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Renwick JRM, Preobrazenski N, Giudice MD, Swinton PA, Gurd BJ. Including supramaximal verification reduced uncertainty in VO 2peak response rate. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:41-51. [PMID: 37611323 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Many reports describe using a supramaximal verification phase-exercising at a power output higher than the highest power output recorded during an incremental cardiopulmonary test-to validate VO2max. The impact of verification phases on estimating the proportion of individuals who increased VO2peak in response to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) remains an underexplored area in the individual response literature. This analysis investigated the influence of same-day and separate-day verification phases during repeated measurements (incremental tests-INCR1 and INCR2; incremental tests + supramaximal verification phases-INCR1+ and INCR2+) of VO2peak on typical error (TE) and the proportion of individuals classified as responders (i.e., the response rate) following 4 weeks of HIIT (n = 25) or a no-exercise control period (n = 9). Incorporation of supramaximal verification consistently reduced the standard deviation of individual response, TE, and confidence interval (CI) widths. However, variances were statistically similar across all groups (p > 0.05). Response rates increased when incorporating either one (INCR1 to INCR1+; 24%-48%, p = 0.07) or two (INCR2 to INCR2+; 28%-48%, p = 0.063) supramaximal verification phases. However, response rates remained unchanged when either zero-based thresholds or smallest worthwhile difference response thresholds were used (50% and 90% CIs, all p > 0.05). Supramaximal verification phases reduced random variability in VO2peak response to HIIT. Compared with separate-day testing (INCR2 and INCR2+), the incorporation of a same-day verification (INCR1+) reduced CI widths the most. Researchers should consider using a same-day verification phase to reduce uncertainty and better estimate VO2peak response rate to HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R M Renwick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas Preobrazenski
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael D Giudice
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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2
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Elliott Sale KJ, Flood TR, Arent SM, Dolan E, Saunders B, Hansen M, Ihalainen JK, Mikkonen RS, Minahan C, Thornton JS, Ackerman KE, Lebrun CM, Sale C, Stellingwerff T, Swinton PA, Hackney AC. Effect of menstrual cycle and contraceptive pill phase on aspects of exercise physiology and athletic performance in female athletes: protocol for the Feminae international multisite innovative project. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001814. [PMID: 38022756 PMCID: PMC10679978 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The idiom 'more high-quality research is needed' has become the slogan for sport and exercise physiology-based research in female athletes. However, in most instances, it is challenging to address this gap of high-quality research in elite female athletes at a single study site due to challenges in recruiting enough participants with numerous menstrual cycle and contraceptive pill permutations. Accordingly, we have assembled an international multisite team to undertake an innovative project for female athletes, which investigates the effects of changes in endogenous and exogenous oestrogen and progesterone/progestins across the menstrual cycle and in response to second-generation combined monophasic contraceptive pill use, on aspects of exercise physiology and athletic performance. This project will employ the current gold-standard methodologies in this area, resulting in an adequately powered dataset. This protocol paper describes the consortium-based approach we will undertake during this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Elliott Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tessa R Flood
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, - Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department for Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Finland / Finnish Institute of High Performance Sport KIHU, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Ritva S Mikkonen
- Sports Technology Unit, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Vuokatti, Finland
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Sport, Australian Sports Commission, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jane S Thornton
- Western Centre for Public Health & Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance M Lebrun
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science – Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Elliott-Sale KJ, Ackerman KE, Lebrun CM, Minahan C, Sale C, Stellingwerff T, Swinton PA, Hackney AC. Feminae: an international multisite innovative project for female athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001675. [PMID: 37808006 PMCID: PMC10551965 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient high-quality studies in sport science using women as participants are lacking, meaning that our knowledge and understanding of female athletes in relation to their ovarian hormone profiles is limited. Consortia can be used to pool talent, expertise and data, thus accelerating our learning on a given topic and reducing research waste through collaboration. To this end, we have assembled an international multisite team, described here, to investigate the effects of the menstrual cycle and contraceptive pill phase on aspects of exercise physiology and sports performance in female athletes. We intend to produce an adequately powered, high-quality dataset, which can be used to inform the practices of female athletes. Our approach will also employ research transparency-through the inclusion of a process evaluation-and reproducibility-through a standardised study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport and
Exercise Sciences, Manchester
Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete
Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuroendocrine
Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical
School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constance M Lebrun
- Department of Family
Medicine, University of Alberta
Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Clare Minahan
- Griffith Sports Science,
Griffith Health, Griffith
University, Gold Coast,
Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig Sale
- Department of Sport and
Exercise Sciences, Manchester
Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health
Sciences, Robert Gordon
University, Aberdeen,
UK
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise
& Sport Science – Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Metcalfe RS, Swinton PA, Mackintosh KA, Berg RMG, Shelley J, Saynor ZL, Hudson J, Duckers J, Lewis K, Davies GA, McNarry MA. Heterogeneous Treatment Effects after Inspiratory Muscle Training during Recovery from Postacute COVID-19 Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1761-1769. [PMID: 37170947 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to investigate whether heterogeneous treatment effects occur for changes in inspiratory muscle strength, perceived dyspnea, and health-related quality of life after 8 wk of unsupervised home-based inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in adults with postacute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome. METHODS In total, 147 adults with self-reported prior COVID-19 either completed an 8-wk home-based IMT intervention ( n = 111, 92 females, 48 ± 11 yr, 9.3 ± 3.6 months postacute COVID-19 infection) or acted as "usual care" wait list controls ( n = 36, 34 females, 49 ± 12 yr, 9.4 ± 3.2 months postacute COVID-19 infection). RESULTS Applying a Bayesian framework, we found clear evidence of heterogeneity of treatment response for inspiratory muscle strength: the estimated difference between standard deviations (SD) of the IMT and control groups was 22.8 cm H 2 O (75% credible interval (CrI), 4.7-37.7) for changes in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and 86.8 pressure time units (75% CrI, 55.7-116.7) for sustained MIP (SMIP). Conversely, there were minimal differences in the SD between the IMT and the control group for changes in perceived dyspnea and health-related quality of life, providing no evidence of heterogeneous treatment effects. Higher cumulative power during the IMT intervention was related to changes in MIP ( β = 10.9 cm H 2 O (95% CrI, 5.3-16.8) per 1 SD) and SMIP ( β = 63.7 (32.2-95.3) pressure time units per 1 SD), clearly indicating an IMT dose response for changes in inspiratory muscle strength. Older age (>50 yr), a longer time postacute COVID-19 (>3 months), and greater severity of dyspnea at baseline were also associated with smaller improvements in inspiratory muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous individual responses occurred after an 8-wk home-based IMT program in people with postacute COVID-19 syndrome. Consistent with standard exercise theory, larger improvements in inspiratory muscle strength are strongly related to a greater cumulative dose of IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Zoe L Saynor
- Physical Activity, Health and Rehabilitation Thematic Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Joanne Hudson
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jamie Duckers
- All Wales Adult CF Centre, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | - Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, UNITED KINGDOM
