1
|
Gemmink A, Daemen S, Brouwers B, Hoeks J, Schaart G, Knoops K, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Decoration of myocellular lipid droplets with perilipins as a marker for in vivo lipid droplet dynamics: A super-resolution microscopy study in trained athletes and insulin resistant individuals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158852. [PMID: 33160079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In many different cell types neutral lipids can be stored in lipid droplets (LDs). Nowadays, LDs are viewed as dynamic organelles, which store and release fatty acids depending on energy demand (LD dynamics). Proteins like perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and PLIN5 decorate the LD membrane and are determinants of LD lipolysis and fat oxidation, thus affecting LD dynamics. Trained athletes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients both have high levels of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). While IMCL content scales negatively with insulin resistance, athletes are highly insulin sensitive in contrast to T2D patients, the so-called athlete's paradox. Differences in LD dynamics may be an underlying factor explaining the athlete's paradox. We aimed to quantify PLIN2 and PLIN5 content at individual LDs as a reflection of the ability to switch between fatty acid release and storage depending on energy demand. Thus, we developed a novel fluorescent super-resolution microscopy approach and found that PLIN2 protein abundance at the LD surface was higher in T2D patients than in athletes. Localization of adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) to the LD surface was lower in LDs abundantly decorated with PLIN2. While PLIN5 abundance at the LD surface was similar in athletes and T2D patients, we have observed previously that the number of PLIN5 decorated LDs was higher in athletes, indicating more LDs in close association with mitochondria. Thus, in athletes interaction of LDs with mitochondria was more pronounced and LDs have the protein machinery to be more dynamic, while in T2D patients the LD pool is more inert. This observation contributes to our understanding of the athlete's paradox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Microscopy Core Lab, FHML and M4I Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gemmink A, Daemen S, Brouwers B, Huntjens PR, Schaart G, Moonen-Kornips E, Jörgensen J, Hoeks J, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Dissociation of intramyocellular lipid storage and insulin resistance in trained athletes and type 2 diabetes patients; involvement of perilipin 5? J Physiol 2017; 596:857-868. [PMID: 29110300 DOI: 10.1113/jp275182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Intramyocellular lipid storage is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. However, endurance trained athletes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients store similar amounts of lipids in their muscle; the so-called athlete's paradox. Compared to T2DM, trained athletes possess higher levels of perilipin 5 (PLIN5), a lipid droplet (LD) coating protein. We examined whether coating LD with PLIN5 affects the pattern of muscle lipid (LD size and number) in relation to the athlete's paradox. Despite differences in PLIN5 protein content, we observed that coating the LD with PLIN5 could not explain the observed differences in LD size and number between athletes and T2DM. PLIN5-coated LDs were positively associated with oxidative capacity but not with insulin sensitivity. We conclude that coating of LDs with PLIN5 cannot causally explain the athlete's paradox. ABSTRACT Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) hampers insulin sensitivity, albeit not in endurance-trained athletes (Trained). Compared to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, Trained subjects have high levels of perilipin 5 (PLIN5). In the present study, we tested whether the fraction of PLIN5-coated lipid droplets (LDs) is a determinant of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and contributes to the athlete's paradox. Muscle biopsies were taken from eight Trained, Lean sedentary, Obese and T2DM subjects. Trained, Obese and T2DM subjects were matched for total IMCL content. Confocal images were analysed for lipid area fraction, LD size and number and PLIN5+ and PLIN5- LDs were measured. A stepwise linear regression was performed to identify factors explaining observed variance in glucose infusion rate (GIR). Trained and T2DM subjects stored IMCL differently; Trained subjects had a higher number of LDs compared to T2DM subjects (0.037 ± 0.004 μm-2 vs. 0.023 ± 0.003 μm-2 , P = 0.024) that were non-significantly smaller (0.27 ± 0.01 μm2 vs. 0.32 ± 0.02 μm2 , P = 0.197, Trained vs. T2DM). Even though total PLIN5 protein content was almost double in Trained vs. T2DM subjects (1.65 ± 0.21 AU vs. 0.89 ± 0.09 AU, P = 0.004), PLIN5 coating did not affect LD number or size significantly. Of the observed variance in GIR, the largest fraction by far (70.2%) was explained by maximal oxygen uptake. Adding PLIN5 protein content or PLIN5+ LDs increased the explained variance in GIR (74.7% and 80.7% for PLIN5 protein content and PLIN5+ LDs, respectively). Thus, the putative relationship between PLIN5 and insulin sensitivity is at best indirect and is apparent only in conjunction with maximal oxygen uptake. Hence, PLIN5 abundance cannot be causally linked to the athlete's paradox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Current affiliation: Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Peter R Huntjens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Moonen-Kornips
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Jörgensen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Human Biology and Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Covington JD, Myland CK, Rustan AC, Ravussin E, Smith SR, Bajpeyi S. Effect of serial cell passaging in the retention of fiber type and mitochondrial content in primary human myotubes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2414-20. [PMID: 26538189 PMCID: PMC4701579 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of passaging on retention of donor phenotypic characteristics in primary human myotubes. METHODS Primary muscle cultures and serial passaged myotubes from physically active, sedentary lean, and individuals with type 2 diabetes were established. Maximal ATP synthesis capacity (ATPmax) and resting ATP flux (ATPase) in vivo were measured by (31) P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, type-I fibers and intramyocelluar lipid (IMCL) in vastus lateralis tissue were determined using immunohistochemistry techniques, and oxidative phosphorylation complexes (OXPHOS) were measured by Western immunoblotting. Similar in vitro measures for lipid and type-I fibers were made in myotubes, along with mitochondrial content measured by MitoTracker. RESULTS Passage 4 and 5 measures for myotubes correlated positively with in vivo measurements for percent type-I fibers (P4: R(2) = 0.39, p = 0.02; P5: R(2) = 0.48, p = 0.01), ATPmax (P4: R(2) = 0.30, p = 0.03; P5: R(2) = 0.22, p = 0.05), and OXPHOS (P4: R(2) = 0.44, p = 0.04; P5: R(2) = 0.59, p = 0.006). No correlations were observed for IMCL. However, passage 4 measures for myotubes correlated with passage 5 measures for percent type-I fibers (R(2) = 0.49, p = 0.01), IMCL (R(2) = 0.80, p < 0.001), and mitochondrial content (R(2) = 0.26, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Myotubes through the first two passages following immunopurification (referred to as passage 4 and 5) reflect the mitochondrial and type-I fiber content in vivo phenotype of the donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Covington
