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Wang Y, An H, Yang Y, Yi C, Duan Y, Wang Q, Guo Y, Yao L, Chen M, Meng J, Wei J, Hu C, Li H. The MpNAC72/MpERF105-MpMYB10b module regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in Malus 'Profusion' leaves infected with Gymnosporangium yamadae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1569-1588. [PMID: 38412288 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Apple rust is a serious fungal disease affecting Malus plants worldwide. Infection with the rust pathogen Gymnosporangium yamadae induces the accumulation of anthocyanins in Malus to resist rust disease. However, the mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in Malus against apple rust is still unclear. Here, we show that MpERF105 and MpNAC72 are key regulators of anthocyanin biosynthesis via the ethylene-dependent pathway in M. 'Profusion' leaves under rust disease stress. Exogenous ethephon treatment promoted high expression of MpERF105 and MpNAC72 and anthocyanin accumulation in G. yamadae-infected M. 'Profusion' leaves. Overexpression of MpERF105 increased the total anthocyanin content of Malus plant material and acted by positively regulating its target gene, MpMYB10b. MpNAC72 physically interacted with MpERF105 in vitro and in planta, and the two form a protein complex. Coexpression of the two leads to higher transcript levels of MpMYB10b and higher anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, overexpression of MpERF105 or MpNAC72 enhanced the resistance of M. 'Profusion' leaves to apple rust. In conclusion, our results elucidate the mechanism by which MpERF105 and MpNAC72 are induced by ethylene in G. yamadae-infected M. 'Profusion' leaves and promote anthocyanin accumulation by mediating the positive regulation of MpMYB10b expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong An
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Duan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yannan Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Yao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingkun Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Meng
- Institute of Pomology & Forestry, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, 10093, Beijing, Haidian, China
| | - Jun Wei
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Houhua Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Shao C, Tao S, Liang Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis of juniper branches infected by Gymnosporangium spp. highlights their different infection strategies associated with cytokinins. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:173. [PMID: 37020280 PMCID: PMC10077639 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gymnosporangium asiaticum and G. yamadae can share Juniperus chinensis as the telial host, but the symptoms are completely different. The infection of G. yamadae causes the enlargement of the phloem and cortex of young branches as a gall, but not for G. asiaticum, suggesting that different molecular interaction mechanisms exist the two Gymnosporangium species with junipers. RESULTS Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed to investigate genes regulation of juniper in responses to the infections of G. asiaticum and G. yamadae at different stages. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes related to transport, catabolism and transcription pathways were up-regulated, while genes related to energy metabolism and photosynthesis were down-regulated in juniper branch tissues after infection with G. asiaticum and G. yamadae. The transcript profiling of G. yamadae-induced gall tissues revealed that more genes involved in photosynthesis, sugar metabolism, plant hormones and defense-related pathways were up-regulated in the vigorous development stage of gall compared to the initial stage, and were eventually repressed overall. Furthermore, the concentration of cytokinins (CKs) in the galls tissue and the telia of G. yamadae was significantly higher than in healthy branch tissues of juniper. As well, tRNA-isopentenyltransferase (tRNA-IPT) was identified in G. yamadae with highly expression levels during the gall development stages. CONCLUSIONS In general, our study provided new insights into the host-specific mechanisms by which G. asiaticum and G. yamadae differentially utilize CKs and specific adaptations on juniper during their co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siqi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yingmei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Qinghua Eastern Road, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Petre B, Duplessis S. A decade after the first Pucciniales genomes: A bibliometric snapshot of (post) genomics studies in three model rust fungi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:989580. [PMID: 36187960 PMCID: PMC9515648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.989580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pucciniales (rust fungi) are one of the largest fungal order of plant pathogens. They collectively infect key crops such as wheat and soybean, and threaten global food security. In the early 2010s, the genome sequences of three rust fungi were released: Melampsora larici-populina (the poplar leaf rust fungus), Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (the wheat stem rust fungus), and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triciti (the wheat stripe rust or wheat yellow rust fungus). The availability of those genomes has forwarded rust biology into the post-genomic era, sparking a series of genomics, transcriptomics, in silico, and functional studies. Here, we snapshot the last 10 years of post-genomics studies addressing M. larici-populina, P. graminis f. sp. tritici, and/or P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. This mini-review notably reveals the model species-centered structure of the research community, and highlights the drastic increase of the number of functional studies focused on effectors since 2014, which notably revealed chloroplasts as a central host compartment targeted by rust fungi. This mini-review also discusses genomics-facilitated studies in other rust species, and emerging post-genomic research trends related to fully-phased rust genomes.