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Pavlova AV, Shim JSC, Moss R, Maclean C, Brandie D, Mitchell L, Greig L, Parkinson E, Alexander L, Tzortziou Brown V, Morrissey D, Cooper K, Swinton PA. Effect of resistance exercise dose components for tendinopathy management: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1327-1334. [PMID: 37169370 PMCID: PMC10579176 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate potential moderating effects of resistance exercise dose components including intensity, volume and frequency, for the management of common tendinopathies. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regressions. DATA SOURCES Including but not limited to: MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, ClinicalTrials.gov and ISRCTN Registry. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials investigating resistance exercise as the dominant treatment class, reporting sufficient information regarding ≥2 components of exercise dose. RESULTS A total of 110 studies were included in meta-analyses (148 treatment arms (TAs), 3953 participants), reporting on five tendinopathy locations (rotator cuff: 48 TAs; Achilles: 43 TAs; lateral elbow: 29 TAs; patellar: 24 TAs; gluteal: 4 TAs). Meta-regressions provided consistent evidence of greater pooled mean effect sizes for higher intensity therapies comprising additional external resistance compared with body mass only (large effect size domains: β BodyMass: External = 0.50 (95% credible interval (CrI): 0.15 to 0.84; p=0.998); small effect size domains (β BodyMass: External = 0.04 (95% CrI: -0.21 to 0.31; p=0.619)) when combined across tendinopathy locations or analysed separately. Greater pooled mean effect sizes were also identified for the lowest frequency (less than daily) compared with mid (daily) and high frequencies (more than once per day) for both effect size domains when combined or analysed separately (p≥0.976). Evidence for associations between training volume and pooled mean effect sizes was minimal and inconsistent. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION Resistance exercise dose is poorly reported within tendinopathy management literature. However, this large meta-analysis identified some consistent patterns indicating greater efficacy on average with therapies prescribing higher intensities (through inclusion of additional loads) and lower frequencies, potentially creating stronger stimuli and facilitating adequate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna S C Shim
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel Moss
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Colin Maclean
- Library Services, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - David Brandie
- Physiotherapy, Sportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, UK
| | | | - Leon Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eva Parkinson
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Dylan Morrissey
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Physiotherapy Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kay Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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6
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Civil R, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Santos L, Varley I, Atherton PJ, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. P1NP and β-CTX-1 Responses to a Prolonged, Continuous Running Bout in Young Healthy Adult Males: A Systematic Review with Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med - Open 2023; 9:85. [PMID: 37725246 PMCID: PMC10509102 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating biomarkers of bone formation and resorption are widely used in exercise metabolism research, but their responses to exercise are not clear. This study aimed to quantify group responses and inter-individual variability of P1NP and β-CTX-1 after prolonged, continuous running (60-120 min at 65-75% V̇O2max) in young healthy adult males using individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis. METHODS The protocol was designed following PRISMA-IPD guidelines and was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework prior to implementation ( https://osf.io/y69nd ). Changes in P1NP and β-CTX-1 relative to baseline were measured during, immediately after, and in the hours and days following exercise. Typical hourly and daily variations were estimated from P1NP and β-CTX-1 changes relative to baseline in non-exercise (control) conditions. Group responses and inter-individual variability were quantified with estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the difference, and the proportion of participants exhibiting an increased response. Models were conducted within a Bayesian framework with random intercepts to account for systematic variation across studies. RESULTS P1NP levels increased during and immediately after running, when the proportion of response was close to 100% (75% CrI: 99 to 100%). P1NP levels returned to baseline levels within 1 h and over the next 4 days, showing comparable mean and standard deviation of the difference with typical hourly (0.1 ± 7.6 ng·mL-1) and daily (- 0.4 ± 5.7 ng·mL-1) variation values. β-CTX-1 levels decreased during and up to 4 h after running with distributions comparable to typical hourly variation (- 0.13 ± 0.11 ng·mL-1). There was no evidence of changes in β-CTX-1 levels during the 4 days after the running bout, when distributions were also similar between the running data and typical daily variation (- 0.03 ± 0.10 ng·mL-1). CONCLUSION Transient increases in P1NP were likely biological artefacts (e.g., connective tissue leakage) and not reflective of bone formation. Comparable small decreases in β-CTX-1 identified in both control and running data, suggested that these changes were due to the markers' circadian rhythm and not the running intervention. Hence, prolonged continuous treadmill running did not elicit bone responses, as determined by P1NP and β-CTX-1, in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Civil
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lívia Santos
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Greig L, Aspe RR, Hall A, Comfort P, Cooper K, Swinton PA. The Predictive Validity of Individualised Load-Velocity Relationships for Predicting 1RM: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1693-1708. [PMID: 37493929 PMCID: PMC10432349 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Load-velocity relationships are commonly used to estimate one-repetition maximums (1RMs). Proponents suggest these estimates can be obtained at high frequencies and assist with manipulating loads according to session-by-session fluctuations. Given their increasing popularity and development of associated technologies, a range of load-velocity approaches have been investigated. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis sought to quantify the predictive validity of individualised load-velocity relationships for the purposes of 1RM prediction. METHODS In September 2022, a search of MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Scopus was conducted for published research, with Google Scholar, CORE and British Ethos also searched for unpublished research. Studies were eligible if they were written in English, and directly compared a measured and predicted 1RM using load-velocity relationships in the squat, bench press, deadlift, clean or snatch. IPD were obtained through requests to primary authors and through digitisation of in-text plots (e.g. Bland-Altman plots). Risk of bias was assessed using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) and the review conducted in accordance with PRISMA-IPD guidelines and an a priori protocol. Absolute and scaled standard error of the estimates (SEE/SEE%) were calculated for two-stage aggregate analyses, with bootstrapping performed for sampling variances. Estimates were pooled using three-level hierarchical models with robust 95% confidence intervals (CIs). One-stage analyses were conducted with random intercepts to account for systematic differences across studies and prediction residuals calculated in the absolute scale (kg) and as a percentage of the measured 1RM. Moderator analyses were conducted by including a priori defined categorical variables as fixed effects. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-seven models from 26 studies were included with each identified as having low, unclear or high risk of bias. Twenty studies comprising 434 participants provided sufficient data for meta-analyses, with raw data obtained for 8 (32%) studies. Two-stage analyses identified moderate predictive validity [SEE% 9.8, 95% CI 7.4% to 12.2%, with moderator analyses demonstrating limited differences based on the number of loads (β2Loads:>2Loads = 0.006, 95% CI - 1.6 to 1.6%) or the use of individual or group data to determine 1RM velocity thresholds (βGroup:Individualised = - 0.4, 95% CI - 1.9 to 1.0%)]. One-stage analyses identified that predictions tended to be overestimations (4.5, 95% CI 1.5 to 7.4 kg), which expressed as a percentage of measured 1RM was equal to 3.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 6.9% 1RM). Moderator analyses were consistent with those conducted for two-stage analyses. CONCLUSIONS Load-velocity relationships tend to overestimate 1RMs irrespective of the modelling approach selected. On the basis of the findings from this review, practitioners should incorporate direct assessment of 1RM wherever possible. However, load-velocity relationships may still prove useful for general monitoring purposes (e.g. assessing trends across a training cycle), by providing high-frequency estimates of 1RM when direct assessment may not be logistically feasible. Given limited differences in predictions across popular load-velocity approaches, it is recommended that practitioners opting to incorporate this practice select the modelling approach that best suits their practical requirements. REGISTRATION https://osf.io/agpfm/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG, UK.