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 433 Bolivar St, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Cassandra K. Myland
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 2566 Lee Rd, Winter Park, FL 32789
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Physiology, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808
- Universtiy of Texas at El Paso, Department of Kinesiology, 500 University Ave, El Paso, TX, 79968
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bergman BC, Brozinick JT, Strauss A, Bacon S, Kerege A, Bui HH, Sanders P, Siddall P, Kuo MS, Perreault L. Serum sphingolipids: relationships to insulin sensitivity and changes with exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E398-408. [PMID: 26126684 PMCID: PMC4537923 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides and sphingolipids are a family of lipid molecules that circulate in serum and accumulate in skeletal muscle, promoting insulin resistance. Plasma ceramide and dihydroceramide are related to insulin resistance, yet less is known regarding other ceramide and sphingolipid species. Despite its association with insulin sensitivity, chronic endurance exercise training does not change plasma ceramide and sphingolipid content, with little known regarding a single bout of exercise. We measured basal relationships and the effect of acute exercise (1.5 h at 50% V̇o2 max) and recovery on serum ceramide and sphingolipid content in sedentary obese individuals, endurance-trained athletes, and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Basal serum C18:0, C20:0, and C24:1 ceramide and C18:0 and total dihydroceramide were significantly higher in T2D and, along with C16:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, correlated positively with insulin resistance. Acute exercise significantly increased serum ceramide, glucosylceramide, and GM3 gangliosides, which largely decreased to basal values in recovery. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingomyelin did not change during exercise but decreased below basal values in recovery. Serum C16:0 and C18:0 ceramide and C18:0 sphingomyelin, but not the total concentrations of either of them, were positively correlated with markers of muscle NF-κB activation, suggesting that specific species activate intracellular inflammation. Interestingly, a subset of sphingomyelin species, notably C14:0, C22:3, and C24:4 species, was positively associated with insulin secretion and glucose tolerance. Together, these data show that unique ceramide and sphingolipid species associate with either protective or deleterious features for diabetes and could provide novel therapeutic targets for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Bergman
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | - Allison Strauss
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Samantha Bacon
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Anna Kerege
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Leigh Perreault
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) converts saturated fatty acids (SFA) into monounsaturated fatty acids and is necessary for proper liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. While there is a wealth of information regarding SCD1 expression in the liver, research on its effect in skeletal muscle is scarce. Furthermore, the majority of information about its role is derived from global knockout mice, which are known to be hypermetabolic and fail to accumulate SCD1's substrate, SFA. We now know that SCD1 expression is important in regulating lipid bilayer fluidity, increasing triglyceride formation, and enabling lipogenesis and may protect against SFA-induced lipotoxicity. Exercise has been shown to increase SCD1 expression, which may contribute to an increase in intramyocellular triglyceride at the expense of free fatty acids and diacylglycerol. This review is intended to define the role of SCD1 in skeletal muscle and discuss the potential benefits of its activity in the context of lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, exercise training, and obesity.
Collapse
|
7
|
Koves TR, Sparks LM, Kovalik JP, Mosedale M, Arumugam R, DeBalsi KL, Everingham K, Thorne L, Phielix E, Meex RC, Kien CL, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Muoio DM. PPARγ coactivator-1α contributes to exercise-induced regulation of intramuscular lipid droplet programming in mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:522-34. [PMID: 23175776 PMCID: PMC3588877 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p028910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular accumulation of triacylglycerol, in the form of lipid droplets (LD), has gained widespread attention as a hallmark of metabolic disease and insulin resistance. Paradoxically, LDs also amass in muscles of highly trained endurance athletes who are exquisitely insulin sensitive. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that mediate the expansion and appropriate metabolic control of LDs in the context of habitual physical activity could lead to new therapeutic opportunities. Herein, we show that acute exercise elicits robust upregulation of a broad program of genes involved in regulating LD assembly, morphology, localization, and mobilization. Prominent among these was perilipin-5, a scaffolding protein that affects the spatial and metabolic interactions between LD and their surrounding mitochondrial reticulum. Studies in transgenic mice and primary human skeletal myocytes established a key role for the exercise-responsive transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α in coordinating intramuscular LD programming with mitochondrial remodeling. Moreover, translational studies comparing physically active versus inactive humans identified a remarkably strong association between expression of intramuscular LD genes and enhanced insulin action in exercise-trained subjects. These results reveal an intimate molecular connection between intramuscular LD biology and mitochondrial metabolism that could prove relevant to the etiology and treatment of insulin resistance and other disorders of lipid imbalance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Koves
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Lauren M. Sparks
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL
| | - J. P. Kovalik
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Ramamani Arumugam
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Karen L. DeBalsi
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Karen Everingham
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT
| | - Leigh Thorne
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel-Hill, NC
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth C. Meex
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C. Lawrence Kien
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT
| | - Matthijs K. C. Hesselink
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Human Biology, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah M. Muoio
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition & Metabolism Center, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|