, and either: (1) stated that their exercise training intervention resulted in heterogenous responses, (2) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability, and/or (3) classified individual responses. We calculated effect sizes (ESIR) to examine the presence of interindividual differences in trainability. We also compared response rates (n = 614) across classification approaches that considered neither, one of, or both errors and an SWC or MCID. We then sorted response rates from studies that also reported mean changes and response thresholds (n = 435 response rates) into four quartiles to confirm our ancillary hypothesis that larger mean changes produce larger response rates. Results: Our search revealed 3,404 studies, and 149 were included in our systematic review. Few studies (n = 9) statistically estimated interindividual differences in trainability. The results from these few studies present a mixture of evidence for the presence of interindividual differences in trainability because several ESIR values lay above, below, or crossed zero. Zero-based thresholds and larger mean changes significantly (both p < 0.01) inflated response rates. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence demonstrating why future studies should statistically estimate interindividual differences in trainability and consider error and an SWC or MCID when classifying individual responses to exercise training. Systematic Review Registration: [website], identifier [registration number].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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17
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Drouin PJ, Islam H, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Intramuscular hematoma of the vastus lateralis following percutaneous skeletal muscle microbiopsy: a case report. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15038. [PMID: 34633155 PMCID: PMC8503893 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, percutaneous microbiopsy needles have been used as a less invasive alternative to the Bergstrom needle for obtaining human skeletal muscle biopsy to assess changes in protein content, gene expression, and enzymatic activities. Unlike the Bergstrom muscle biopsy procedure, potential complications associated with microbiopsies of human skeletal muscle have not been documented. Therefore, the present case report follows a young male's recovery from a muscle biopsy-induced hemorrhage/hematoma of the right vastus lateralis with the specific aims of (1) informing future participants, researchers, and clinicians on expected time course of recovery and (2) informing methods to minimize future participant adverse event risk during and after the percutaneous microbiopsy procedure. The present case report demonstrates that the inadvertent hemorrhaging of a neighboring vessel by percutaneous microbiopsy procedure can be debilitating. To minimize the risk of muscle biopsy-induced hemorrhage/hematoma, we advise post-biopsy compression for up to 15 min and post-biopsy follow-up should be completed for up to 72 h. When there is indication of hematoma development, compression should be applied, and the participant should avoid exercise and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen’s UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
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18
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Hrubeniuk TJ, Bonafiglia JT, Bouchard DR, Gurd BJ, Sénéchal M. Directions for Exercise Treatment Response Heterogeneity and Individual Response Research. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:11-22. [PMID: 34399428 DOI: 10.1055/a-1548-7026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment response heterogeneity and individual responses following exercise training are topics of interest for personalized medicine. Proposed methods to determine the contribution of exercise to the magnitude of treatment response heterogeneity and categorizing participants have expanded and evolved. Setting clear research objectives and having a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the available methods are vital to ensure the correct study design and analytical approach are used. Doing so will ensure contributions to the field are conducted as rigorously as possible. Nonetheless, concerns have emerged regarding the ability to truly isolate the impact of exercise training, and the nature of individual responses in relation to mean group changes. The purpose of this review is threefold. First, the strengths and limitations associated with current methods for quantifying the contribution of exercise to observed treatment response heterogeneity will be discussed. Second, current methods used to categorize participants based on their response to exercise will be outlined, as well as proposed mechanisms for factors that contribute to response variation. Finally, this review will provide an overview of some current issues at the forefront of individual response research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Hrubeniuk
- Interdisciplinary Studies, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston ON, Canada
| | - Danielle R Bouchard
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston ON, Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
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19
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Preobrazenski N, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Correction to: Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis following blood flow-restricted aerobic exercise: a call to action. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2373-2374. [PMID: 34014404 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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20
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Bonafiglia JT, Islam H, Preobrazenski N, Ma A, Deschenes M, Erlich AT, Quadrilatero J, Hood DA, Gurd BJ. Examining interindividual differences in select muscle and whole-body adaptations to continuous endurance training. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2168-2176. [PMID: 33998072 DOI: 10.1113/ep089421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of the study? Do interindividual differences in trainability exist for morphological and molecular skeletal muscle responses to aerobic exercise training? What is the main finding and its importance? Interindividual differences in trainability were present for some, but not all, morphological and molecular outcomes included in our study. Our findings suggest that is inappropriate, and perhaps erroneous, to assume that variability in observed responses reflects interindividual differences in trainability in skeletal muscle responses to aerobic exercise training. ABSTRACT Studies have interpreted a wide range of morphological and molecular changes in human skeletal muscle as evidence of interindividual differences in trainability. However, these interpretations fail to account for the influence of random measurement error and within-subject variability. The purpose of the present study was to use the standard deviation of individual response (SDIR ) statistic to test the hypothesis that interindividual differences in trainability are present for some but not all skeletal muscle outcomes. Twenty-nine recreationally-active males (age: 21±2 years; BMI: 24±3; VO2 peak: 45±7 mL/kg/min) completed four weeks of continuous training (REL; n = 14) or control (CTRL; n = 15). Maximal enzyme activities (citrate synthase and β-HAD), capillary density, fibre type composition, fibre-specific SDH activity and substrate storage (IMTG and glycogen), and markers of mitophagy (BNIP3, NIX, PRKN, and PINK1) were measured in vastus lateralis samples collected before and after the intervention. We also calculated SDIR values for VO2 peak, peak work rate, and the onset of blood lactate accumulation for REL and a separate group that exercised at the negative talk test (TT) stage. Although positive SDIR values - indicating interindividual differences in trainability - were obtained for aerobic capacity outcomes, maximal enzyme activities, capillary density, all fibre-specific outcomes, and BNIP3 protein content, the remaining outcomes produced negative SDIR values indicating a large degree of random measurement error and/or within-subject variability. Our findings question the interpretation of heterogeneity in observed responses as evidence of interindividual differences in trainability and highlight the importance of including control groups when analyzing individual skeletal muscle response to exercise training. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeleine Deschenes
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Williams CJ, Li Z, Harvey N, Lea RA, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Papadimitriou I, Jacques M, Croci I, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Cox ER, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Bye A, Haupt LM, Griffiths LR, Ashton KJ, Brown MA, Torquati L, Eynon N, Coombes JS. Genome wide association study of response to interval and continuous exercise training: the Predict-HIIT study. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:37. [PMID: 33985508 PMCID: PMC8117553 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak) is highly associated with chronic disease and mortality from all causes. Whilst exercise training is recommended in health guidelines to improve V̇O2peak, there is considerable inter-individual variability in the V̇O2peak response to the same dose of exercise. Understanding how genetic factors contribute to V̇O2peak training response may improve personalisation of exercise programs. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants that are associated with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response following exercise training. METHODS Participant change in objectively measured V̇O2peak from 18 different interventions was obtained from a multi-centre study (Predict-HIIT). A genome-wide association study was completed (n = 507), and a polygenic predictor score (PPS) was developed using alleles from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated (P < 1 × 10-5) with the magnitude of V̇O2peak response. Findings were tested in an independent validation study (n = 39) and compared to previous research. RESULTS No variants at the genome-wide significance level were found after adjusting for key covariates (baseline V̇O2peak, individual study, principal components which were significantly associated with the trait). A Quantile-Quantile plot indicates there was minor inflation in the study. Twelve novel loci showed a trend of association with V̇O2peak response that reached suggestive significance (P < 1 × 10-5). The strongest association was found near the membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 2 (MAGI2) gene (rs6959961, P = 2.61 × 10-7). A PPS created from the 12 lead SNPs was unable to predict V̇O2peak response in a tenfold cross validation, or in an independent (n = 39) validation study (P > 0.1). Significant correlations were found for beta coefficients of variants in the Predict-HIIT (P < 1 × 10-4) and the validation study (P < × 10-6), indicating that general effects of the loci exist, and that with a higher statistical power, more significant genetic associations may become apparent. CONCLUSIONS Ongoing research and validation of current and previous findings is needed to determine if genetics does play a large role in V̇O2peak response variance, and whether genomic predictors for V̇O2peak response trainability can inform evidence-based clinical practice. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), Trial Id: ACTRN12618000501246, Date Registered: 06/04/2018, http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374601&isReview=true .
