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Rong Y, Wang X, Na Q, Ao X, Xia Q, Guo F, Han M, Ma R, Shang F, Liu Y, Lv Q, Wang Z, Su R, Zhang Y, Wang R. Genome-wide association study for cashmere traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat population reveals new candidate genes and haplotypes. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:658. [PMID: 38956486 PMCID: PMC11218406 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cashmere goat industry is one of the main pillars of animal husbandry in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and plays an irreplaceable role in local economic development. With the change in feeding methods and environment, the cashmere produced by Inner Mongolia cashmere goats shows a tendency of coarser, and the cashmere yield can not meet the consumption demand of people. However, the genetic basis behind these changes is not fully understood. We measured cashmere traits, including cashmere yield (CY), cashmere diameter (CD), cashmere thickness (CT), and fleece length (FL) traits for four consecutive years, and utilized Genome-wide association study of four cashmere traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats was carried out using new genomics tools to infer genomic regions and functional loci associated with cashmere traits and to construct haplotypes that significantly affect cashmere traits. RESULTS We estimated the genetic parameters of cashmere traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats. The heritability of cashmere yield, cashmere diameter, and fleece length traits of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats were 0.229, 0.359, and 0.250, which belonged to the medium heritability traits (0.2 ~ 0.4). The cashmere thickness trait has a low heritability of 0.053. We detected 151 genome-wide significantly associated SNPs with four cashmere traits on different chromosomes, which were very close to the chromosomes of 392 genes (located within the gene or within ± 500 kb). Notch3, BMPR1B, and CCNA2 have direct functional associations with fibroblasts and follicle stem cells, which play important roles in hair follicle growth and development. Based on GO functional annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, potential candidate genes were associated with pathways of hair follicle genesis and development (Notch, P13K-Akt, TGF-beta, Cell cycle, Wnt, MAPK). We calculated the effective allele number of the Inner Mongolia cashmere goat population to be 1.109-1.998, the dominant genotypes of most SNPs were wild-type, the polymorphic information content of 57 SNPs were low polymorphism (0 < PIC < 0.25), and the polymorphic information content of 79 SNPs were moderate polymorphism (0.25 < PIC < 0.50). We analyzed the association of SNPs with phenotypes and found that the homozygous mutant type of SNP1 and SNP3 was associated with the highest cashmere yield, the heterozygous mutant type of SNP30 was associated with the lowest cashmere thickness, the wild type of SNP76, SNP77, SNP78, SNP80, and SNP81 was associated with the highest cashmere thickness, and the wild type type of SNP137 was associated with the highest fleece length. 21 haplotype blocks and 68 haplotype combinations were constructed. Haplotypes A2A2, B2B2, C2C2, and D4D4 were associated with increased cashmere yield, haplotypes E2E2, F1F1, G5G5, and G1G5 were associated with decreased cashmere fineness, haplotypes H2H2 was associated with increased cashmere thickness, haplotypes I1I1, I1I2, J1J4, L5L3, N3N2, N3N3, O2O1, P2P2, and Q3Q3 were associated with increased cashmere length. We verified the polymorphism of 8 SNPs by KASP, and found that chr7_g.102631194A > G, chr10_g.82715068 T > C, chr1_g.124483769C > T, chr24_g.12811352C > T, chr6_g.114111249A > G, and chr6_g.115606026 T > C were significantly genotyped in verified populations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the genetic effect of single SNP on phenotypes is small, and SNPs are more inclined to be inherited as a whole. By constructing haplotypes from SNPs that are significantly associated with cashmere traits, it will help to reveal the complex and potential causal variations in cashmere traits of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats. This will be a valuable resource for genomics and breeding of the cashmere goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Rong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Xinle Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Qin Na
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Xiaofang Ao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Qincheng Xia
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Furong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Mingxuan Han
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Fangzheng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Vocational and Technical, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, 014109, China
| | - Qi Lv
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Goat and Sheep Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Northern Agriculture and Livestock Husbandry Technology Innovation Center, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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Dong W, Chen Q, He F. Transcriptome-based identification and validation of reference genes for corm growth stages, different tissues, and drought stress in Taro (Colocasia esculenta). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:478. [PMID: 38816693 PMCID: PMC11137888 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Taro is a widely utilized starch resource plant. It is essential to quantify the expression levels of functional genes associated with taro growth using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, to obtain reliable RT-qPCR results, appropriate reference genes (RGs) are required for data normalization. In this study, we screened seven novel candidate RGs using transcriptome datasets from taro, encompassing data from growth corms and various tissues. The expression stability of these seven new RGs, along with the commonly used RGs Actin, EF1-α, and β-tubulin, was assessed using Delta Ct, BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder algorithms. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using the RefFinder program and validated the results using the target gene, CeAGPL1. The findings revealed that ACY-1 and PIA2 were the optimal multiple RGs for normalization during corm growth, while COX10 and Armc8 were suitable for samples including various types of tissues. Furthermore, we found three RGs, Armc8, COX10 and CCX4L, were the optimal RGs for drought stress. This study assessed the suitability of RGs in taro for the first time. The identified RGs provide valuable resources for studying corm growth, diverse tissues, and drought stress. This study contributes to the advancement of our understanding of the underlying mechanisms that govern the growth of taro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Dong
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Qi Chen
- New Technology Entrepreneur Center, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Fanglian He