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG, UK
| | - Andy Hall
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Kay Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG, UK
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QG, UK
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8
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Shim J, Pavlova AV, Moss RA, MacLean C, Brandie D, Mitchell L, Greig L, Parkinson E, Tzortziou Brown V, Morrissey D, Alexander L, Cooper K, Swinton PA. Patient ratings in exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Physiotherapy 2023; 120:78-94. [PMID: 37406460 DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesise exercise therapy intervention data investigating patient rating outcomes for the management of tendinopathy. DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating exercise therapy interventions and reporting patient rating outcomes. SETTING Any setting in any country listed as very high on the human development index. PARTICIPANTS People with a diagnosis of any tendinopathy of any severity or duration. INTERVENTIONS Exercise therapy for the management of tendinopathy comprising five different therapy classes: 1) resistance; 2) plyometric; 3) vibration; 4) flexibility, and 5) movement pattern retraining modalities, were considered for inclusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes measuring patient rating of condition, including patient satisfaction and Global Rating of Change (GROC). RESULTS From a total of 124 exercise therapy studies, 34 (Achilles: 41%, rotator cuff: 32%, patellar: 15%, elbow: 9% and gluteal: 3%) provided sufficient information to be meta-analysed. The data were obtained across 48 treatment arms and 1246 participants. The pooled estimate for proportion of satisfaction was 0.63 [95%CrI: 0.53-0.73], and the pooled estimate for percentage of maximum GROC was 53 [95%CrI: 38-69%]. The proportion of patients reporting positive satisfaction and perception of change increased with longer follow-up periods from treatment onset. CONCLUSION Patient satisfaction and GROC appear similar and are ranked moderately high demonstrating that patients generally perceive exercise therapies positively. Further research including greater consistency in measurement tools is required to explore and where possible, identify patient- and exercise-related moderating factors that can be used to improve person-centred care. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO ID=CRD42020168187 CONTRIBUTION OF PAPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shim
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - A V Pavlova
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - R A Moss
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - C MacLean
- Library Services, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D Brandie
- Sportscotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, UK
| | | | - L Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - E Parkinson
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - V Tzortziou Brown
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - D Morrissey
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L Alexander
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - K Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - P A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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9
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Murphy A, Burgess K, Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Swinton PA. The Effects of Strength and Conditioning Interventions on Sprinting Performance in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1692-1702. [PMID: 37494121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murphy, A, Burgess, K, Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, and Swinton, PA. The effects of strength and conditioning interventions on sprinting performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1692–1702, 2023—Linear sprinting is a key determinant of athletic performance within team sports. The aims of the review were to quantify and compare the effectiveness of popular strength and conditioning (S&C) training modes to improve sprint performance in team sport athletes, with additional focus on potential moderators and the relationships between improvements in physical factors (e.g., strength, power, and jump performance) and improvements in sprint performance. Inclusion was restricted to resistance, plyometric, sprint, and combined training interventions comprising team sport athletes. Multilevel, Bayesian’s meta-analysis and meta-regression models conducted with standardized mean difference effect sizes were used to investigate training modes and potential moderators. Weighted regression models conducted on shrunken estimates from initial Bayesian’s meta-analyses were used to quantify relationships between improvements in physical factors and sprint performance. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation (GRADE) approach. Similar improvements in sprint performance were obtained across training modes, with some evidence of the largest effects with resistance training (
= 0.55 [95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.36–0.78; very low certainty]). A strong moderating effect of training intensity was identified across all training modes with evidence of greater improvements in sprint performance with high-intensity training (
= 0.17 [95% CrI: 0.01–0.33; very low certainty]). Strong positive relationships were identified between improvements in all physical factors and sprint performance (
= 0.56 [95% CrI: 0.36–0.77; low certainty],
= 0.80 [95% CrI: 0.50–1.0; low certainty],
= 0.78 [95% CrI: 0.57–0.97; low certainty]). The findings indicate that focus on developing speed in team sport athletes should be placed on S&C training with high intensities, including the use of resisted sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murphy
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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10
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Swinton PA, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. Comparative analysis of bone outcomes between quantitative ultrasound and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry from the UK Biobank cohort. Arch Osteoporos 2023; 18:77. [PMID: 37249706 PMCID: PMC10229723 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-023-01287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This large cohort study investigated reliability and validity of heel ultrasound to estimate bone mineral density in adults. Reliability calculated between left and right heels was relatively poor and so was criterion validity assessed relative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Heel ultrasound should be used cautiously when estimating bone mineral density. INTRODUCTION Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) may be used as a safe, low cost, and portable means to estimate bone mineral density (BMD) in large cohorts. The purpose of this study was to quantify the reliability and validity of QUS in comparison to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which is the reference method for BMD measurement and diagnoses of osteopenia and osteoporosis. METHODS Bone outcomes measured on the large UK Biobank cohort were used. The reliability of QUS estimated BMD was quantified by comparing values obtained from the left and right heel measured in the same session. Criterion validity was assessed through agreement between QUS and DXA, quantifying correlations, and sensitivity and specificity of osteopenia and osteoporosis diagnoses. RESULTS Reliability calculations were made using data from over 216,000 participants demonstrating similar QUS BMD values between left and right heels in the absolute scale (Sd of difference for men: 0.12 and 0.07 g·cm-2). However, when expressed in relative scales, including concordance of quartiles, reliability was poor. Agreement between QUS and DXA was quantified using data from 5042 participants. Low to modest correlations (r = 0.29 to 0.44) were obtained between multiple QUS variables and DXA BMD, with sensitivity identified as very poor (0.05 to 0.23) for osteoporosis, and poor (0.37 to 0.62) for osteopenia diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this large comparative analysis identify that whilst calcaneal QUS has the potential to produce reliable absolute BMD measurements and demonstrate modest associations with DXA BMD measures, use of that information to make relative statements about participants in the context of the larger population or to appropriately diagnose osteopenia or osteoporosis may be severely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB10 7QE, UK.
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 7EL, Manchester, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 7EL, Manchester, UK
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11
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Zambrano H, Torres X, Coleman M, Franchi MV, Fisher JP, Oberlin D, Van Hooren B, Swinton PA, Schoenfeld BJ. Myoelectric activity during electromagnetic resistance alone and in combination with variable resistance or eccentric overload. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8212. [PMID: 37217559 PMCID: PMC10203319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of electromagnetic resistance alone, as well as in combination with variable resistance or accentuated eccentric methods, with traditional dynamic constant external resistance exercise on myoelectric activity during elbow flexion. The study employed a within-participant randomized, cross-over design whereby 16 young, resistance-trained male and female volunteers performed elbow flexion exercise under each of the following conditions: using a dumbbell (DB); using a commercial electromagnetic resistance device (ELECTRO); variable resistance (VR) using a setting on the device that attempts to match the level of resistance to the human strength curve, and; eccentric overload (EO) using a setting on the device that increases the load by 50% on the eccentric portion of each repetition. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was obtained for the biceps brachii, brachioradialis and anterior deltoid on each of the conditions. Participants performed the conditions at their predetermined 10 repetition maximum. " The order of performance for the conditions was counterbalanced, with trials separated by a 10-min recovery period. The sEMG was synced to a motion capture system to assess sEMG amplitude at elbow joint angles of 30°, 50°, 70°, 90°, 110°, with amplitude normalized to the maximal activation. The anterior deltoid showed the largest differences in amplitude between conditions, where median estimates indicated greater concentric sEMG amplitude (~ 7-10%) with EO, ELECTRO and VR compared with DB. Concentric biceps brachii sEMG amplitude was similar between conditions. In contrast, results indicated a greater eccentric amplitude with DB compared to ELECTRO and VR, but unlikely to exceed a 5% difference. Data indicated a greater concentric and eccentric brachioradialis sEMG amplitude with DB compared to all other conditions, but differences were unlikely to exceed 5%. The electromagnetic device tended to produce greater amplitudes in the anterior deltoid, while DB tended to produce greater amplitudes in the brachioradialis; amplitude for the biceps brachii was relatively similar between conditions. Overall, any observed differences were relatively modest, equating to magnitudes of ~ 5% and not likely greater than 10%. These differences would seem to be of minimal practical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Zambrano
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Xavier Torres
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Max Coleman
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Sport and Health, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Douglas Oberlin
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA.