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Macsue Jacques
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Sport, Movement and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily R Cox
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- Cardiac Exercise Research Group (CERG), Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Genomics Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin J Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Brown
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luciana Torquati
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Preobrazenski N, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis following blood flow-restricted aerobic exercise: a call to action. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1835-1847. [PMID: 33830325 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise can induce training adaptations comparable to those observed following training in free flow conditions. However, little is known about the acute responses within skeletal muscle following BFR aerobic exercise (AE). Moreover, although preliminary evidence suggests chronic BFR AE may augment certain training adaptations in skeletal muscle mitochondria more than non-BFR AE, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, we summarise the acute BFR AE literature examining mitochondrial biogenic signalling pathways and provide insight into mechanisms linked to skeletal muscle remodelling following BFR AE. Specifically, we focus on signalling pathways potentially contributing to augmented peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mRNA following work-rate-matched BFR AE compared with non-BFR AE. We present evidence suggesting reductions in muscle oxygenation during acute BFR AE lead to increased intracellular energetic stress, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and PGC-1α mRNA. In addition, we briefly discuss mitochondrial adaptations to BFR aerobic training, and we assess the risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment tool. We ultimately call for several straightforward modifications to help minimise bias in future BFR AE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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23
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Hrubeniuk TJ, Bouchard DR, Gurd BJ, Sénéchal M. Can non-responders be 'rescued' by increasing exercise intensity? A quasi-experimental trial of individual responses among humans living with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus in Canada. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044478. [PMID: 33820788 PMCID: PMC8030485 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise is recommended to improve glycaemic control. Yet, individual changes in glycaemic control following exercise can vary greatly, meaning while some significantly improve others, coined 'non-responders', do not. Increasing the intensity of exercise may 'rescue' non-responders and help generate a response to training. This trial will identify non-responders to changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) across inactive individuals living with pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus following an aerobic exercise programme and evaluate if increasing training intensity will elicit beneficial changes to 'rescue' previously categorised non-responders. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will recruit 60 participants for a two-phase aerobic exercise training programme. Participants will be allocated to a control group or assigned to an intervention group. Control participants will maintain their current lifestyle habits. During phase 1, intervention participants will complete 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at an intensity of 4.5 metabolic equivalents (METs) for 150 min per week. Participants will then be categorised as responders or non-responders based on the change in HbA1c. For phase 2, participants will be blocked based on responder status and randomly allocated to a maintained intensity, or increased intensity group for 12 weeks. The maintained group will continue to train at 4.5 METs, while the increased intensity group will train at 6.0 METs for 150 min per week. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Results will be presented at scientific meetings and submitted to peer-reviewed journals. Publications and presentations related to the study will be authorised and reviewed by all investigators. Findings from this study will be used to provide support for future randomised control trials. All experimental procedures have been approved by the Research Ethics Board at the University of New Brunswick (REB: 2018-168). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03787836.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Hrubeniuk
- Interdisciplinary Studies, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Danielle R Bouchard
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Cardiometabolic Exercise and Lifestyle Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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24
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Islam H, Gurd BJ. Exercise response variability: Random error or true differences in exercise response? Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2022-2024. [PMID: 33372724 DOI: 10.1113/ep089015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Schulhauser KT, Bonafiglia JT, McKie GL, McCarthy SF, Islam H, Townsend LK, Grisebach D, Todd C, Gurd BJ, Hazell T. Individual patterns of response to traditional and modified sprint interval training. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1857507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Schulhauser
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth F. McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Curtis Todd
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Islam H, Bonafiglia JT, Del Giudice M, Pathmarajan R, Simpson CA, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ. Repeatability of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations in active young males. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:494-498. [PMID: 33160857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Measurements of protein content, enzymatic activity, and/or capillarization are frequently utilized as markers of skeletal muscle adaptation following exercise training. Whether changes in these markers of muscle adaptation are repeatable when individuals are repeatedly exposed to the same training stimulus is unknown. The purpose of this study was to test the repeatability of skeletal muscle adaptations to two identical training periods. METHODS Ten active young males (age: 22 ± 2 years; VO2max: 57 ± 7 ml/kg/min) were exposed to two identical four-week periods of supervised high-intensity interval running (4 × 4 min at 90-95% of HRmax interspersed with 3-min at 70-75% HRmax) separated by a 3-month wash-out period. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained before and after each training period for the measurement of protein content, enzyme activity, and capillary density. RESULTS Training-induced changes in citrate synthase (CS) maximal activity, protein content (PGC-1α, OXPHOS, and LDH-A), and capillary density were not repeatable within individuals (r = -0.52-0.15; ICCs: -0.42-0.04; CVs: 11-67%). Several OXPHOS complex subunits also demonstrated dissimilar group-level adaptations (period × time interaction effects, p < 0.05) with large differences (ηp2 > 0.4) between training periods. A large (ηp2 = 0.65) increase in capillary density was apparent irrespective of training period (main effect of time, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An individual (or a group of individuals) may exhibit dissimilar skeletal muscle adaptations when re-exposed to the same training stimulus. Our findings challenge the utility of classifying of individuals as high/low responders using measurements of mitochondrial protein content, CS activity and/or capillary density following a single training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada
| | | | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Canada.