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Shao C, Lao W, Liang Y. Reference Genes Selection of Gymnosporangium yamadae during the Interaction with Apple Leaves. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080830. [PMID: 36012818 PMCID: PMC9409963 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple rust disease caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae is the one of the major threats to the development of the apple industry in China, but the pathogenic molecular mechanism of the disease remains unclear. It is imperative to screen out appropriate reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves to analyze the gene expression patterns during the pathogenesis of G. yamadae. ACT, EF1, EF2, GAPDH, 40S, 60S, α-TUB, β-TUB and UBCE3 were selected as candidate reference genes based on the transcriptomic dataset of G. yamadae. The expression levels were tested by real-time quantitative PCR during time-course infection of apple leaves and the expression stabilities were evaluated by △Ct method as well as by three software (NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper) and one web-based analysis software (RefFinder). The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was further validated by using the effector candidate gene Cluster-3395.48660 as the target gene in RT-qPCR. According to the results by △Ct and BestKeeper, 40S, EF2 and EF1 were the most stable reference genes, while EF1, EF2 and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes based on the NormFinder analysis result. The geNorm recommended the most stable genes EF1, EF2 and α-TUB as reference genes. Comprehensive analysis results of the RefFinder indicated EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were the most suitable genes. Based on these results, EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were considered as reference genes for analyzing the gene expression profiles of Cluster-3395.48660 in different infection stages, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data. All the results suggest that the combination of EF1, EF2 and α-TUB proved to be acceptable reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Shao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Lao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingmei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Duplessis S, Lorrain C, Petre B, Figueroa M, Dodds PN, Aime MC. Host Adaptation and Virulence in Heteroecious Rust Fungi. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:403-422. [PMID: 34077239 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rust fungi (Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are obligate biotrophic pathogens that cause rust diseases in plants, inflicting severe damage to agricultural crops. Pucciniales possess the most complex life cycles known in fungi. These include an alternation of generations, the development of up to five different sporulating stages, and, for many species, the requirement of infecting two unrelated host plants during different parts of their life cycle, termed heteroecism. These fungi have been extensively studied in the past century through microscopy and inoculation studies, providing precise descriptions of their infection processes, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their unique biology are poorly understood. In this review, we cover recent genomic and life cycle transcriptomic studies in several heteroecious rust species, which provide insights into the genetic tool kits associated with host adaptation and virulence, opening new avenues for unraveling their unique evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Duplessis
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 IAM, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54000 Nancy, France; ,
| | - Cecile Lorrain
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Benjamin Petre
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR 1136 IAM, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54000 Nancy, France; ,
| | - Melania Figueroa
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ,
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; ,
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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Tao SQ, Auer L, Morin E, Liang YM, Duplessis S. Transcriptome Analysis of Apple Leaves Infected by the Rust Fungus Gymnosporangium yamadae at Two Sporulation Stages. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:444-461. [PMID: 31765287 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apple rust disease caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae is one of the major threats to apple orchards. In this study, dual RNA-seq analysis was conducted to simultaneously monitor gene expression profiles of G. yamadae and infected apple leaves during the formation of rust spermogonia and aecia. The molecular mechanisms underlying this compatible interaction at 10 and 30 days postinoculation (dpi) indicate a significant reaction from the host plant and comprise detoxication pathways at the earliest stage and the induction of secondary metabolism pathways at 30 dpi. Such host reactions have been previously reported in other rust pathosystems and may represent a general reaction to rust infection. G. yamadae transcript profiling indicates a conserved genetic program in spermogonia and aecia that is shared with other rust fungi, whereas secretome prediction reveals the presence of specific secreted candidate effector proteins expressed during apple infection. Unexpectedly, the survey of fungal unigenes in the transcriptome assemblies of inoculated and mock-inoculated apple leaves reveals that G. yamadae infection may modify the fungal community composition in the apple phyllosphere at 30 dpi. Collectively, our results provide novel insights into the compatible apple-G. yamadae interaction and advance the knowledge of this heteroecious demicyclic rust fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qi Tao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Lucas Auer
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ying-Mei Liang
- Museum of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing Forestry University
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, 54280, Champenoux, France
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