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12
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Swinton PA, Shim JSC, Pavlova AV, Moss R, Maclean C, Brandie D, Mitchell L, Greig L, Parkinson E, Tzortziou Brown V, Morrissey D, Alexander L, Cooper K. What are small, medium and large effect sizes for exercise treatments of tendinopathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001389. [PMID: 36865768 PMCID: PMC9972446 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify and describe effect size distributions from exercise therapies across a range of tendinopathies and outcome domains to inform future research and clinical practice through conducting a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design Systematic review with meta-analysis exploring moderating effects and context-specific small, medium and large thresholds. Eligibility criteria Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials involving any persons with a diagnosis of rotator cuff, lateral elbow, patellar, Achilles or gluteal tendinopathy of any severity or duration. Methods Common databases, six trial registries and six grey literature databases were searched on 18 January 2021 (PROSPERO: CRD42020168187). Standardised mean difference (SMDpre) effect sizes were used with Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis models to calculate the 0.25 (small), 0.5 (medium) and 0.75 quantiles (large) and compare pooled means across potential moderators. Risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool. Results Data were obtained from 114 studies comprising 171 treatment arms 4104 participants. SMDpre effect sizes were similar across tendinopathies but varied across outcome domains. Greater threshold values were obtained for self-reported measures of pain (small=0.5, medium=0.9 and large=1.4), disability (small=0.6, medium=1.0 and large=1.5) and function (small=0.6, medium=1.1 and large=1.8) and lower threshold values obtained for quality of life (small=-0.2, medium=0.3 and large=0.7) and objective measures of physical function (small=0.2, medium=0.4 and large=0.7). Potential moderating effects of assessment duration, exercise supervision and symptom duration were also identified, with greater pooled mean effect sizes estimated for longer assessment durations, supervised therapies and studies comprising patients with shorter symptom durations. Conclusion The effect size of exercise on tendinopathy is dependent on the type of outcome measure assessed. Threshold values presented here can be used to guide interpretation and assist with further research better establishing minimal important change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Joanna S C Shim
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Rachel Moss
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Colin Maclean
- Library Services, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Leon Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eva Parkinson
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Dylan Morrissey
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Kay Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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13
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Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Craig TP, Kavaliauskas M, Babraj J, Swinton PA. The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:457-481. [PMID: 36165995 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Hall
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Craig
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Mykolas Kavaliauskas
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom ; and
| | - John Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- Department of Sport and Exercise, School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Cristina-Oliveira M, Meireles K, Gil S, Cavalcante de Assis F, Geber-Júnior JC, Shinjo SK, Souza HPD, Santana ANDC, Swinton PA, Drager LF, Gualano B, Roschel H, Peçanha T. Carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated dilation do not predict acute in-hospital outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H906-H913. [PMID: 35333112 PMCID: PMC9037392 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00026.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested a potential role of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Herein we tested whether brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) measured upon hospital admission are associated with acute in-hospital outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A total of 211 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were submitted to assessments of FMD and mean and maximum cIMT (cIMTmean and cIMTmax) within the first 72 hours of hospital admission. Study primary outcome was a composite of intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, or death during the hospitalization. These outcomes were also considered independently. Thrombotic events were included as a secondary outcome. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unadjusted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models. Eighty-eight (42%) participants demonstrated at least one of the composite outcomes. cIMTmean and cIMTmax were predictors of mortality and thrombotic events in the univariate analysis (cIMTmean and mortality: unadjusted OR 13.0[95%CI 1.7-105], P=0.015; cIMTmean and thrombotic events: unadjusted OR 13.0[95%CI 1.7-93]; P=0.013; cIMTmax and mortality: unadjusted OR 8.3[95%CI 1.3-53]; P=0.026; cIMTmax and thrombotic events: unadjusted OR 12.0[95%CI 2.0-74]; P=0.007). However, these associations were no longer present after adjustment for potential confounders (P=0.06-0.79). Additionally, FMD% was not associated with any outcome. In conclusion, cIMT and FMD are not independent predictors of clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. These results suggest that subclinical atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction may not be the main drivers of COVID-19 complications in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cristina-Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila Meireles
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Gil
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Cavalcante de Assis
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departament of Emergency Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brazil.,Unidade de Hipertensão, Disciplina de Nefrologia e Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Geber-Júnior
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Katsuyuki Shinjo
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heraldo Possolo de Souza
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano F Drager
- Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde do Distrito Federal - ESCS, DF, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Sport, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, grid.25627.34Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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15
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de Oliveira LF, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Durkalec-Michalski K, Artioli GG, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. Extracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:505-526. [PMID: 34687438 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular buffering supplements [sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium citrate (SC), sodium/calcium lactate (SL/CL)] are ergogenic supplements, although questions remain about factors which may modify their effect. OBJECTIVE To quantify the main effect of extracellular buffering agents on exercise outcomes, and to investigate the influence of potential moderators on this effect using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. METHODS This study was designed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three databases were searched for articles that were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis and meta-regression models were used to investigate pooled effects of supplementation and moderating effects of a range of factors on exercise and biomarker responses. RESULTS 189 articles with 2019 participants were included, 158 involving SB supplementation, 30 with SC, and seven with CL/SL; four studies provided a combination of buffering supplements together. Supplementation led to a mean estimated increase in blood bicarbonate of + 5.2 mmol L-1 (95% credible interval (CrI) 4.7-5.7). The meta-analysis models identified a positive overall effect of supplementation on exercise capacity and performance compared to placebo [ES0.5 = 0.17 (95% CrI 0.12-0.21)] with potential moderating effects of exercise type and duration, training status and when the exercise test was performed following prior exercise. The greatest ergogenic effects were shown for exercise durations of 0.5-10 min [ES0.5 = 0.18 (0.13-0.24)] and > 10 min [ES0.5 = 0.22 (0.10-0.33)]. Evidence of greater effects on exercise were obtained when blood bicarbonate increases were medium (4-6 mmol L-1) and large (> 6 mmol L-1) compared with small (≤ 4 mmol L-1) [βSmall:Medium = 0.16 (95% CrI 0.02-0.32), βSmall:Large = 0.13 (95% CrI - 0.03 to 0.29)]. SB (192 outcomes) was more effective for performance compared to SC (39 outcomes) [βSC:SB = 0.10 (95% CrI - 0.02 to 0.22)]. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular buffering supplements generate large increases in blood bicarbonate concentration leading to positive overall effects on exercise, with sodium bicarbonate being most effective. Evidence for several group-level moderating factors were identified. These data can guide an athlete's decision as to whether supplementation with buffering agents might be beneficial for their specific aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Matthews JJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Santos L, Artioli GG, Turner MD, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. Effect of Carnosine or β-Alanine Supplementation on Markers of Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Humans and Animals: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2216-2231. [PMID: 34333586 PMCID: PMC8634390 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that supplementation with carnosine, or its rate-limiting precursor β-alanine, can ameliorate aspects of metabolic dysregulation that occur in diabetes and its related conditions. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycemic control and insulin resistance in humans and animals. We performed a systematic search of 6 electronic databases up to 31 December 2020. Primary outcomes were changes in 1) fasting glucose, 2) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and 3) 2-h glucose following a glucose-tolerance test. A set of additional outcomes included fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) 2.0 (human studies) and the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) RoB (animal studies) tools; and used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess certainty. We used Bayesian hierarchical random-effects models, with informative priors for human data and noninformative priors for animal data. Inferences were made on posterior samples generated by Hamiltonian Markov Chain Monte Carlo using 90% credible intervals (90% CrI) and calculated probabilities. Twenty studies (n = 4 human, n = 16 rodent) were included, providing data for 2 primary outcomes (fasting glucose and HbA1c) and 3 additional outcomes (fasting insulin, HOMA-β, and HOMA-IR). The model provides evidence that supplementation decreases fasting glucose [humans: mean difference (MD)0.5 = -0.95 mmol · L-1 (90% CrI: -2.1, 0.08); rodent: MD0.5 = -2.26 mmol · L-1 (90% CrI: -4.03, -0.44)], HbA1c [humans: MD0.5 = -0.91% (90% CrI: -1.46, -0.39); rodents: MD0.5 = -1.05% (90% CrI: -1.64, -0.52)], HOMA-IR [humans: standardized mean difference (SMD)0.5 = -0.41 (90% CrI: -0.82, -0.07); rodents: SMD0.5 = -0.63 (90% CrI: -1.98, 0.65)], and fasting insulin [humans: SMD0.5 = -0.41 (90% CrI: -0.77, -0.07)]. GRADE assessment showed our certainty in the effect estimate of each outcome to be moderate (human outcomes) or very low (rodent outcomes). Supplementation with carnosine or β-alanine may reduce fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR in humans and rodents, and fasting insulin in humans; both compounds show potential as therapeutics to improve glycemic control and insulin resistance. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020191588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Matthews
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lívia Santos
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark D Turner
- Centre for Diabetes, Chronic Diseases, and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Sport, Health, and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Nédélec E, Foli E, Shultz SJ, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Enright K, Piasecki J, Matthews JJ, Sale C, Elliott-Sale KJ. Effect of menstrual cycle phase, menstrual irregularities and hormonal contraceptive use on anterior knee laxity and non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury occurrence in women: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001170. [PMID: 34745647 PMCID: PMC8559120 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercising women report three to six times more ACL tears than men, which happen, in the majority of cases, with a non-contact mechanism. This sex disparity has, in part, been attributed to the differences in reproductive hormone profiles between men and women. Many studies have shown that anterior knee (AK) laxity and the rate of non-contact ACL injuries vary across the menstrual cycle, but these data are inconsistent. Similarly, several studies have investigated the potential protective effect of hormonal contraceptives on non-contact ACL injuries, but their conclusions are also variable. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to, identify, evaluate and summarise the effects of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones on AK laxity (primary outcome) and the occurrence of non-contact ACL injuries (secondary outcome) in women. We will perform a systematic search for all observational studies conducted on this topic. Studies will be retrieved by searching electronic databases, clinical trial registers, author's personal files and cross-referencing selected studies. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort and Case-Control Studies. Certainty in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. The meta-analyses will use a Bayesian approach to address specific research questions in a more intuitive and probabilistic manner. This review is registered on the international database of prospectively registered systematic reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42021252365).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nédélec