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27
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Williams JS, Del Giudice M, Gurd BJ, Pyke KE. Reproducible improvement in endothelial function following two separate periods of high-intensity interval training in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:725-731. [PMID: 32790591 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00054.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can improve vascular function, as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, when separated by a period of detraining, the reproducibility of FMD responses to repeated periods of HIIT is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the group mean and intraindividual reproducibility of FMD responses to two 4-wk periods of HIIT, separated by 3 mo of detraining. Thirteen healthy, recreationally active men (21 ± 2 yr) completed the study. Each 4-wk HIIT period included 40 min of treadmill training four times/week. Each training session included four 7-min intervals: 4 min at 90%-95% heart rate maximum (HRmax) and 3 min at 70%-75% HRmax. Vascular (FMD) and cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen consumption [V̇o2max]) assessments were conducted before and following each 4-wk training period. Training resulted in significant improvements in V̇o2max (P < 0.001). Training also improved FMD (P < 0.001), with no differences between periods (P = 0.394), even after controlling for changes in baseline diameter and the shear rate stimulus. There was a significant, moderate relationship between the change in FMD in HIIT period 1 versus period 2 [R2 = 0.493, P = 0.011, intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.600, coefficient of variation: 17.3%]. Consecutive periods of HIIT separated by detraining resulted in similar improvements in FMD at the group level, and individual FMD changes in period 1 of HIIT predicted FMD changes in response to period 2. Considered alongside substantial between-participant variability in magnitude of FMD improvement, this suggests that there are reproducible, interindividual differences in the potential to improve vascular function with HIIT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study examining endothelial function [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] following repeated periods of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Two periods of HIIT separated by detraining resulted in reproducible group-level improvements in FMD. Despite considerable between-subject variability in FMD adaptation, individual FMD changes with the first HIIT period predicted FMD changes in the second period. This indicates the existence of reproducible between-subject differences in susceptibility to FMD improvement with HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Williams
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Del Giudice
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - B J Gurd
- Muscle Physiology Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - K E Pyke
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Lab, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Bonafiglia JT, Brennan AM, Ross R, Gurd BJ. An appraisal of the SD IR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel-arm exercise randomized controlled trials. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14163. [PMID: 31325240 PMCID: PMC6642277 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calculating the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) is recommended for estimating the magnitude of individual differences in training responsiveness in parallel‐arm exercise randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The purpose of this review article is to discuss potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs that may confound/complicate the interpretation of the SDIR. To provide context for this discussion, we define the sources of variation that contribute to variability in the observed responses to exercise training and review the assumptions that underlie the interpretation of SDIR as a reflection of true individual differences in training responsiveness. This review also contains two novel analyses: (1) we demonstrate differences in variability in changes in diet and physical activity habits across an intervention period in both exercise and control groups, and (2) we examined participant dropout data from six RCTs and found that significantly (P < 0.001) more participants in control groups (12.8%) dropped out due to dissatisfaction with group assignment compared to exercise groups (3.4%). These novel analyses raise the possibility that the magnitude of within‐subject variability may not be equal between exercise and control groups. Overall, this review highlights that potential limitations of parallel‐arm exercise RCTs can violate the underlying assumptions of the SDIR and suggests that these limitations should be considered when interpreting the SDIR as an estimate of true individual differences in training responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Andrea M Brennan
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
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29
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Islam H, Smith MMW, Scribbans TD, McCrady E, Castellani LN, Allen MD, Wright DC, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Effect of Acute High-intensity Interval Exercise on Whole-body Fat Oxidation and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Cell Signaling in Overweight Women. Int J Exerc Sci 2020; 13:554-566. [PMID: 32509113 PMCID: PMC7241622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced alterations in adipose tissue insulin and/or β-adrenergic signaling may contribute to increases in whole-body fat oxidation following acute exercise. Thus, we examined changes in insulin (Akt, AS160) and β-adrenergic (PKA) signaling proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue and whole-body fat oxidation in overweight women following acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Overweight females completed two experimental sessions in a randomized order: 1) control (bed rest) and 2) HIIE (10 × 4 min running intervals at 90% HRmax, 2-min recovery). Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from 10 participants before (pre-), immediately (0hr) after (post-), 2hr post-, and 4hr post-exercise. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were assessed in venous blood samples obtained at each biopsy time-point from a different group of 5 participants (BMI-matched to biopsy group). Fat oxidation rates were estimated using the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in all participants using indirect calorimetry pre-, 2hr post-, and 4hr post-exercise. RER was decreased (p < 0.05) at 2hr post-exercise after HIIE (0.77 ± 0.04) compared to control (0.84 ± 0.04). Despite higher plasma glucose (p < 0.01) and insulin (p < 0.05) levels at 0hr post-exercise versus control, no significant interaction effects were observed for Akt or AS160 phosphorylation (p > 0.05). Phosphorylation of PKA substrates was unaltered in both conditions (p > 0.05). Collectively, altered β-adrenergic and insulin signaling in subcutaneous adnominal adipose tissue does not appear to explain increased whole-body fat oxidation following acute HIIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Marysa M W Smith
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Trisha D Scribbans
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MANITOBA, CANADA
| | - Emma McCrady
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Laura N Castellani
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Matti D Allen
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology of Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ONTARIO, CANADA
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30
