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McCarthy SF, McKie GL, Howe GJ, Vanderheyden LW, Hazell TJ. Metabolic Effects of Reduced Volume Sprint Interval Training During and Postexercise. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:891-897. [PMID: 38662883 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
McCarthy, SF, McKie, GL, Howe, GJ, Vanderheyden, LW, and Hazell, TJ. Metabolic effects of reduced volume sprint interval training during and postexercise. J Strength Cond Res 38(5): 891–897, 2024—It is unclear what dose of sprint-interval training exercise (exercise volume) is required to derive beneficial metabolic effects during and postexercise. Therefore, we examined how reducing the volume of sprint interval training (SIT) from 2 minutes of “all-out” efforts (8 bouts) to 1.5 minutes (6 bouts) and 1 minute (4 bouts) affected during and postexercise metabolism. Fourteen recreationally active males (age: 25 ± 3 years; body mass index: 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m−2) had gas exchange measured during and following (3 h) 4 experimental sessions: (a) no-exercise control (CTRL), (b) 8 × 15 SIT (2 minutes exercise), (c) 6 × 15 minutes SIT (1.5 minutes exercise), and (d) 4 × 15 SIT (1 minute exercise). All SIT protocols were 15 seconds “all-out” running efforts with 2 minutes recovery (4, 6, or 8 bouts). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥medium. During exercise, oxygen consumption (V̇o
2; L) was different between protocols (p < 0.001, d > 2.98) and greater than CTRL (p < 0.001, d > 2.12); however, the rate of O2 consumption (L·min−1) was similar between protocols (p = 0.479,
= 0.055). Total V̇o
2 (L) postexercise was elevated following all conditions compared with CTRL (p < 0.003, d > 1.25). Overall session V̇o
2 was different in each condition (p < 0.001, d > 1.89). Fat oxidation was elevated postexercise following all SIT protocols compared with CTRL (p < 0.017, d > 0.98) with no differences between protocols (p > 0.566, d < 0.48). Our results suggest reducing the number of all-out 15 seconds bouts during a SIT session from 8 to 6 or 4 had no differential effects on postexercise metabolism and differences during exercise were due to the longer duration of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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2
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McCarthy SF, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Bornath DPD, Islam H, Gurd BJ, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Differential changes in appetite hormones post-prandially based on menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use: A preliminary study. Appetite 2024; 198:107362. [PMID: 38636667 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
This was a preliminary study that examined whether appetite regulation is altered during the menstrual cycle or with oral contraceptives. Ten naturally cycling females (NON-USERS) and nine tri-phasic oral contraceptive using females (USERS) completed experimental sessions during each menstrual phase (follicular phase: FP; ovulatory phase: OP; luteal phase: LP). Appetite perceptions and blood samples were obtained fasted, 30, 60, and 90 min post-prandial to measure acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and total peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Changes were considered important if p < 0.100 and the effect size was ≥medium. There appeared to be a three-way (group x phase x time) interaction for acylated ghrelin where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS versus NON-USERS during the OP 90-min post-prandial and during the LP fasted, and 90-min post-prandial. In USERS, ghrelin appeared to be greater 90-min post-prandial in the OP versus the FP with no other apparent differences between phases. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be a three-way interaction for PYY where concentrations appeared to be greater in USERS during the FP 60-min post-prandial and during the OP 30-min post-prandial. In USERS PYY appeared to be greater 60-min post-prandial during the OP versus the LP with no other apparent differences. There were no apparent differences between phases in NON-USERS. There appeared to be no effect of group or phase on GLP-1, or appetite perceptions. These data demonstrate small effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use on the acylated ghrelin and total PYY response to a standardized meal, with no effects on active GLP-1 or perceived appetite, though more work with a large sample size is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Shamshoum H, Medak KD, McKie GL, Jeromson S, Hahn MK, Wright DC. Salsalate and/or metformin therapy confer beneficial metabolic effects in olanzapine treated female mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115671. [PMID: 37839107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are used in the management of schizophrenia and a growing number of off-label conditions. While effective at reducing psychoses, these drugs possess noted metabolic side effects including weight gain, liver lipid accumulation and disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism. To counter the side effects of antipsychotics standard of care has typically included metformin. Unfortunately, metformin does not protect against antipsychotic induced metabolic disturbances in all patients and thus additional treatment approaches are needed. One potential candidate could be salsalate, the prodrug of salicylate, which acts synergistically with metformin to improve indices of glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice. The purpose of the current investigation was to compare the effects of salsalate, metformin and a combination of both drugs, on weight gain and indices of metabolic health in female mice treated with the antipsychotic, olanzapine. Herein we demonstrate that salsalate was equally as effective as metformin in protecting against olanzapine induced weight gain and liver lipid accumulation with no additional benefit of combining both drugs. Conversely, metformin treatment, either alone or in combination with salsalate, improved indices of glucose metabolism and increased energy expenditure in olanzapine treated mice. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that dual therapy with both metformin and salsalate could be an efficacious approach with which to dampen the metabolic consequences of antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2 W1, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2 W1, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2 W1, Canada