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elvis Foli
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandra J Shultz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin Enright
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joseph J Matthews
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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18
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Maughan PC, MacFarlane NG, Swinton PA. The influence of season phase on multivariate load relationships in professional youth soccer. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:345-350. [PMID: 34706634 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1993642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess relationships between subjective and external measures of training load in professional youth footballers, whilst accounting for the effect of the stage of the season. Data for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and seven global positioning systems (GPS) derived measures were collected from 20 players (age = 17.4 ± 1.3 yrs, height = 178.0 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 71.8 ± 7.2 kg) across a 47-week season. The season was categorised by a pre-season phase, and two competitive phases (Comp1, Comp2). The structure of the data were investigated using principal component analysis. An extraction criterion of component with eigenvalues ≥1.0 was used. Two components were retained for the pre-season period explaining a cumulative variance of 77.1%. Single components were retained for both Comp1 and Comp2 explaining 73.3% and 74.3% of variance, respectively. Identification of single components may suggest that measures are related and can be used interchangeably, however these interpretations should be considered with caution. The identification of multiple components in the pre-season phase suggests that univariate measures may not be sufficient when considering load experienced. These results suggest that factoring load based on measures of volume and intensity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Maughan
- Aberdeen Football Club, Cormack Park Kingswells, Aberdeen, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- Robert Gordon University School of Health Sciences Ishbel Gordon Building Aberdeen, UK
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19
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Lixandrão ME, Longobardi I, Leitão AE, Morais JVM, Swinton PA, Aihara AY, Goes PCK, Ugrinowitsch C, Candow DG, Gualano B, Roschel H. Daily Leucine Intake Is Positively Associated with Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength in the Elderly. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103536. [PMID: 34684538 PMCID: PMC8539207 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Higher daily protein intake, with an emphasis on leucine content, is thought to mitigate age-related anabolic resistance, potentially counteracting age-related morphological and functional declines. The present study investigated potential associations between total daily leucine intake and dependent variables, including quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximum dynamic muscle strength (1-RM) in a cohort of healthy free-living older individuals of both sexes (n = 67; 34/33 men/women). Participants performed three 24 h dietary recalls and underwent a magnetic resonance imaging exam followed by 1-RM tests. Our results demonstrate moderate associations between total daily leucine and both quadriceps CSA (r = 0.42; p = 0.004) and 1-RM (r = 0.45; p = 0.001). Furthermore, our exploratory biphasic linear regression analyses, adjusted for sex, age, and protein intake relative to body weight, revealed a plateau for daily leucine intake and muscle mass and muscle strength (~7.6–8.0 g·day−1) in older adults. In conclusion, we demonstrated that total daily leucine intake is associated with muscle mass and strength in healthy older individuals and this association remains after controlling for multiple factors, including overall protein intake. Furthermore, our breakpoint analysis revealed non-linearities and a potential threshold for habitual leucine intake, which may help guide future research on the effects of chronic leucine intake in age-related muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Alice E. Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - João V. M. Morais
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Paul A. Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7QE, UK;
| | - André Y. Aihara
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Paola C. K. Goes
- Laboratório Delboni Auriemo, São Paulo 04037-005, SP, Brazil; (A.Y.A.); (P.C.K.G.)
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil;
| | - Darren G. Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada;
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.E.L.); (I.L.); (A.E.L.); (J.V.M.M.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-8783
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20
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Elliott-Sale KJ, McNulty KL, Goodall S, Ansdell P, Thomas K, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Hicks KM. Reply to: Comment on: "The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Exercise Performance in Eumenorrheic Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" and "The Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Exercise Performance in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Sports Med 2021; 51:1111-1113. [PMID: 33332009 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Kelly L McNulty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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21
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Bozzini BN, McFadden BA, Elliott-Sale KJ, Swinton PA, Arent SM. Evaluating the effects of oral contraceptive use on biomarkers and body composition during a competitive season in collegiate female soccer players. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1971-1982. [PMID: 33955263 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00818.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High training demands throughout the competitive season in female collegiate soccer players have been shown to induce changes in biomarkers indicative of stress, inflammation, and reproduction, which may be exacerbated in athletes using oral contraceptives (OCs). This study aimed to compare biomarkers and body composition between OC-using and nonusing (CON) female soccer players throughout a competitive season. Female collegiate soccer players were stratified into two groups based on their reported OC use at the start of preseason (OC: n = 6; CON: n = 17). Before the start of preseason and immediately postseason, athletes underwent a battery of performance tests. Blood draws and body composition assessments were performed before preseason, on wks 2, 4, 8, and 12 of the season, and postseason. Area-under-the-curve ratios (OCAUC:CONAUC) indicated the OC group were exposed to substantially higher levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (AUCratio = 1.4, probability = P > 0.999), total cortisol (1.7; P > 0.999), C-reactive protein (5.2; P > 0.999), leptin (1.4; P = 0.990), growth hormone (1.5; P = 0.97), but substantively lower amounts of estradiol (0.36; P < 0.001), progesterone (0.48; P = 0.008), free testosterone (0.58; P < 0.001), follicle-stimulating hormone (0.67; P < 0.001), and creatine kinase (0.33, P < 0.001) compared with the CON across the season. Both groups increased fat free mass over the season, but CON experienced a greater magnitude of increase along with decreased body fat percentage. Although similar training loads were observed between groups over the season, the elevated exposure to stress, inflammatory, and metabolic biomarkers over the competitive season in OC users may have implications on body composition, training adaptations, and recovery in female athletes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study highlights the influence of OC use on physiological changes that occur over a 4-mo intense, competitive season and the differential systemic exposure to biomarkers, specifically those of inflammation, stress, anabolism, and energy balance, between OC-using and nonusing soccer players. Additionally, this study provides insight into changes in body composition with prolonged training between female athletes with and without OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Bozzini
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bridget A McFadden
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.,New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, & Health (IFNH) Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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22
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Matthews JJ, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Santos L, Artioli GG, Turner MD, Elliott-Sale KJ, Sale C. The effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance in human and animal studies: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev 2020; 9:282. [PMID: 33278906 PMCID: PMC7719243 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a major public health issue and there is a need to develop low-cost, novel interventions to prevent or reduce disease progression. Growing evidence shows that supplementation with carnosine, or its rate-limiting precursor β-alanine, can ameliorate aspects of the metabolic dysregulation that occurs in diabetes. There is, however, a need to develop a better understanding of the magnitude of effect and the factors associated with positive outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the effect of carnosine or β-alanine supplementation on markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance in humans and animals. METHODS We will perform a systematic search for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Studies will be retrieved by searching electronic databases, clinical trial registers, author review, and cross-referencing. Primary outcomes include changes in (i) fasting glucose, (ii) glycated haemoglobin, and (iii) 2-h glucose following a glucose tolerance test. A set of additional outcomes includes other markers of glycaemic control and insulin resistance. Risk of bias (RoB) will be assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool (human studies) and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) RoB tool (animal studies). Confidence in the cumulative evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. All meta-analyses will be conducted within a Bayesian framework, providing a flexible modelling approach to account for uncertainty in model parameters and underlying structures within the data. DISCUSSION By including all available human and animal data, we will provide the most comprehensive overview on the topic to date. The results will have implications for those working in prediabetes, diabetes, and metabolic health in general and may lead to the development of new treatment approaches. DISSEMINATION Study results will be presented at a professional conference and published in a peer-reviewed journal. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION CRD42020191588.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Matthews
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport and Exercise, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Livia Santos
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark D Turner
- Centre for Diabetes, Chronic Diseases, and Ageing, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
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Abstract
Autoregulation is a process that is used to manipulate training based primarily on the measurement of an individual's performance or their perceived capability to perform. Despite being established as a training framework since the 1940s, there has been limited systematic research investigating its broad utility. Instead, researchers have focused on disparate practices that can be considered specific examples of the broader autoregulation training framework. A primary limitation of previous research includes inconsistent use of key terminology (e.g., adaptation, readiness, fatigue, and response) and associated ambiguity of how to implement different autoregulation strategies. Crucially, this ambiguity in terminology and failure to provide a holistic overview of autoregulation limits the synthesis of existing research findings and their dissemination to practitioners working in both performance and health contexts. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was threefold: first, we provide a broad overview of various autoregulation strategies and their development in both research and practice whilst highlighting the inconsistencies in definitions and terminology that currently exist. Second, we present an overarching conceptual framework that can be used to generate operational definitions and contextualise autoregulation within broader training theory. Finally, we show how previous definitions of autoregulation fit within the proposed framework and provide specific examples of how common practices may be viewed, highlighting their individual subtleties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Greig
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Rodrigo R Aspe
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kay Cooper
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, UK.