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Islam H, Siemens TL, Matusiak JBL, Sawula L, Bonafiglia JT, Preobrazenski N, Jung ME, Gurd BJ. Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance responses immediately and 2 months after a whole-body Tabata or vigorous-intensity continuous training intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:650-658. [PMID: 31782930 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Young adults (52 females, 16 males; age = 21 ± 3 years; V̇O2peak: 41 ± 6 mL/(kg·min)) were randomized into 3 groups: (i) no-exercise control (CTL; n = 15), (ii) Tabata (n = 27), or (iii) vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT; n = 26) groups for a 4-week supervised training period (4 sessions/week). V̇O2peak, time-to-fatigue (TTF), 5 km time-trial performance (TT), and muscular endurance were assessed at baseline, post-training (POST), and 2-month follow-up (FU). Response confidence intervals (CI) were used to classify individuals as likely responders (R; CI > 0). Both exercise interventions increased TTF and TT at POST (both p < 0.01), but these benefits were maintained at FU after VICT only (p < 0.01). Push-up performance was increased at POST and FU (both p < 0.01) after Tabata. VICT resulted in a greater proportion of TTF R versus both groups at POST (CTL: 1/15; VICT: 19/26; Tabata: 9/27) and versus Tabata at FU (3/15; 13/26; 4/27). VICT also had a greater proportion of TT R versus CTL at POST (2/15; 17/26; 10/27). Tabata had a greater proportion of R for maximum push-up repetitions versus both groups at POST (3/15; 6/26; 18/27) and versus CTL at FU (2/15; 10/26; 18/27). Collectively, VICT appears to be more effective for improving cardiorespiratory fitness, whereas whole-body Tabata confers larger improvements in push-up performance following short-term training. Novelty: Vigorous-intensity continuous training elicits larger improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness versus whole-body Tabata. Individual response profiles parallel group-level changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Tina L Siemens
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jennifer B L Matusiak
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Laura Sawula
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mary E Jung
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia Okanagan, 1147 Research Road, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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31
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Preobrazenski N, Islam H, Drouin PJ, Bonafiglia JT, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. A novel gravity-induced blood flow restriction model augments ACC phosphorylation and PGC-1α mRNA in human skeletal muscle following aerobic exercise: a randomized crossover study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:641-649. [PMID: 31778310 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that a novel, gravity-induced blood flow restricted (BFR) aerobic exercise (AE) model will result in greater activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α pathway compared with work rate-matched non-BFR. Thirteen healthy males (age: 22.4 ± 3.0 years; peak oxygen uptake: 42.4 ± 7.3 mL/(kg·min)) completed two 30-min work rate-matched bouts of cycling performed with their legs below (CTL) and above their heart (BFR) at ∼2 weeks apart. Muscle biopsies were taken before, immediately, and 3 h after exercise. Blood was drawn before and immediately after exercise. Our novel gravity-induced BFR model led to less muscle oxygenation during BFR compared with CTL (O2Hb: p = 0.01; HHb: p < 0.01) and no difference in muscle activation (p = 0.53). Plasma epinephrine increased following both BFR and CTL (p < 0.01); however, only norepinephrine increased more following BFR (p < 0.01). PGC-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) increased more following BFR (∼6-fold) compared with CTL (∼4-fold; p = 0.036). VEGFA mRNA increased (p < 0.01) similarly following BFR and CTL (p = 0.21), and HIF-1α mRNA did not increase following either condition (p = 0.21). Phosphorylated acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) increased more following BFR (p < 0.035) whereas p-PKA substrates, p-p38 MAPK, and acetyl-p53 increased (p < 0.05) similarly following both conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, gravity-induced BFR is a viable BFR model that demonstrated an important role of AMPK signalling on augmenting PGC-1α mRNA. Novelty Gravity-induced BFR AE reduced muscle oxygenation without impacting muscle activation, advancing gravity-induced BFR as a simple, inexpensive BFR model. Gravity-induced BFR increased PGC-1α mRNA and ACC phosphorylation more than work rate-matched non-BFR AE. This is the first BFR AE study to concurrently measure blood catecholamines, muscle activation, and muscle oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Patrick J Drouin
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division Street, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bonafiglia JT, Nelms MW, Preobrazenski N, LeBlanc C, Robins L, Lu S, Lithopoulos A, Walsh JJ, Gurd BJ. Moving beyond threshold-based dichotomous classification to improve the accuracy in classifying non-responders. Physiol Rep 2019; 6:e13928. [PMID: 30488594 PMCID: PMC6429972 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined maximal oxygen consumption responses following exercise training to demonstrate the limitations associated with threshold‐based dichotomous classification of responders and non‐responders and proposed alternative methods for classification. Specifically, we: 1) calculated individual probabilities of response, and 2) classified individuals using response confidence intervals (CI) and reference points of zero and a smallest worthwhile change of 0.5 METs. Our findings support the use of individual probabilities and individual CIs to improve the accuracy in non‐response classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Camille LeBlanc
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Robins
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simo Lu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Lithopoulos
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Walsh
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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vanLieshout TL, Bonafiglia JT, Gurd BJ, Ljubicic V. Protein arginine methyltransferase biology in humans during acute and chronic skeletal muscle plasticity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:867-880. [PMID: 31369333 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00142.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues on target proteins. While dysregulation of PRMTs has been documented in a number of the most prevalent diseases, our understanding of PRMT biology in human skeletal muscle is limited. This study served to address this knowledge gap by exploring PRMT expression and function in human skeletal muscle in vivo and characterizing PRMT biology in response to acute and chronic stimuli for muscle plasticity. Fourteen untrained, healthy men performed one session of sprint interval exercise (SIE) before completing four bouts of SIE per week for 6 wk as part of a sprint interval training (SIT) program. Throughout this time course, multiple muscle biopsies were collected. We found that at basal, resting conditions PRMT1, PRMT4, PRMT5, and PRMT7 were the most abundantly expressed PRMT mRNAs in human quadriceps muscle. Additionally, the broad subcellular distribution pattern of PRMTs suggests methyltransferase activity throughout human myofibers. A spectrum of PRMT-specific inductions, and decrements, in expression and activity were observed in response to acute and chronic cues for muscle plasticity. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PRMTs are present and active in human skeletal muscle in vivo and that there are distinct, enzyme-specific responses and adaptations in PRMT biology to acute and chronic stimuli for muscle plasticity. This work advances our understanding of this critical family of enzymes in humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first report of protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) biology in human skeletal muscle in vivo. We observed that PRMT1, -4, -5, and -7 were the most abundant PRMT mRNAs in human muscle and that PRMT proteins exhibited a broad subcellular localization that included myonuclear, cytosolic, and sarcolemmal compartments. Acute exercise and chronic training evoked PRMT-specific alterations in expression and activity. This study reveals a hitherto unknown complexity to PRMT biology in human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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Islam H, Hood DA, Gurd BJ. Looking beyond PGC-1α: emerging regulators of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their activation by dietary compounds. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:11-23. [PMID: 31158323 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite its widespread acceptance as the "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., the expansion of the mitochondrial reticulum), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) appears to be dispensable for the training-induced augmentation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function. In fact, a number of regulatory proteins have emerged as important players in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and many of these proteins share key attributes with PGC-1α. In an effort to move past the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms by which nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), PPARβ, and leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRP130) may contribute to the control of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. We also present evidence supporting/refuting the ability of sulforaphane, quercetin, and epicatechin to promote skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their potential to augment mitochondrial training adaptations. Targeted activation of specific pathways by these compounds may allow for greater mechanistic insight into the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Dietary activation of mitochondrial biogenesis may also be useful in clinical populations with basal reductions in mitochondrial protein content, enzyme activities, and/or respiratory function as well as individuals who exhibit a blunted skeletal muscle responsiveness to contractile activity. Novelty The existence of redundant pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis refutes the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary activation of specific pathways may provide greater mechanistic insight into the exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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35