| | - Stewart Jeromson
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W. 28th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, 950 W. 28th Ave., Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Medak KD, McKie GL, Peppler WT, Shamshoum H, Dibe HA, Mutch DM, Josse AR, Wright DC. Liver triacylglycerol accumulation but not postprandial lipemia is reduced by a skim milk powder diet in male rats. Nutr Res 2023; 119:65-75. [PMID: 37757641 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Increases in postprandial lipids are linked to the development of cardiometabolic and fatty liver disease. Prior work has suggested that dairy possesses beneficial cardiometabolic effects and thus the aim of the current investigation was to test the hypotheses that the habitual consumption of dairy, in the form of skim milk powder (SMP), would protect against increases in circulating lipids and liver lipid accumulation following an oral fat challenge in rats. Male rats were fed either a semipurified low-fat control diet with casein or a diet with an equivalent amount of protein (∼13% kcal) provided through skim milk powder (SMP) for 6 weeks (n = 40/group). Rats were then given an oral gavage of palm oil (5 mL/kg body weight) or an equivalent volume of water, and serum and liver were harvested 90 minutes or 4 hours after. Rats fed the SMP diet gained less weight than controls but there were no differences in glucose tolerance between groups. The fat gavage increased serum lipids in both diet groups, whereas there was a main effect of the fat challenge to increase, and the SMP diet, to decrease liver triacylglycerol accumulation. The percentage of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and the protein content/activity of lipogenic enzymes were reduced in livers from SMP-fed rats, whereas the percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was increased. In summary, we provide evidence that SMP consumption, although not protecting against postprandial lipemia, markedly attenuates triacylglycerol accumulation and the relative amount of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada.
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Hana A Dibe
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Andrea R Josse
- Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario Canada; School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Bornath DPD, McKie GL, McCarthy SF, Vanderheyden LW, Howe GJ, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Interleukin-6 is not involved in appetite regulation following moderate-intensity exercise in males with normal weight and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2315-2324. [PMID: 37551724 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In obesogenic states and after exercise, interleukin (IL)-6 elevations are established, and IL-6 is speculated to be an appetite-regulating mechanism. This study examined the role of IL-6 on exercise-induced appetite regulation in sedentary normal weight (NW) males and those with obesity (OB). METHODS Nine NW participants and eight participants with OB completed one non-exercise control (CTRL) and one moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 60 minutes, 65% V̇O2max ) session. IL-6, acylated ghrelin, active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine3-36 , active glucagon-like peptide-1, and overall appetite perceptions were measured fasted, pre exercise, and 30, 90, and 150 minutes post exercise. RESULTS Fasted IL-6 concentrations were elevated in OB (p = 0.005,η p 2 = 0.419); however, increases following exercise were similar between groups (p = 0.934,η p 2 = 0.000). Acylated ghrelin was lower in OB versus NW (p < 0.017, d > 0.84), and OB did not respond to MICT (p > 0.512, d < 0.44) although NW had a decrease versus CTRL (p < 0.034, d > 0.61). IL-6 did not moderate/mediate acylated ghrelin release after exercise (p > 0.251). There were no observable effects of MICT on tyrosine-tyrosine3-36 , glucagon-like peptide-1, or overall appetite (p > 0.334,η p 2 < 0.062). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that IL-6 is not involved in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Despite blunted appetite-regulatory peptide responses to MICT in participants with OB, NW participants exhibited decreased acylated ghrelin; however, no differences in appetite perceptions existed between CTRL and MICT or NW and OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Medak KD, Weber AJ, Shamshoum H, McKie GL, Hahn MK, Wright DC. Enhancing endogenous levels of GLP1 dampens acute olanzapine induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1127634. [PMID: 36937886 PMCID: PMC10014622 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1127634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine is a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used in the treatment of schizophrenia and several on- and off-label conditions. While effective in reducing psychoses, acute olanzapine treatment causes rapid hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia and these perturbations are linked to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease. Pharmacological agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor have been shown to offset weight-gain associated with chronic SGA administration and mitigate the acute metabolic side effects of SGAs. The purpose of this study was to determine if increasing endogenous GLP1 is sufficient to protect against acute olanzapine-induced impairments in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with olanzapine, in the absence or presence of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and a combination of compounds to increase endogenous GLP1. These include the non-nutritive sweetener allulose which acts to induce GLP1 secretion but not other incretins, the DPPiv inhibitor sitagliptin which prevents degradation of active GLP1, and an SSTR5 antagonist which relieves inhibition on GLP1 secretion. We hypothesized that this cocktail of agents would increase circulating GLP1 to supraphysiological concentrations and would protect against olanzapine-induced perturbations in glucose and lipid homeostasis. We found that 'triple treatment' increased both active and total GLP1 and protected against olanzapine-induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism under glucose stimulated conditions and this was paralleled by an attenuation in the olanzapine induced increase in the glucagon:insulin ratio. Our findings provide evidence that pharmacological approaches to increase endogenous GLP1 could be a useful adjunct approach to reduce acute olanzapine-induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa J. Weber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David C. Wright