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24
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Elliott-Sale KJ, McNulty KL, Ansdell P, Goodall S, Hicks KM, Thomas K, Swinton PA, Dolan E. The Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Exercise Performance in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:1785-1812. [PMID: 32666247 PMCID: PMC7497464 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are double agents, which downregulate endogenous concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone whilst simultaneously providing daily supplementation of exogenous oestrogen and progestin during the OCP-taking days. This altered hormonal milieu differs significantly from that of eumenorrheic women and might impact exercise performance, due to changes in ovarian hormone-mediated physiological processes. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of OCPs on exercise performance in women and to provide evidence-based performance recommendations to users. METHODS This review complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A between-group analysis was performed, wherein performance of OCP users was compared with naturally menstruating women, and a within-group analysis was conducted, wherein performance during OCP consumption was compared with OCP withdrawal. For the between-group analysis, women were phase matched in two ways: (1) OCP withdrawal versus the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and (2) OCP consumption versus all phases of the menstrual cycle except for the early follicular phase. Study quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black Checklist and a strategy based on the recommendations of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation working group. All meta-analyses were conducted within a Bayesian framework to facilitate probabilistic interpretations. RESULTS 42 studies and 590 participants were included. Most studies (83%) were graded as moderate, low or very low quality, with 17% achieving high quality. For the between-group meta-analysis comparing OCP users with naturally menstruating women, posterior estimates of the pooled effect were used to calculate the probability of at least a small effect (d ≥ 0.2). Across the two between-group comparison methods, the probability of a small effect on performance favouring habitual OCP users was effectually zero (p < 0.001). In contrast, the probability of a small effect on performance favouring naturally menstruating women was moderate under comparison method (1) (d ≥ 0.2; p = 0.40) and small under comparison method (2) (d ≥ 0.2; p = 0.19). Relatively large between-study variance was identified for both between-group comparisons ([Formula: see text]0.5 = 0.16 [95% credible interval (CrI) 0.01-0.44] and [Formula: see text]0.5 = 0.22 [95% CrI 0.06-0.45]). For the within-group analysis comparing OCP consumption with withdrawal, posterior estimates of the pooled effect size identified almost zero probability of a small effect on performance in either direction (d ≥ 0.2; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS OCP use might result in slightly inferior exercise performance on average when compared to naturally menstruating women, although any group-level effect is most likely to be trivial. Practically, as effects tended to be trivial and variable across studies, the current evidence does not warrant general guidance on OCP use compared with non-use. Therefore, when exercise performance is a priority, an individualised approach might be more appropriate. The analysis also indicated that exercise performance was consistent across the OCP cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J Elliott-Sale
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Kelly L McNulty
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Dolan E, Swinton PA, de Oliveira LF, Rezende NS, Mazzolani BC, Bestetti GC, Smaira FI, Dumas A, Perim P, Riani L, Gualano B, Saunders B. Sex, But Not Age, Associates With Whole Muscle Carnosine Content Of Trained Men And Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678164.60748.da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Saunders B, Virgile A, Elliott-Sale KJ, Artioli GG, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Roschel H, Sale C, Gualano B. Infographic. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance. Br J Sports Med 2019; 54:925-926. [PMID: 31375498 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil .,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adam Virgile
- Independent Researcher, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kirsty Jayne Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guilherme Giannini Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Dolan E, Swinton PA, Painelli VDS, Stephens Hemingway B, Mazzolani B, Infante Smaira F, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Gualano B. A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:452-463. [PMID: 30980076 PMCID: PMC6520041 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Alanine supplementation is one of the world's most commonly used sports supplements, and its use as a nutritional strategy in other populations is ever-increasing, due to evidence of pleiotropic ergogenic and therapeutic benefits. Despite its widespread use, there is only limited understanding of potential adverse effects. To address this, a systematic risk assessment and meta-analysis was undertaken. Four databases were searched using keywords and Medical Subject Headings. All human and animal studies that investigated an isolated, oral, β-alanine supplementation strategy were included. Data were extracted according to 5 main outcomes, including 1) side effects reported during longitudinal trials, 2) side effects reported during acute trials, 3) effect of supplementation on circulating health-related biomarkers, 4) effect of supplementation on skeletal muscle taurine and histidine concentration, and 5) outcomes from animal trials. Quality of evidence for outcomes was ascertained using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, and all quantitative data were meta-analyzed using multilevel models grounded in Bayesian principles. In total, 101 human and 50 animal studies were included. Paraesthesia was the only reported side effect and had an estimated OR of 8.9 [95% credible interval (CrI): 2.2, 32.6] with supplementation relative to placebo. Participants in active treatment groups experienced similar dropout rates to those receiving the placebo treatment. β-Alanine supplementation caused a small increase in circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration (effect size, ES: 0.274, CrI: 0.04, 0.527), although mean data remained well within clinical reference ranges. Meta-analysis of human data showed no main effect of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle taurine (ES: 0.156; 95% CrI: -0.38, 0.72) or histidine (ES: -0.15; 95% CrI: -0.64, 0.33) concentration. A main effect of β-alanine supplementation on taurine concentration was reported for murine models, but only when the daily dose was ≥3% β-alanine in drinking water. The results of this review indicate that β-alanine supplementation within the doses used in the available research designs, does not adversely affect those consuming it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Address correspondence to ED (e-mail: )
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Mazzolani
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Infante Smaira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Saunders B, Gualano B, Dolan E. A Statistical Framework to Interpret Individual Response to Intervention: Paving the Way for Personalized Nutrition and Exercise Prescription. Front Nutr 2018; 5:41. [PMID: 29892599 PMCID: PMC5985399 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of personalized nutrition and exercise prescription represents a topical and exciting progression for the discipline given the large inter-individual variability that exists in response to virtually all performance and health related interventions. Appropriate interpretation of intervention-based data from an individual or group of individuals requires practitioners and researchers to consider a range of concepts including the confounding influence of measurement error and biological variability. In addition, the means to quantify likely statistical and practical improvements are facilitated by concepts such as confidence intervals (CIs) and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The purpose of this review is to provide accessible and applicable recommendations for practitioners and researchers that interpret, and report personalized data. To achieve this, the review is structured in three sections that progressively develop a statistical framework. Section 1 explores fundamental concepts related to measurement error and describes how typical error and CIs can be used to express uncertainty in baseline measurements. Section 2 builds upon these concepts and demonstrates how CIs can be combined with the concept of SWC to assess whether meaningful improvements occur post-intervention. Finally, section 3 introduces the concept of biological variability and discusses the subsequent challenges in identifying individual response and non-response to an intervention. Worked numerical examples and interactive Supplementary Material are incorporated to solidify concepts and assist with implementation in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumotology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sinclair N, Swinton PA, Donald M, Curatolo L, Lindle P, Jones S, Corfield AR. Clinician tasking in ambulance control improves the identification of major trauma patients and pre-hospital critical care team tasking. Injury 2018; 49:897-902. [PMID: 29622470 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma remains the fourth leading cause of death in western countries and is the leading cause of death in the first four decades of life. NICE guidance in 2016 advocated the attendance of pre-hospital critical care trauma team (PHCCT) in the pre-hospital stage of the care of patients with major trauma. Previous publications support dispatch by clinicians who are also actively involved in the delivery of the PHCCT service; however there is a lack of objective outcome measures across the current reviewed evidence base. In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of PHCCT clinician led dispatch, when measured by Injury Severity Score (ISS). METHODS A retrospective cohort study over a 2 year period pre and post implementation of a PHCCT clinician led dispatch of PHCCT for potential major trauma patients, using national ambulance data combined with national trauma registry data. RESULTS A total of 99,702 trauma related calls were made to SAS including 495 major trauma patients with an ISS >15, and a total of 454 dispatches of a PHCCT. Following the introduction of a PHCCT clinician staffed trauma desk, the sensitivity for major trauma was increased from 11.3% to 25.9%. The difference in sensitivity between the pre and post trauma desk group was significant at 14.6% (95% CI 7.4%-21.4%, p < .001). DISCUSSION The results from the study support the results from other studies recommending that a PHCCT clinician should be located in ambulance control to identify major trauma patients as early as possible and co-ordinate the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sinclair
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Donald
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom; Emergency Department, Ninewells Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Curatolo
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lindle
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom
| | - Steph Jones
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair R Corfield
- ScotSTAR, Scottish Ambulance Service, United Kingdom; Emergency Department, Royal Alexandra Hospital, United Kingdom.