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Williams JS, Stimpson T, Bonafiglia JT, Tremblay JC, Fenuta AM, Gurd BJ, Pyke KE. The Impact Of Acute Hyperglycemia On Heart Rate Variability In Men And Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561503.22718.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Walsh JJ, Bonafiglia JT, Goldfield GS, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Doucette S, Hadjiyannakis S, Alberga AS, Prud'homme D, Gurd BJ. Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training in adolescents with obesity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:45-54. [PMID: 31121100 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of exercise training on interindividual variability and response rates in body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in adolescents with obesity. Postpubertal males and females (n = 143) were randomly assigned to 6 months of a diet-only control or aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training. Body composition indices were percentages of body fat mass and lean body mass and waist circumference. Biomarkers of cardiometabolic health were systolic blood pressure and plasma fasting glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Interindividual variability was examined by comparing the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to a smallest robust change (SRC). The typical error of measurement was used to classify responses. SDIR exceeded the SRC for percent body fat mass in all exercise groups (SRC = 1.04%; aerobic SDIR = 1.50%; resistance SDIR = 1.22%; combined SDIR = 2.29%), percent lean body mass (SRC = 1.38%; SDIR = 3.2%,), systolic blood pressure (SRC = 2.06 mm Hg; SDIR = 4.92 mm Hg) in the resistance group, and waist circumference (SRC = 2.33 cm; SDIR = 4.09 cm), and fasting glucose (SRC = 0.08 mmol/L; SDIR = 0.28 mmol/L) in the combined group. However, half of the reported variables (11/21) did not have a positive SDIR. Importantly, adverse response rates were significantly lower in all 3 exercise groups compared with control for body composition. Although exercise had a small influence on interindividual variability for indices of body composition, the rate of adverse responses did not increase for any outcome. Novelty Interindividual variability and individual responses to exercise training have not been investigated in adolescents with obesity. Six months of exercise training does not increase interindividual variability in adolescents with obesity. Exercise created a positive, uniform shift in responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Walsh
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.,Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Gary S Goldfield
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Steve Doucette
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stasia Hadjiyannakis
- Centre for Healthy Active Living, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Angela S Alberga
- Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bonafiglia JT, Menzies KJ, Gurd BJ. Gene expression variability in human skeletal muscle transcriptome responses to acute resistance exercise. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:625-629. [PMID: 30758087 DOI: 10.1113/ep087436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does exercise, independent of random error and within-subject variability, contribute to the variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise? What is the main finding and its importance? A reanalysis of publicly available microarray data revealed that variability in observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of acute resistance exercise. These finding support the notion that individual responsiveness explains a portion of the variability in observed gene expression responses to acute resistance exercise. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to use publicly available transcriptomic data to determine whether variability in gene expression responses to an acute bout of acute resistance exercise (ARE) can be attributable to an effect of ARE per se. We examined microarray data from a previous study that collected skeletal muscle biopsies before and 24 h after ARE or a no-exercise time-matched control period (CTL). By subtracting the standard deviation in the observed responses to CTL from ARE, we determined that ARE contributed to the variability in the observed gene expression responses for many (∼31,000), but not all, transcripts included on the Affymetrix Human Genome chips. ARE had a large effect on variability in the observed gene expression responses in 1290 genes that was not attributed to any technical/biological variability associated with repeated measurements. Pathway analysis using WebGestalt revealed that several of these 1290 genes are involved in pathways known to regulate skeletal muscle adaptations to chronic resistance training. These results suggest that variability in the observed gene expression responses for a subset of genes could be partially attributable to an effect of ARE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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38
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Bonafiglia JT, Shulman T, Ma A, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Gurd BJ. Repeatability of exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression and technical considerations for qPCR analysis in human skeletal muscle. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:407-420. [PMID: 30657617 DOI: 10.1113/ep087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are individual changes in exercise-induced mRNA expression repeatable (i.e. representative of the true response to exercise rather than random error)? What is the main finding and its importance? Exercise-induced changes in mRNA expression are not repeatable even under identical experimental conditions, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression as a biomarker of adaptive potential and/or individual responsiveness to exercise. ABSTRACT It remains unknown if (1) the observed change in mRNA expression reflects an individual's true response to exercise or random (technical and/or biological) error, and (2) the individual responsiveness to exercise is protocol-specific. We examined the repeatability of skeletal muscle PGC-1α, PDK4, NRF-1, VEGF-A, HSP72 and p53 mRNA expression following two identical endurance exercise (END) bouts (END-1, END-2; 30 min of cycling at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak ), n = 11) and inter-individual variability in PGC-1α and PDK4 mRNA expression following END and sprint interval training (SIT; 8 × 20 s cycling intervals at ∼170% WRpeak , n = 10) in active young males. The repeatability of key gene analysis steps (RNA extraction, reverse transcription, qPCR) and within-sample fibre-type distribution (n = 8) was also determined to examine potential sources of technical error in our analyses. Despite highly repeatable exercise bout characteristics (work rate, heart rate, blood lactate; ICC > 0.71; CV < 10%; r > 0.85, P < 0.01), gene analysis steps (ICC > 0.73; CV < 24%; r > 0.75, P < 0.01), and similar group-level changes in mRNA expression, individual changes in PGC-1α, PDK4, VEGF-A and p53 mRNA expression were not repeatable (ICC < 0.22; CV > 20%; r < 0.21). Fibre-type distribution in two portions of the same muscle biopsy was highly variable and not significantly related (ICC = 0.39; CV = 26%; r = 0.37, P = 0.37). Since individual changes in mRNA expression following identical exercise bouts were not repeatable, inferences regarding individual responsiveness to END or SIT were not made. Substantial random error exists in changes in mRNA expression following acute exercise, thereby challenging the use of mRNA expression for analysing individual responsiveness to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- IMPART Team Canada Investigator Network, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Talya Shulman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Ma