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Food and Land Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: David C. Wright,
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7
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Shamshoum H, Medak KD, McKie GL, Hahn MK, Wright DC. Fasting or the short-term consumption of a ketogenic diet protects against antipsychotic-induced hyperglycemia in mice. J Physiol 2022; 600:2713-2728. [PMID: 35507699 DOI: 10.1113/jp282922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Antipsychotic medications cause rapid and robust increases in blood glucose Cotreatment approaches to offset these harmful metabolic side effects have not been identified We demonstrate that fasting or the consumption or a short-term ketogenic diet, but not treatment with βHB or oral ketone esters, protects against acute antipsychotic induced hyperglycemia Protective effects of fasting and ketogenic diets were paralleled by reductions in serum glucagon, but not improvements in whole body insulin action ABSTRACT: Antipsychotic (AP) medications, such as olanzapine (OLZ), are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and a growing number of "off-label" conditions. A single dose of OLZ causes robust increases in blood glucose within minutes following treatment. The purpose of the current study was to investigate if interventions which increase circulating ketone bodies (fasting, βHB, ketone esters or a ketogenic diet) would be sufficient to protect against acute metabolic side effects of OLZ. We demonstrate that fasting or the short-term consumption of a ketogenic diet (KD) protects against OLZ-induced hyperglycemia, independent of alterations in whole body insulin action, and in parallel with a blunted rise in serum glucagon. Interestingly, the effects of fasting and ketogenic diets were not recapitulated by acutely increasing circulating concentrations of ketone bodies through treatment with βHB or oral ketone esters, approaches which increase ketone bodies to physiological or supra-physiological levels respectively. Collectively our findings demonstrate that fasting and the short-term consumption of a KD can protect against acute AP-induced perturbations in glucose homeostasis, whereas manipulations which acutely increase circulating ketone bodies do not elicit the same beneficial effects. Abstract figure legend Model for fasting and ketogenic diet to protect against OLZ-induced hyperglycemia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret K Hahn
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Medak KD, McKie GL, Shamshoum H, Seguin I, Wright DC. The glucose lowering effects of CL 316,243 dissipate with repeated use and are rescued bycilostamide. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15187. [PMID: 35179321 PMCID: PMC8855634 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated activation of the beta 3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR) with the agonist CL 316,243 (CL) results in remodeling of white adipose tissue (WAT) characterized by increased mitochondrial enzymes and expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). β3AR activation also has profound acute metabolic effects including rapidly decreasing blood glucose, secondary to fatty acid-induced increases in insulin, and increasing energy expenditure. The acute (single dose) effects of β3AR activation have largely been examined in treatment naive animals and under room temperature housing conditions. The current study examined if repeated CL treatment would lead to an attenuation of acute metabolic effects of CL treatment under thermoneutral housing conditions and if this could be rescued with cilostamide, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. We provide evidence demonstrating that the acute effects of CL to increase serum fatty acids and insulin and reduce blood glucose, but not increases in energy expenditure, are attenuated in mice following repeated treatment with CL. This occurs in parallel with reductions in indices of protein kinase A signaling in WAT including the phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase. The findings of attenuated serum fatty acid, insulin, and blood glucose responses were confirmed in both high-fat fed and UCP1-/- mice repeatedly treated with CL. Desensitization to CL in mice was rescued by cilostamide. Herein, we provide evidence that the glucose lowering, but not thermogenesis inducing, effects of CL are attenuated with repeated treatment and can be rescued by cilostamide. The findings of this study point toward novel adjunct treatment approaches that could be used to maximize therapeutic, glucose lowering effects of β3AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Seguin
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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9