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Dolan E, Swinton PA, Sale C, Healy A, O'Reilly J. Influence of adipose tissue mass on bone mass in an overweight or obese population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:858-870. [PMID: 29028271 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The scientific literature shows conflicting evidence about the relationship between adiposity and bone mass in overweight and obese populations. The aim of this review was to quantify the correlation between adipose mass (absolute and relative) and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight and obese populations. Three databases were searched electronically. In addition, reference lists of relevant articles were screened. A total of 16 studies, comprising 2587 participants and 75 correlation coefficients were selected for inclusion in the review. Data were extracted from each study using a standardized form. Multilevel modeling indicated opposing relationships between BMD and adiposity: absolute adiposity correlated positively, and relative adiposity negatively, with BMD. Sex and age were the primary moderators of these relationships. Strong evidence supported a negative relationship between relative adipose mass and BMD in men (R = -0.37; 95%CI, -0.57 to -0.12) and in those aged less than 25 years (R = -0.28; 95%CI, -0.45 to -0.08). To prevent bone loss in overweight and obese populations, nutrition- and exercise-based interventions that focus on a controlled reduction of adipose mass with concomitant preservation of lean mass are recommended. : PROSPERO no. CRD42015024313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aoife Healy
- CSHER, School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Reilly
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
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Deb SK, Brown DR, Gough LA, Mclellan CP, Swinton PA, Andy Sparks S, Mcnaughton LR. Quantifying the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise performance and capacity: A systematic review and meta-regression. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:243-256. [PMID: 29220311 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1410233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the effects of acute hypoxic exposure on exercise capacity and performance, which includes continuous and intermittent forms of exercise. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted with a three-level mixed effects meta-regression. The ratio of means method was used to evaluate main effects and moderators providing practical interpretations with percentage change. DATA SOURCES A systemic search was performed using three databases (Google scholar, PubMed and SPORTDiscus). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Inclusion was restricted to investigations that assessed exercise performance (time trials (TTs), sprint and intermittent exercise tests) and capacity (time to exhaustion test, TTE) with acute hypoxic (<24 h) exposure and a normoxic comparator. RESULTS Eighty-two outcomes from 53 studies (N = 798) were included in this review. The results show an overall reduction in exercise performance/capacity -17.8 ± 3.9% (95% CI -22.8% to -11.0%), which was significantly moderated by -6.5 ± 0.9% per 1000 m altitude elevation (95% CI -8.2% to -4.8%) and oxygen saturation (-2.0 ± 0.4%; 95% CI -2.9% to -1.2%). TT (-16.2 ± 4.3%; 95% CI -22.9% to -9%) and TTE (-44.5 ± 6.9%; 95% CI -51.3% to -36.7%) elicited a negative effect, whilst indicating a quadratic relationship between hypoxic magnitude and both TTE and TT performance. Furthermore, exercise less than 2 min exhibited no ergolytic effect from acute hypoxia. Summary/Conclusion: This review highlights the ergolytic effect of acute hypoxic exposure, which is curvilinear for TTE and TT performance with increasing hypoxic levels, but short duration intermittent and sprint exercise seem to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy K Deb
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Daniel R Brown
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lewis A Gough
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | | | - Paul A Swinton
- c School of Health Sciences , Robert Gordon University , Aberdeen , UK
| | - S Andy Sparks
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lars R Mcnaughton
- a Sports Nutriton and Performance Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK.,d Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science , University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg , South Africa
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of an exercise referral scheme (ERS) aligned to the UK best practice guidelines on a range of outcomes including those associated with key health concerns of the Scottish population. STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal design with data collection at three time points (baseline, midway and post) during a 12-week ERS intervention was employed. METHODS Health-related physical fitness was assessed through measurement of resting heart rate, blood pressure, FEV1:FEV6 (ratio of forced expiratory volume over one [FEV1] and six [FEV6] seconds), body mass and peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), whilst functional capacity was assessed through the five times sit to stand test. Psychosocial well-being and quality of life were measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Profile of Mood State questionnaires. Growth curve analyses were used to model each outcome variable across the three time periods. RESULTS A range of effects were obtained with significant linear improvements in physical performance tests (P < 0.001) and psychosocial assessments (P ≤ 0.002). Additionally, significant quadratic effects of time were obtained for body composition variables and physical activity levels (P < 0.001) with the greatest improvements obtained between baseline and midway assessments. CONCLUSIONS An ERS aligned to the UK best practice guidelines can positively influence a range of health outcomes including those associated with lung function and cardiovascular fitness which are prevalent medical conditions in Scotland. In addition, results indicate that ERS can positively affect outcomes related to functional capacity as well as mental well-being and perceptions of health. The findings of the study identify the need for further investigation including consideration of the initial health status of referred clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stewart
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, UK
| | - E Dolan
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Carver
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - P A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, UK.
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Dolan E, Healy A, O’Reilly J, Sale C, Swinton PA. Does Adipose Tissue Mass Positively Or Negatively Influence BMD In An Overweight Or Obese Population? A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518070.57642.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dolan E, Elliott-Sale K, Artioli GG, Swinton PA, Roschel H, Sale C, Gualano B, Saunders B. β-alanine Supplementation To Improve Exercise Capacity And Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517057.86897.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saunders B, Elliott-Sale K, Artioli GG, Swinton PA, Dolan E, Roschel H, Sale C, Gualano B. β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:658-669. [PMID: 27797728 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on the effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise capacity and performance. DESIGN This study was designed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A 3-level mixed effects model was employed to model effect sizes and account for dependencies within data. DATA SOURCES 3 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science) were searched using a number of terms ('β-alanine' and 'Beta-alanine' combined with 'supplementation', 'exercise', 'training', 'athlete', 'performance' and 'carnosine'). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Inclusion/exclusion criteria limited articles to double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of β-alanine supplementation on an exercise measure. All healthy participant populations were considered, while supplementation protocols were restricted to chronic ingestion. Cross-over designs were excluded due to the long washout period for skeletal muscle carnosine following supplementation. A single outcome measure was extracted for each exercise protocol and converted to effect sizes for meta-analyses. RESULTS 40 individual studies employing 65 different exercise protocols and totalling 70 exercise measures in 1461 participants were included in the analyses. A significant overall effect size of 0.18 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.28) was shown. Meta-regression demonstrated that exercise duration significantly (p=0.004) moderated effect sizes. Subgroup analyses also identified the type of exercise as a significant (p=0.013) moderator of effect sizes within an exercise time frame of 0.5-10 min with greater effect sizes for exercise capacity (0.4998 (95% CI 0.246 to 0.753)) versus performance (0.1078 (95% CI -0.201 to 0.416)). There was no moderating effect of training status (p=0.559), intermittent or continuous exercise (p=0.436) or total amount of β-alanine ingested (p=0.438). Co-supplementation with sodium bicarbonate resulted in the largest effect size when compared with placebo (0.43 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.64)). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS β-alanine had a significant overall effect while subgroup analyses revealed a number of modifying factors. These data allow individuals to make informed decisions as to the likelihood of an ergogenic effect with β-alanine supplementation based on their chosen exercise modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsty Elliott-Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare muscle activity and kinetics during the back squat and overhead squat performed at 3 relative intensities (60, 75, and 90% 3 repetition maximum). Fourteen subjects (age, 26 ± 7 years; height, 182.5 ± 13.5 cm; body mass, 90.5 ± 17.5 kg) performed each exercise using a within-subjects crossover design. In addition, a selection of trunk isolation exercises were included to provide additional comparisons. Squats were performed on a force platform with electromyographic activity of the anterior deltoid, rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius recorded throughout. The overhead squat demonstrated significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) activity in the anterior trunk muscles (RA and EO) during the eccentric phase. However, the magnitudes of the differences were relatively small (approximately 2-7%). In contrast, the back squat displayed significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) activity in the posterior aspect of the trunk ES and all lower-body muscles during the concentric phase. Kinetic comparisons revealed that significantly greater peak force (p ≤ 0.05) was developed during the back squat. Electromyographic comparisons between the trunk isolation exercises and squat variations demonstrated substantially greater anterior trunk activity during the isolation exercises, whereas the highest activity in the posterior aspect of the trunk was obtained during the squats (p ≤ 0.05). The results of the study do not support the hypothesis that the overhead squat provides a substantially greater stimulus for developing the trunk musculature compared with the back squat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R Aspe