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Williams CJ, Gurd BJ, Bonafiglia JT, Voisin S, Li Z, Harvey N, Croci I, Taylor JL, Gajanand T, Ramos JS, Fassett RG, Little JP, Francois ME, Hearon CM, Sarma S, Janssen SLJE, Van Craenenbroeck EM, Beckers P, Cornelissen VA, Pattyn N, Howden EJ, Keating SE, Bye A, Stensvold D, Wisloff U, Papadimitriou I, Yan X, Bishop DJ, Eynon N, Coombes JS. A Multi-Center Comparison of O 2peak Trainability Between Interval Training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training. Front Physiol 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30804794 PMCID: PMC6370746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is heterogeneity in the observed O2peak response to similar exercise training, and different exercise approaches produce variable degrees of exercise response (trainability). The aim of this study was to combine data from different laboratories to compare O2peak trainability between various volumes of interval training and Moderate Intensity Continuous Training (MICT). For interval training, volumes were classified by the duration of total interval time. High-volume High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) included studies that had participants complete more than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. Low-volume HIIT/Sprint Interval Training (SIT) included studies using less than 15 min of high intensity efforts per session. In total, 677 participants across 18 aerobic exercise training interventions from eight different universities in five countries were included in the analysis. Participants had completed 3 weeks or more of either high-volume HIIT (n = 299), low-volume HIIT/SIT (n = 116), or MICT (n = 262) and were predominately men (n = 495) with a mix of healthy, elderly and clinical populations. Each training intervention improved mean O2peak at the group level (P < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, high-volume HIIT had a significantly greater (P < 0.05) absolute O2peak increase (0.29 L/min) compared to MICT (0.20 L/min) and low-volume HIIT/SIT (0.18 L/min). Adjusted relative O2peak increase was also significantly greater (P < 0.01) in high-volume HIIT (3.3 ml/kg/min) than MICT (2.4 ml/kg/min) and insignificantly greater (P = 0.09) than low-volume HIIT/SIT (2.5 mL/kg/min). Based on a high threshold for a likely response (technical error of measurement plus the minimal clinically important difference), high-volume HIIT had significantly more (P < 0.01) likely responders (31%) compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT (16%) and MICT (21%). Covariates such as age, sex, the individual study, population group, sessions per week, study duration and the average between pre and post O2peak explained only 17.3% of the variance in O2peak trainability. In conclusion, high-volume HIIT had more likely responders to improvements in O2peak compared to low-volume HIIT/SIT and MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla J Williams
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zhixiu Li
- Translational Genomics Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Ilaria Croci
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenna L Taylor
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Monique E Francois
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher M Hearon
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sylvan L J E Janssen
- Internal Medicine, Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Beckers
- Cardiology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Véronique A Cornelissen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Pattyn
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences - Research Group for Rehabilitation in Internal Disorders, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erin J Howden
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anja Bye
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorthe Stensvold
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nir Eynon
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Raleigh JP, Giles MD, Islam H, Nelms M, Bentley RF, Jones JH, Neder JA, Boonstra K, Quadrilatero J, Simpson CA, Tschakovsky ME, Gurd BJ. Contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake following 4 weeks of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 43:1059-1068. [PMID: 29733694 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the contribution of central and peripheral adaptations to changes in maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) following sprint interval training (SIT). Twenty-three males completed 4 weekly SIT sessions (8 × 20-s cycling bouts at ∼170% of work rate at V̇O2max, 10-s recovery) for 4 weeks. Following completion of training, the relationship between changes in V̇O2max and changes in central (cardiac output) and peripheral (arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff), muscle capillary density, oxidative capacity, fibre-type distribution) adaptations was determined in all participants using correlation analysis. Participants were then divided into tertiles on the basis of the magnitude of their individual V̇O2max responses, and differences in central and peripheral adaptations were examined in the top (HI; ∼10 mL·kg-1·min-1 increase in V̇O2max, p < 0.05) and bottom (LO; no change in V̇O2max, p > 0.05) tertiles (n = 8 each). Training had no impact on maximal cardiac output, and no differences were observed between the LO group and the HI group (p > 0.05). The a-vO2diff increased in the HI group only (p < 0.05) and correlated significantly (r = 0.71, p < 0.01) with changes in V̇O2max across all participants. Muscle capillary density (p < 0.02) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase maximal activity (p < 0.05) increased in both groups, with no between-group differences (p > 0.05). Citrate synthase maximal activity (p < 0.01) and type IIA fibre composition (p < 0.05) increased in the LO group only. Collectively, although the heterogeneity in the observed V̇O2max response following 4 weeks of SIT appears to be attributable to individual differences in systemic vascular and/or muscular adaptations, the markers examined in the current study were unable to explain the divergent V̇O2max responses in the LO and HI groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Raleigh
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew D Giles
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew Nelms
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert F Bentley
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Joshua H Jones
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen Boonstra
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- c Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Craig A Simpson
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- a School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Bentley RF, Jones JH, Hirai DM, Zelt JT, Giles MD, Raleigh JP, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ, Neder JA, Tschakovsky ME. Submaximal exercise cardiac output is increased by 4 weeks of sprint interval training in young healthy males with low initial Q̇-V̇O2: Importance of cardiac response phenotype. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0195458. [PMID: 30673702 PMCID: PMC6343875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise, particularly at the individual level, remain poorly understood. Previous group level research suggests the relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption ( Q˙- V˙O2) is unaffected by training as submaximal Q˙ is unchanged. We recently identified substantial inter-individual variation in the exercise Q˙- V˙O2 relationship that was correlated to stroke volume (SV) as opposed to arterial oxygen content. Therefore we explored the effects of sprint interval training (SIT) on modulating Q˙- V˙O2 given an individual’s specific Q˙- V˙O2 relationship. 22 (21±2 yrs) healthy, recreationally active males participated in a 4-week SIT (8, 20 second sprints; 4x/week, 170% of the work rate at V˙O2 peak) study with progressive exercise tests (PET) until exhaustion. Cardiac output ( Q˙ L/min; inert gas rebreathe, Finometer Modelflow™), oxygen consumption ( V˙O2 L/min; breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange), quadriceps oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy) and exercise tolerance (6–20; Borg Scale RPE) were measured throughout PET both before and after training. Data are mean Δ from bsl±SD. Higher Q˙ ( HQ˙) and lower Q˙ ( LQ˙) responders were identified post hoc (n = 8/group). SIT increased the Q˙- V˙O2 post-training in LQ˙ (3.8±0.2 vs. 4.7±0.2; P = 0.02) while HQ˙ was unaffected (5.8±0.1 vs. 5.3±0.6; P = 0.5). ΔQ˙ was elevated beyond 80 watts in LQ˙ due to a greater increase in SV (all P<0.04). Peak V˙O2 (ml/kg/min) was increased in LQ˙ (39.7±6.7 vs. 44.5±7.3; P = 0.015) and HQ˙ (47.2±4.4 vs. 52.4±6.0; P = 0.009) following SIT, with HQ˙ having a greater peak V˙O2 both pre (P = 0.02) and post (P = 0.03) training. Quadriceps muscle oxygenation and RPE were not different between groups (all P>0.1). In contrast to HQ˙, LQ˙ responders are capable of improving submaximal Q˙- V˙O2 in response to SIT via increased SV. However, the increased submaximal exercise Q˙ does not benefit exercising muscle oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Bentley