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McKie GL, Medak KD, Shamshoum H, Wright DC. Topical application of the pharmacological cold mimetic menthol stimulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis through a TRPM8, UCP1, and norepinephrine dependent mechanism in mice housed at thermoneutrality. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22205. [PMID: 35157333 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101905rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing whole-body energy expenditure via the pharmacological activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is a promising weight management strategy, yet most therapeutics studied in rodents to date either induce compensatory increases in energy intake, have thermogenic effects that are confounded by sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures or are not well tolerated in humans. Here, we sought to determine whether the non-invasive topical application of the pharmacological cold mimetic and transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) agonist L-menthol (MNTH), could be used to stimulate BAT thermogenesis and attenuate weight gain in mice housed at thermoneutrality. Using three different strains of mice and multiple complimentary approaches to quantify thermogenesis in vivo, coupled with ex vivo models to quantify direct thermogenic effects, we were able to convincingly demonstrate the following: (1) acute topical MNTH application induces BAT thermogenesis in a TRPM8- and UCP1-dependent manner; (2) MNTH-induced BAT thermogenesis is sufficient to attenuate weight gain over time without affecting energy intake in lean and obese mice; (3) the ability of topical MNTH application to stimulate BAT thermogenesis is mediated, in part, by a central mechanism involving the release of norepinephrine. These data collectively suggest that topical application of MNTH may be a promising weight management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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10
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McKie GL, Shamshoum H, Hunt KL, Thorpe HHA, Dibe HA, Khokhar JY, Doucette CA, Wright DC. Intermittent cold exposure improves glucose homeostasis despite exacerbating diet-induced obesity in mice housed at thermoneutrality. J Physiol 2021; 600:829-845. [PMID: 34192813 DOI: 10.1113/jp281774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Ambient cold exposure is often regarded as a promising anti-obesity treatment in mice. However, most preclinical studies aimed at treating obesity via cold-induced thermogenesis have been confounded by subthermoneutral housing temperatures. Therefore, the ability of ambient cold to combat diet-induced obesity in mice housed under humanized thermoneutral conditions is currently unknown. Moreover, mammals such as mice are rarely exposed to chronic ambient cold without reprieve, yet mice are often subjected to experimental conditions of chronic rather than intermittent cold exposure (ICE), despite ICE being more physiologically relevant. In the present study, we provide novel evidence that thermoneutral housing uncouples the effects of ICE on glucose and energy homeostasis suggesting that ICE, despite improving glucose tolerance, is not an effective obesity treatment when mice are housed under humanized thermoneutral conditions. ABSTRACT The present study examines whether a physiologically relevant model of ambient cold exposure, intermittent cold exposure (ICE), could ameliorate the metabolic impairments of diet-induced obesity in male and female mice housed under humanized thermoneutral conditions. Male and female C57BL/6J mice housed at thermoneutrality (29°C) were fed a low-fat diet or high-fat diet for 6 weeks before being weight matched into groups that remained unperturbed or underwent ICE for 4 weeks (4°C for 60 min day-1 ; 5 days week-1 ) when being maintained on their respective diets. ICE induced rapid and persistent hyperphagia exacerbating rather than attenuating high-fat diet-induced obesity over time. These ICE-induced increases in adiposity were found to be energy intake-dependent via pair-feeding. Despite exacerbating high-fat diet-induced obesity, ICE improved glucose tolerance, independent of diet, in a sex-specific manner. The effects of ICE on glucose tolerance were not attributed to improvements in whole-body insulin tolerance, tissue specific insulin action, nor differences in markers of hepatic insulin clearance or pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Instead, ICE increased serum concentrations of insulin and C-peptide in response to glucose, suggesting that ICE may improve glucose tolerance by potentiating pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These data suggest that ICE, despite improving glucose tolerance, is not an effective obesity treatment in mice housed under humanized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kristin L Hunt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hana A Dibe
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Christine A Doucette
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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McKie GL, Wright DC. The confounding effects of sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures on aerobic exercise-induced adaptations in mouse subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210171. [PMID: 34186002 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice are the most commonly used model organism for human biology, and failure to acknowledge fundamental differences in thermal biology between these species has confounded the study of adipose tissue metabolism in mice and its translational relevance to humans. Here, using exercise biochemistry as an example, we highlight the subtle yet detrimental effects sub-thermoneutral housing temperatures can have on the study of adipose tissue metabolism in mice. We encourage academics and publishers to consider ambient housing temperature as a key determinant in the methodological conception and reporting of all research on rodent white adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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12