- 1School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England; and 2School of Social and Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Swinton PA, Lloyd R, Keogh JW, Agouris I, Stewart AD. Regression Models of Sprint, Vertical Jump, and Change of Direction Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1839-48. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Swinton PA, Lloyd R, Keogh JWL, Agouris I, Stewart AD. A biomechanical comparison of the traditional squat, powerlifting squat, and box squat. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1805-16. [PMID: 22505136 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182577067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanics of the traditional squat with 2 popular exercise variations commonly referred to as the powerlifting squat and box squat. Twelve male powerlifters performed the exercises with 30, 50, and 70% of their measured 1 repetition maximum (1RM), with instruction to lift the loads as fast as possible. Inverse dynamics and spatial tracking of the external resistance were used to quantify biomechanical variables. A range of significant kinematic and kinetic differences (p < 0.05) emerged between the exercises. The traditional squat was performed with a narrow stance, whereas the powerlifting squat and box squat were performed with similar wide stances (48.3 ± 3.8, 89.6 ± 4.9, 92.1 ± 5.1 cm, respectively). During the eccentric phase of the traditional squat, the knee traveled past the toes resulting in anterior displacement of the system center of mass (COM). In contrast, during the powerlifting squat and box squat, a more vertical shin position was maintained, resulting in posterior displacements of the system COM. These differences in linear displacements had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on a number of peak joint moments, with the greatest effects measured at the spine and ankle. For both joints, the largest peak moment was produced during the traditional squat, followed by the powerlifting squat, then box squat. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also noted at the hip joint where the largest moment in all 3 planes were produced during the powerlifting squat. Coaches and athletes should be aware of the biomechanical differences between the squatting variations and select according to the kinematic and kinetic profile that best match the training goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitness toning shoes are becoming increasingly popular, they aim to increase muscle activity, raise energy expenditure and improve overall health while wearing them. Yet there is a lack of consensus in the literature regarding their effectiveness. One such shoe on the market is the Fitflop designed to activate leg muscles through density shifts in the shoe's sole. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wearing Fitflops on the muscle activity of the lower limb. METHODS Twenty three females (age 20.8 (1.3)years, mass 62.9 (11.9)kg, height 165.4 (5.6)cm) participated in the study. Muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gluteus maximus of the participants' right limb were recorded using surface electromyography during participation in three different tasks to simulate daily living activities. These were a) treadmill walking b) stair climbing and c) zigzag walking around cones. The participants completed the tasks barefoot, while wearing Fitflops and while wearing regular flip flops so that comparisons between muscle activity in the different shoe conditions could be made. FINDINGS The results show that there was no significant difference in the activity of the medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gluteus maximus muscles across all shoe conditions and simulated daily activities (P>0.05). INTERPRETATION Based on these results, the use of Fitflops is not recommended as a means of increasing muscle activity of the medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris and gluteus maximus during activities of daily living in a healthy recreationally active female population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Burgess
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
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Swinton PA, Stewart AD, Lloyd R, Agouris I, Keogh JWL. Effect of load positioning on the kinematics and kinetics of weighted vertical jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:906-13. [PMID: 22446664 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31822e589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the most popular exercises for developing lower-body muscular power is the weighted vertical jump. The present study sought to examine the effect of altering the position of the external load on the kinematics and kinetics of the movement. Twenty-nine resistance-trained rugby union athletes performed maximal effort jumps with 0, 20, 40, and 60% of their squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM) with the load positioned (a) on the posterior aspect of the shoulder using a straight barbell and (b) at arms' length using a hexagonal barbell. Kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated through integration of the vertical ground reaction force data using a forward dynamics approach. Performance of the hexagonal barbell jump resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) greater values for jump height, peak force, peak power, and peak rate of force development compared with the straight barbell jump. Significantly (p < 0.05) greater peak power was produced during the unloaded jump compared with all trials where the external load was positioned on the shoulder. In contrast, significantly (p < 0.05) greater peak power was produced when using the hexagonal barbell combined with a load of 20% 1RM compared with all other conditions investigated. The results suggest that weighted vertical jumps should be performed with the external load positioned at arms' length rather than on the shoulder when attempting to improve lower-body muscular performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Swinton PA, Stewart A, Agouris I, Keogh JWL, Lloyd R. A biomechanical analysis of straight and hexagonal barbell deadlifts using submaximal loads. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2000-9. [PMID: 21659894 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e73f87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the investigation was to compare the kinematics and kinetics of the deadlift performed with 2 distinct barbells across a range of submaximal loads. Nineteen male powerlifters performed the deadlift with a conventional straight barbell and a hexagonal barbell that allowed the lifter to stand within its frame. Subjects performed trials at maximum speed with loads of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80% of their predetermined 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Inverse dynamics and spatial tracking of the external resistance were used to quantify kinematic and kinetic variables. Subjects were able to lift a heavier 1RM load in the hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) than the straight barbell deadlift (SBD) (265 ± 41 kg vs. 245 ± 39 kg, p < 0.05). The design of the hexagonal barbell significantly altered the resistance moment at the joints analyzed (p < 0.05), resulting in lower peak moments at the lumbar spine, hip, and ankle (p < 0.05) and an increased peak moment at the knee (p < 0.05). Maximum peak power values of 4,388 ± 713 and 4,872 ± 636 W were obtained for the SBD and HBD, respectively (p < 0.05). Across the submaximal loads, significantly greater peak force, peak velocity and peak power values were produced during the HBD compared to during the SBD (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that the choice of barbell used to perform the deadlift has a significant effect on a range of kinematic and kinetic variables. The enhanced mechanical stimulus obtained with the hexagonal barbell suggests that in general the HBD is a more effective exercise than the SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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Swinton PA, Stewart AD, Keogh JWL, Agouris I, Lloyd R. Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Maximal Velocity Deadlifts Performed With and Without the Inclusion of Chain Resistance. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:3163-74. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318212e389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Swinton PA, Lloyd R, Agouris I, Stewart A. Contemporary training practices in elite British powerlifters: survey results from an international competition. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:380-4. [PMID: 19197205 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31819424bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate current powerlifting training methods in light of anecdotal evidence purporting increased similarity with the explosive training practices of weightlifters. The study also assessed the prevalence of contemporary training practices frequently recommended for powerlifters in the popular literature. A 20-item survey was distributed to 32 elite British powerlifters at an International competition. The subject group included multiple national, international, and commonwealth champions and record holders. Based on 2007 competition results, the average Wilks score of the group was 450.26 +/- 34.7. The response rate for the surveys was 88% (28 of 32). The survey was sectioned into 6 areas of inquiry: a) repetition speed, b) explosive training load, c) resistance materials used, d) adjunct power training methods, e) exercise selection, and f) training organization. The results demonstrate that the majority of powerlifters train with the intention to explosively lift maximal and submaximal loads (79 and 82%, respectively). Results revealed that 39% of the lifters regularly used elastic bands and that 57% incorporated chains in their training. Evidence for convergence of training practices between powerlifters and weightlifters was found when 69% of the subjects reported using the Olympic lifts or their derivatives as part of their powerlifting training. Collectively, the results demonstrate that previous notions of how powerlifters train are outdated. Contemporary powerlifters incorporate a variety of training practices that are focused on developing both explosive and maximal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Swinton
- 1School of Health Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.
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