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Human Vascular Control Laboratory, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua H. Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Hirai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joel T. Zelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew D. Giles
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - James P. Raleigh
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, Muscle Biology and Cell Death Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - J. Alberto Neder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Michael E. Tschakovsky
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Human Vascular Control Laboratory, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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42
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Bonafiglia JT, Ross R, Gurd BJ. The application of repeated testing and monoexponential regressions to classify individual cardiorespiratory fitness responses to exercise training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:889-900. [PMID: 30666410 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that monoexponential regressions will increase the certainty in response estimates and confidence in classification of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) responses compared to a recently proposed linear regression approach. METHODS We used data from a previously published RCT that involved 24 weeks of training at high amount-high intensity (HAHI; N = 28), high amount-low intensity (HALI; N = 48), or low amount-low intensity (LALI; N = 33). CRF was measured at 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. We fit the repeated CRF measures with monoexponential and linear regressions, and calculated individual response estimates, the error in these estimates (TEMONOEXP and TESLOPE, respectively), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Individuals were classified as responders, uncertain, or non-responders based on where their CI lay relative to a minimum clinically important difference. Additionally, responses were classified using observed pre-post-changes and the typical error of measurement. RESULTS Comparing the error in response estimates revealed that monoexponential regressions were a better fit than linear regressions for the majority of individual responses (N = 81/109) and mean CRF data (mean TEMONOEXP:TESLOPE; HAHI = 2.00:2.58, HALI = 1.91:2.46, LALI = 1.63:2.18; all p < 0.01). Fewer individuals were confidently classified as responders with linear regressions (N = 29/109) compared to monoexponential (N = 55/109). Additionally, response estimates were highly correlated across all three approaches (all r > 0.92). CONCLUSIONS Future studies should determine the type of regression that best fits their data prior to classifying responses. The similarity in response estimates and classification from regressions and observed pre-post-changes questions the purported benefit of using repeated measures to characterize CRF responses to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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43
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Bentley RF, Jones JH, Hirai DM, Zelt JT, Giles MD, Raleigh JP, Quadrilatero J, Gurd BJ, Neder JA, Tschakovsky ME. Do interindividual differences in cardiac output during submaximal exercise explain differences in exercising muscle oxygenation and ratings of perceived exertion? Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29368399 PMCID: PMC5789726 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable interindividual differences in the Q˙-V˙O2 relationship during exercise have been documented but implications for submaximal exercise tolerance have not been considered. We tested the hypothesis that these interindividual differences were associated with differences in exercising muscle deoxygenation and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) across a range of submaximal exercise intensities. A total of 31 (21 ± 3 years) healthy recreationally active males performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion 24 h following a resting muscle biopsy. Cardiac output (Q˙ L/min; inert gas rebreathe), oxygen uptake (V˙O2 L/min; breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange), quadriceps saturation (near infrared spectroscopy) and exercise tolerance (6-20; Borg Scale RPE) were measured. The Q˙-V˙O2 relationship from 40 to 160 W was used to partition individuals post hoc into higher (n = 10; 6.3 ± 0.4) versus lower (n = 10; 3.7 ± 0.4, P < 0.001) responders. The Q˙-V˙O2 difference between responder types was not explained by arterial oxygen content differences (P = 0.5) or peripheral skeletal muscle characteristics (P from 0.1 to 0.8) but was strongly associated with stroke volume (P < 0.05). Despite considerable Q˙-V˙O2 difference between groups, no difference in quadriceps deoxygenation was observed during exercise (all P > 0.4). Lower cardiac responders had greater leg (P = 0.027) and whole body (P = 0.03) RPE only at 185 W, but this represented a higher %peak V˙O2 in lower cardiac responders (87 ± 15% vs. 66 ± 12%, P = 0.005). Substantially lower Q˙-V˙O2 in the lower responder group did not result in altered RPE or exercising muscle deoxygenation. This suggests substantial recruitment of blood flow redistribution in the lower responder group as part of protecting matching of exercising muscle oxygen delivery to demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bentley
- Human Vascular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua H Jones
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel M Hirai
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel T Zelt
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D Giles
- Queen's Muscle Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - James P Raleigh
- Queen's Muscle Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Muscle Biology and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- Queen's Muscle Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Alberto Neder
- Laboratory of Clinical Exercise Physiology, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael E Tschakovsky
- Human Vascular Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Walsh JJ, Colino FL, Krigolson OE, Luehr S, Gurd BJ, Tschakovsky ME. High-intensity interval exercise impairs neuroelectric indices of reinforcement-learning. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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D'Urzo KA, La Rocque CL, Williams JS, Stuckless TJR, King TJ, Plotnick MD, Gurd BJ, Harkness KL, Pyke KE. The impact of acute mental stress on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in women diagnosed with depression. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 135:113-120. [PMID: 30529360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial function, assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), may be transiently attenuated in healthy adults following acute mental stress. However, the impact of acute mental stress on endothelial function in the context of clinical depression is unknown. This study examined the impact of acute mental stress on FMD in women with a diagnosis of a depressive disorder. Forty-three otherwise healthy women (33 ± 14 years) participated. Brachial artery diameter and blood velocity were assessed with ultrasound. FMD was assessed immediately prior to and 15 min following the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The FMD protocol included 5 min of forearm cuff occlusion (pressure = 250 mm Hg), followed by release. Shear stress was estimated by calculating shear rate (SR = brachial artery blood velocity/diameter). Stress reactivity was assessed via changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and salivary cortisol. Results are mean ± SD. A significant stress response was elicited by the TSST [MAP, HR and salivary cortisol increased (p < 0.05)]. Neither the SR stimulus nor FMD response differed pre-versus post-stress (p = 0.124 and p = 0.641, respectively). There was a modest negative correlation between cortisol reactivity and change in FMD from pre- to post-stress (R = -0.392, p = 0.011). To conclude, acute mental stress did not consistently impair endothelial function in women diagnosed with a depressive disorder; however, higher cortisol reactivity may increase the likelihood of post-stress endothelial dysfunction. Further research is required to better understand the factors influencing the relationship between acute mental stress, cortisol and endothelial function in women with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A D'Urzo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cherie L La Rocque