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Shamshoum H, McKie GL, Medak KD, Ashworth KE, Kemp BE, Wright DC. Voluntary physical activity protects against olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:466-478. [PMID: 33382959 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00876.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine (OLZ) is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and a growing number of "off-label" conditions. Although effective in reducing psychoses, OLZ causes rapid impairments in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The purpose of this study was to investigate if voluntary physical activity via wheel running (VWR) would protect against the acute metabolic side effects of OLZ. Male C57BL/6J mice remained sedentary or were provided with running wheels overnight, before treatment with OLZ either at the beginning of the light cycle, or 7 or 24 h following the cessation of VWR. Prior VWR protected against OLZ-induced hyperglycemia immediately and 7 h following a bout of overnight wheel running. Protection against, hyperglycemia immediately following VWR was associated with increased insulin tolerance and an attenuated OLZ-induced increase in the serum glucagon:insulin ratio. The protective effect of VWR against OLZ-induced increases in hyperglycemia and glucagon:insulin ratio was maintained in high-fat fed, and AMPK β1-deficient mice, models which display a potentiated OLZ-induced increase in blood glucose. Repeated OLZ treatment did not impair VWR performance and protection against the acute effects of OLZ on blood glucose was present after 1 wk of daily OLZ treatment in mice given access to running wheels. In contrast to the effects on glucose metabolism, VWR, for the most part, did not impact OLZ-induced perturbations in lipolysis, liver triglyceride accumulation, or whole body substrate oxidation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the efficacy of voluntary physical activity as an approach to protect against OLZ-induced impairments in glucose metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The antipsychotic medication olanzapine causes rapid and large increases in blood glucose. We demonstrate that a prior bout of voluntary overnight wheel running can protect against this harmful side effect and is likely mediated by reductions in olanzapine-induced increases in the circulating glucagon to insulin ratio. This study highlights the powerful effects of voluntary activity in conditions of treatment with antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen E Ashworth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce E Kemp
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Whittal MC, Zwambag DP, Vanderheyden LW, McKie GL, Hazell TJ, Gregory DE. High Load With Lower Repetitions vs. Low Load With Higher Repetitions: The Impact on Asymmetry in Weight Distribution During Deadlifting. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:560288. [PMID: 33345118 PMCID: PMC7739658 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.560288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated weight distribution between the lower limbs using a symmetry index (SI) score of the vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) and measures of postural stability in high load/low repetition (termed “heavy”) and low load/high repetition (termed “light”) deadlifting. Ten participants performed two deadlift protocols with equal cumulative external load. These protocols were designed to represent standard high load/low repetition and low load/high repetition workouts; order was random and separated by 7 days. An effect of lifting condition (p = 0.023) and set number (p = 0.011) was observed such that lifts in the heavy condition were less symmetrical than those in the light condition and lifts became more symmetrical as set number increased. There was no effect of lift number on symmetry of force production (p = 0.127). Additional analysis revealed that center of pressure (COP) path length was greater during heavy lifts (p = 0.002) however COP range was unaffected suggesting controlled point of force application within the same boundaries regardless of lifting condition. As asymmetries have been previously associated with increased injury risk, greater training emphasis on the symmetrical performance of sub-maximal deadlifts should be considered to try to minimize the development of asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel C Whittal
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Derek P Zwambag
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Luke W Vanderheyden
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Diane E Gregory
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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14
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Schulhauser KT, Bonafiglia JT, McKie GL, McCarthy SF, Islam H, Townsend LK, Grisebach D, Todd C, Gurd BJ, Hazell T. Individual patterns of response to traditional and modified sprint interval training. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:1077-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1857507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Schulhauser
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob T. Bonafiglia
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth F. McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Curtis Todd
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Vanderheyden LW, McKie GL, Howe GJ, Hazell TJ. Greater lactate accumulation following an acute bout of high-intensity exercise in males suppresses acylated ghrelin and appetite postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:1321-1328. [PMID: 32240018 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00081.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise inhibits appetite, in part, via alterations in the peripheral concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and active peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). Given lactate may mediate these effects, we used sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design to investigate lactate's purported role in exercise-induced appetite suppression. Eleven males completed two identical high-intensity interval training sessions (10 × 1 min cycling bouts at ~90% heart rate maximum interspersed with 1-min recovery), where they ingested either NaHCO3 (BICARB) or sodium chloride (NaCl) as a placebo (PLACEBO) preexercise. Blood lactate, acylated ghrelin, GLP-1, and PYY concentrations, as well as overall appetite were assessed preexercise and 0, 30, 60, and 90 min postexercise. Blood lactate was greater immediately (P < 0.001) and 30 min postexercise (P = 0.049) in the BICARB session with an increased (P = 0.009) area under the curve (AUC). The BICARB session had lower acylated ghrelin at 60 (P = 0.014) and 90 min postexercise (P = 0.016), with a decreased AUC (P = 0.039). The BICARB session had increased PYY (P = 0.034) with an increased AUC (P = 0.031). The BICARB session also tended (P = 0.060) to have increased GLP-1 at 30 (P = 0.003) and 60 min postexercise (P < 0.001), with an increased AUC (P = 0.030). The BICARB session tended (P = 0.059) to reduce overall appetite, although there was no difference in AUC (P = 0.149). These findings support a potential role for lactate in the high-intensity exercise-induced appetite-suppression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used sodium bicarbonate to increase lactate accumulation or sodium chloride as a placebo. Our findings further implicate lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression, given exercise-induced increases in lactate during the sodium bicarbonate session altered peripheral concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, culminating in a reduction of appetite. This supports a lactate-dependent mechanism of appetite suppression following high-intensity exercise and highlights the potential of using lactate as a means of inducing a caloric deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Dibe HA, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Wright DC. Epinephrine Responsiveness is Reduced in Livers from Trained Mice. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Dibe HA, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Wright DC. Epinephrine responsiveness is reduced in livers from trained mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14370. [PMID: 32061187 PMCID: PMC7023888 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the primary metabolic organ involved in the endogenous production of glucose through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) is increased via neural-hormonal mechanisms such as increases in catecholamines. To date, the effects of prior exercise training on the hepatic response to epinephrine have not been fully elucidated. To examine the role of epinephrine signaling on indices of HGP in trained mice, male C57BL/6 mice were either subjected to 12 days of voluntary wheel running or remained sedentary. Epinephrine, or vehicle control, was injected intraperitoneally on day 12 prior to sacrifice with blood glucose being measured 15 min postinjection. Epinephrine caused a larger glucose response in sedentary mice and this was paralleled by a greater reduction in liver glycogen in sedentary compared to trained mice. There was a main effect of epinephrine to increase the phosphorylation of protein kinase-A (p-PKA) substrates in the liver, which was driven by increases in the sedentary, but not trained, mice. Similarly, epinephrine-induced increases in the mRNA expression of hepatic adrenergic receptors (Adra1/2a, Adrb1), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) were greater in sedentary compared to trained mice. The mRNA expression of cAMP-degrading enzymes phosphodiesterase 3B and 4B (Pde3b, Pde4b) was greater in trained compared to sedentary mice. Taken together, our data suggest that prior exercise training reduces the liver's response to epinephrine. This could be beneficial in the context of training-induced glycogen sparing during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana A Dibe
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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18
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Azevedo P, Bhammar DM, Babb TG, Bowen TS, Witte KK, Rossiter HB, Brugniaux JV, Perry BD, Dantas de Lucas R, Turnes T, Sabino-Carvalho JL, Lopes TR, Zacca R, Fernandes RJ, McKie GL, Hazell TJ, Helal L, da Silveira AD, McNulty CR, Roberg RA, Nightingale TE, Alrashidi AA, Mashkovskiy E, Krassioukov A, Clos P, Laroche D, Pageaux B, Poole DC, Jones AM, Schaun GZ, de Souza DS, de Oliveira Barreto Lopes T, Vagula M, Zuo L, Zhao T. Commentaries on Viewpoint: V̇o 2peak is an acceptable estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness but not V̇o 2max. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 125:233-240. [PMID: 30043694 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00319.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Azevedo
- Exercise Physiology Studies and Research Group (GEPEFEX), Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dharini M. Bhammar
- Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Tony G. Babb
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - T. Scott Bowen
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Harry B. Rossiter
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK,Rehabilitation Clinical Trials Center, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - Ben D. Perry
- School of Science & Health, Western Sydney University, Australia
| | | | - Tiago Turnes
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jeann L. Sabino-Carvalho
- NeuroVASQ – Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Zacca
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal,Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas Helal
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Anderson Donelli da Silveira
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Exercise Cardiology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre
| | | | | | - Tom E. Nightingale
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abdullah A. Alrashidi
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,King Fahd Medical City, Physical Therapy Department, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evgeny Mashkovskiy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Clos
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France,CIC INSERM 1432, Plateforme d’Investigation Technologique, Hôpital Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David C. Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology, Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Gustavo Z. Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Diego Santos de Souza
- Laboratory of Heart Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Tatiane de Oliveira Barreto Lopes
- Excitable Membranes Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mary Vagula
- Biology Department, Gannon University, Erie, PA
| | - Li Zuo
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Tingyang Zhao