- Department of Psychology, 62 Arch Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Williams
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Troy J R Stuckless
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J King
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan D Plotnick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kate L Harkness
- Department of Psychology, 62 Arch Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 28 Division Street, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
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Preobrazenski N, Bonafiglia JT, Nelms MW, Lu S, Robins L, LeBlanc C, Gurd BJ. Does blood lactate predict the chronic adaptive response to training: A comparison of traditional and talk test prescription methods. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:179-186. [PMID: 30058347 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses (i) that interindividual variability in acute blood lactate responses during exercise at 65% of peak work rate (WRpeak; relative WRpeak protocol (REL)) will predict variability in the chronic responses to exercise training and (ii) that exercising at an intensity that causes uncomfortable speech production (negative talk test (TT) stage (NEG)) elicits high acute blood lactate responses and large adaptations to training. Twenty-eight participants completed 4 weeks of exercise training consisting of REL (n = 14) or NEG (TT, n = 14). Fifteen additional participants were assigned to a no-exercise control group (n = 15). In REL, acute blood lactate responses during the first training session significantly predicted changes in peak oxygen consumption (r = 0.69) after training. TT resulted in consistently high acute blood lactate responses. REL and TT improved (p < 0.05) peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and work rate at the onset of blood lactate accumulation (WROBLA). Despite nonsignificance, small to medium between-group effect sizes for changes in peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and WROBLA and a higher work rate, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate during training at NEG support the potential superiority of TT over REL. When exercise is prescribed using a traditional method (a fixed percentage of WRpeak; REL), acute metabolic stress may partly explain the variance in the adaptations to training. In addition, TT elicited significant increases in peak oxygen consumption, WRpeak, and WROBLA, and although our small sample size limits our ability to confidently compare training adaptations between groups, our preliminary results suggest that future investigations with larger sample sizes should assess the potential superiority of TT over REL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jacob T Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Matthew W Nelms
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Simo Lu
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lauren Robins
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Camille LeBlanc
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Gurd BJ, Patel J, Edgett BA, Scribbans TD, Quadrilatero J, Fischer SL. The efficacy of a whole body sprint-interval training intervention in an office setting: A feasibility study. Work 2018; 60:295-301. [PMID: 29865099 DOI: 10.3233/wor-182733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole body sprint-interval training (WB-SIT) represents a mode of exercise training that is both time-efficient and does not require access to an exercise facility. OBJECTIVE The current study examined the feasibility of implementing a WB-SIT intervention in a workplace setting. METHODS A total of 747 employees from a large office building were invited to participate with 31 individuals being enrolled in the study. Anthropometrics, aerobic fitness, core and upper body strength, and lower body mobility were assessed before and after a 12-week exercise intervention consisting of 2-4 training sessions per week. Each training session required participants to complete 8, 20-second intervals (separated by 10 seconds of rest) of whole body exercise. RESULTS Proportion of participation was 4.2% while the response rate was 35% (11/31 participants completed post training testing). In responders, compliance to prescribed training was 83±17%, and significant (p < 0.05) improvements were observed for aerobic fitness, push-up performance and lower body mobility. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the efficacy of WB-SIT for improving fitness and mobility in an office setting, but highlight the difficulties in achieving high rates of participation and response in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jugal Patel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Trisha D Scribbans
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Joe Quadrilatero
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Steven L Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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48
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Walsh JJ, Goldfield G, Kenny G, Sigal R, Doucette S, Gurd BJ. Interindividual Variability and Adverse Responses to Body Composition with Exercise Training in Adolescents with Obe- sity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000538777.23872.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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McKie GL, Townsend LK, Islam H, Medeiros P, Gurd BJ, Hazell TJ. Characterizing the appetite‐regulatory response throughout the menstrual cycle. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.756.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCANADA
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCANADA
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCANADA
| | - Phil Medeiros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCANADA
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCANADA
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCANADA
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50
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Islam H, Edgett BA, Gurd BJ. Coordination of mitochondrial biogenesis by PGC-1α in human skeletal muscle: A re-evaluation. Metabolism 2018; 79:42-51. [PMID: 29126696 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) is proposed to coordinate skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis through the integrated induction of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription. This paradigm is based largely on experiments demonstrating PGC-1α's ability to co-activate various nuclear transcription factors that increase the expression of mitochondrial genes, as well as PGC-1α's direct interaction with mitochondrial transcription factor A within mitochondria to increase the transcription of mitochondrial DNA. While this paradigm is supported by evidence from cellular and transgenic animal models, as well as acute exercise studies involving animals, the up-regulation of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes in response to exercise does not appear to occur in a coordinated fashion in human skeletal muscle. This review re-evaluates our current understanding of this phenomenon by highlighting evidence from recent studies examining the exercise-induced expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded genes targeted by PGC-1α. We also highlight several possible theories that may explain the apparent inability of PGC-1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle, and provide directions for future work exploring mitochondrial biogenic gene expression following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brittany A Edgett
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada; Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada.
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