- Radiologic Sciences and Respiratory Therapy Division, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH,Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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19
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Broad AA, Howe GJ, McKie GL, Vanderheyden LW, Hazell TJ. The effects of a pre-exercise meal on postexercise metabolism following a session of sprint interval training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:411-420. [PMID: 31553895 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) has demonstrated reductions in fat mass through potential alterations in postexercise metabolism. This study examined whether exercising in the fasted or fed state affects postexercise metabolism following acute SIT. Ten active males performed a bout of modified SIT (8 × 15-s sprints; 120 s recovery) in both a fasted (FAST) and fed (FED) state. Gas exchange was collected through 3 h postexercise, appetite perceptions were measured using a visual analog scale, and energy intake was recorded using dietary food logs. There was no difference in energy expenditure between conditions at any time point (p > 0.329) or in total session energy expenditure (FED: 514.8 ± 54.9 kcal, FAST: 504.0 ± 74.3 kcal; p = 0.982). Fat oxidation at 3 h after exercise was higher in FED (0.110 ± 0.04 g·min-1) versus FAST (0.069 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.013) though not different between conditions across time (p > 0.340) or in total postexercise fat oxidation (FED: 0.125 ± 0.04 g·min-1, FAST: 0.105 ± 0.02 g·min-1; p = 0.154). Appetite perceptions were lower in FED (-4815.0 ± 4098.7 mm) versus FAST (-707.5 ± 2010.4 mm, p = 0.022); however, energy intake did not differ between conditions (p = 0.429). These results demonstrate the fasted or fed state does not augment postexercise metabolism following acute SIT in a way that would favour fat loss following training. Novelty Energy expenditure was similar between conditions, while fat oxidation was significantly greater in FED at 3 h after exercise. Appetite perceptions were significantly lower in FED; however, energy intake was not different between conditions. Current findings suggest that performing SIT in the fed or fasted state would not affect fat loss following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Broad
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg J Howe
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Luke W Vanderheyden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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20
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McKie GL, Medak KD, Knuth CM, Shamshoum H, Townsend LK, Peppler WT, Wright DC. Housing temperature affects the acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise in mice. J Physiol 2019; 597:4581-4600. [PMID: 31297830 DOI: 10.1113/jp278221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Mice are commonly housed at room temperatures below their thermoneutral zone meaning they are exposed to chronic thermal stress. Endurance exercise induces browning and mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipose tissue of rodents, but there are conflicting reports of this phenomenon in humans. We hypothesized that the ambient room temperature at which mice are housed could partially explain these discrepant reports between humans and rodents. We housed mice at room temperature or thermoneutrality and studied their physiological responses to acute and chronic exercise. We found that thermoneutral housing altered running behaviour and glucose homeostasis, and further, that exercise-induced markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissue were reduced in mice housed at thermoneutrality. ABSTRACT Mice are often housed at temperatures below their thermoneutral zone resulting in compensatory increases in thermogenesis. Despite this, many studies report housing mice at room temperature (RT), likely for the convenience of the researchers studying them. As such, the conflicting reports between humans and rodents regarding the ability of exercise to increase mitochondrial and thermogenic markers in white adipose tissue may be explained by the often-overlooked variable, housing temperature. To test this hypothesis, we housed male C57BL/6 mice at RT (22°C) or thermoneutrality (TN) (29°C) with or without access to a voluntary running wheel for 6 weeks or subjected them to an acute exhaustive bout of treadmill running. We examined the gene expression and protein content of select mitochondrial and thermogenic markers in skeletal muscle, epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). We also assessed adipocyte morphology and indices of glucose homeostasis. Housing temperature influenced glucose tolerance and insulin action in vivo, yet the beneficial effects of exercise, both acute and chronic, remained intact in eWAT, BAT and skeletal muscle irrespective of housing temperature. Housing mice at TN led to an attenuation of some of the effects of exercise on iWAT. Collectively, we present data characterizing the acute and chronic metabolic adaptations to exercise at different housing temperatures and demonstrate, for the first time, that temperature influences the ability of exercise to increase markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and the browning of white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L McKie
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle D Medak
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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McKie GL, Townsend LK, Islam H, Medeiros P, Gurd BJ, Hazell TJ. Characterizing the appetite‐regulatory response throughout the menstrual cycle. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.756.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg L. McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCANADA
| | - Logan K. Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCANADA
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCANADA
| | - Phil Medeiros
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCANADA
| | - Brendon J. Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health StudiesQueen's UniversityKingstonOntarioCANADA
| | - Tom J. Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical EducationWilfrid Laurier UniversityWaterlooOntarioCANADA
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McKie GL, Islam H, Townsend LK, Robertson-Wilson J, Eys M, Hazell TJ. Modified sprint interval training protocols: physiological and psychological responses to 4 weeks of training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:595-601. [PMID: 29268031 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) protocols involving brief (≤15 s) work bouts improve aerobic and anaerobic performance, highlighting peak speed generation as a potentially important adaptive stimulus. To determine the physiological and psychological effects of reducing the SIT work bout duration, while maintaining total exercise and recovery time, 43 healthy males (n = 27) and females (n = 16) trained for 4 weeks (3 times/week) using one of the following running SIT protocols: (i) 30:240 (n = 11; 4-6 × 30-s bouts, 4 min rest); (ii) 15:120 (n = 11; 8-12 × 15-s bouts, 2 min rest); (iii) 5:40 (n = 12; 24-36 × 5-s bouts, 40 s rest); or (iv) served as a nonexercising control (n = 9). Protocols were matched for total work (2-3 min) and rest (16-24 min) durations, as well as the work-to-rest ratio (1:8 s). Pre- and post-training measures included a graded maximal oxygen consumption test, a 5-km time trial, and a 30-s maximal sprint test. Self-efficacy, enjoyment, and intentions were assessed following the last training session. Training improved maximal oxygen consumption (5.5%; P = 0.006) and time-trial performance (5.2%; P = 0.039), with a main effect of time for peak speed (1.7%; P = 0.042), time to peak speed (25%; P < 0.001), and body fat percentage (1.4%; P < 0.001) that appeared to be driven by the training. There were no group effects for self-efficacy (P = 0.926), enjoyment (P = 0.249), or intentions to perform SIT 3 (P = 0.533) or 5 (P = 0.951) times/week. This study effectively demonstrated that the repeated generation of peak speed during brief SIT work bouts sufficiently stimulates adaptive mechanisms promoting increases in aerobic and anaerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Jennifer Robertson-Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Mark Eys
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Islam H, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Medeiros PJ, Gurd BJ, Hazell TJ. Potential involvement of lactate and interleukin-6 in the appetite-regulatory hormonal response to an acute exercise bout. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:614-623. [PMID: 28684587 PMCID: PMC5625078 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the involvement of two potential mechanisms (lactate and IL-6) that may explain the intensity-dependent effects of acute exercise on appetite-related parameters. Our findings support a clear intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite-regulation following exercise, as highlighted by the change in acylated ghrelin and the suppression of appetite and energy intake after vigorous exercise (continuous and intermittent). Further, our findings extend previous work in animal/cell models by providing evidence for the potential role of lactate and IL-6 in mediating changes in appetite-related parameters following exercise in humans. High-intensity exercise suppresses appetite partly through changes in peripheral appetite-regulating hormones. Lactate and IL-6 mediate the release of these hormones in animal/cell models and may provide a mechanistic link between exercise intensity and appetite regulation. The current study examined changes in appetite-regulating hormones, lactate, and IL-6 after different intensities of running. Eight males completed four experimental sessions: 1) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 65% V̇o2max); 2) vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT; 85% V̇o2max); 3) sprint interval training (SIT; repeated “all-out” sprints); and 4) Control (CTRL; no exercise). Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total peptide YY (PYY), lactate, IL-6, and appetite perceptions were measured pre-, immediately postexercise, 30 min postexercise, and 90 min postexercise. Energy intake was recorded over 3 days. VICT and SIT suppressed ghrelin (P < 0.001), although SIT elicited a greater (P = 0.016 vs. MICT) and more prolonged (P < 0.001 vs. all sessions) response. GLP-1 increased immediately after MICT (P < 0.001) and 30 min after VICT (P < 0.001) and SIT (P < 0.002), while VICT elicited a greater postexercise increase in PYY vs. MICT (P = 0.027). Postexercise changes in blood lactate and IL-6 correlated with the area under the curve values for ghrelin (r = −0.60, P < 0.001) and GLP-1 (r = 0.42, P = 0.017), respectively. Appetite was suppressed after exercise (P < 0.001), although more so after VICT (P < 0.027) and SIT (P < 0.001) vs. MICT, and energy intake was reduced on the day after VICT (P < 0.017 vs. MICT and CTRL) and SIT (P = 0.049 vs. MICT). These findings support an intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite regulation following exercise and highlight the potential involvement of lactate and IL-6. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examines the involvement of two potential mechanisms (lactate and IL-6) that may explain the intensity-dependent effects of acute exercise on appetite-related parameters. Our findings support a clear intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite regulation following exercise, as highlighted by the change in acylated ghrelin and the suppression of appetite and energy intake after vigorous exercise (continuous and intermittent). Further, our findings extend previous work in animal/cell models by providing evidence for the potential role of lactate and IL-6 in mediating changes in appetite-related parameters following exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
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McKie GL, Islam H, Townsend LK, Robertson-Wilson J, Eys M, Hazell TJ. Aerobic and Anaerobic Effects of Manipulating Sprint Interval Training Work and Rest Period Durations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518613.31857.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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