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Sadikan MZ, Abdul Nasir NA, Ibahim MJ, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R. Identifying the stability of housekeeping genes to be used for the quantitative real-time PCR normalization in retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:794-805. [PMID: 38766348 PMCID: PMC11074185 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.05.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the stability of the seven housekeeping genes: beta-actin (ActB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 18s ribosomal unit 5 (18s), cyclophilin A (CycA), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), ribosomal protein large P0 (36B4) and terminal uridylyl transferase 1 (U6) in the diabetic retinal tissue of rat model. METHODS The expression of these seven genes in rat retinal tissues was determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in two groups; normal control rats and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The stability analysis of gene expression was investigated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and comparative delta-Ct (ΔCt) algorithms. RESULTS The 36B4 gene was stably expressed in the retinal tissues of normal control animals; however, it was less stable in diabetic retinas. The 18s gene was expressed consistently in both normal control and diabetic rats' retinal tissue. That this gene was the best reference for data normalisation in RT-qPCR studies that used the retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, there was no ideal gene stably expressed for use in all experimental settings. CONCLUSION Identifying relevant genes is a need for achieving RT-qPCR validity and reliability and must be appropriately achieved based on a specific experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Manipal University College Malaysia (MUCM), Bukit Baru, Melaka 75150, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alimah Abdul Nasir
- Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Johari Ibahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd 400131, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Luo N, Zhou Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Hu Y. Screening the optimal housekeeping genes (HKGs) of placenta tissues by RNA-sequence and qRT-PCR throughout gestation in goat (Capra Hircus). Gene 2024; 895:147966. [PMID: 37972698 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Selection of stable housekeeping genes (HKGs) is very important for accurate calculation of relative expression levels of target genes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). At present, the appropriate HKGs have not been identified in placental tissues throughout the pregnancy of the goat. In our study, 20 HKGs were tentatively selected from RNA-seq data and previous reports. The cycle threshold (Ct) of HKGs was determined by qRT-PCR in trophoblast membrane and cotyledon villus collected from 38 Dazu Black goats on gestation days of 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 (birth). The expression stability of the HKGs was analyzed by geNorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper and Delta Ct algorithms, and comprehensively evaluated by ReFinder and ComprFinder. In addition, the optimal HKGs were further verified by placenta-specific genes (SPP1, VEGFA and PAG6). The 16 candidate HKGs (except POP4, TBP, RNF10, UBC) showed a qualified Ct value, less than 28. Among them, YWHAZ, EIF3K and PPIB showed the most stable expression in placental tissues during early, mid-late pregnancy and postpartum, but the least stable expression was B2M at early and mid-late stage, and PPIB at postpartum. After comprehensive analysis, RPLP0, EIF3K and YWHAZ were found to be the most stable placental HKGs throughout pregnancy. The classical HKGs, ACTB, GAPDH and 18S RNA have unstable expressions and even ranked at the bottom of the list from comprehensive index, suggesting an inappropriate for target gene normalization. Taken together, our study confirmed that YWHAZ, EIF3K, HMBS and RPLP0 may be the optimal HKGs in goat placenta at different stage of pregnancy, which provided a valuable reference of HKGs on functional gene expression detection for further research on placenta development and growth in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjian Luo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yumei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaochuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Gupta DG, Varma N, Abdulkadir SA, Singh P, Sachdeva MUS, Naseem S, Siddiqui MR, Bose P, Binota J, Malhotra P, Khadwal A, Varma S. Identification and validation of the optimal reference genes for standardizing the gene expression profiling diagnostic panel of Ph-like B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4539-4551. [PMID: 37470909 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression profiling is the criterion standard for recognizing Ph-like ALL signatures among B-ALLs. The prerequisite of GEP is the accurate normalization of target genes with stable expression of housekeeping genes in a quantitative PCR. HKGs exhibit differential expression in the different experimental conditions and affect the target genes' expression, leading to imprecise qPCR results. The selection of stable HKGs is crucial in GEP experiments, especially in identifying high-risk Ph-like ALL cases. We have evaluated the expression stability of nine HKGs (GAPDH, ACTB, GUSB, RNA18S, EEF2, PGK1, B2M, TBP and ABL1) in identified Ph-like ALLs and Ph-negative (n = 23 each) using six algorithms, 4 traditional softwares; geNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Delta Cq value method, and two algorithms, RefFinderTM and ComprFinder. Further, we have validated the expression of 8 overexpressed normalized genes in Ph-like ALL cases (JCHAIN, CA6, MUC4, SPATS2L, BMPR1B, CRLF2, ADGRF1 and NRXN3). GeNorm, BestKeeper, NormFinder, Delta Cq value method, RefFinderTM and ComprFinder algorithm analysis revealed that EEF2, GAPDH, and PGK1 form the best representative HKGs in Ph-like ALL cases, while RNA18s, ß-actin, and ABL1 in Ph-negative ALLs. Lastly, we performed a correlation analysis and found that the combination of EEF2, GAPDH, and PGK1 represents the best combination with a very high correlation in Ph-like ALL cases. This is the first report that shows EEF2, GAPDH, and PGK1 are the best HKG genes and can be used in the diagnostic panel of Ph-like ALL cases using qPCR at baseline diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshat Gopal Gupta
- Department of Urology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Neelam Varma
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sarki Abba Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Parmod Singh
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Man Updesh Singh Sachdeva
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shano Naseem
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Parveen Bose
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Jogeshwar Binota
- Department of Hematology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Pankaj Malhotra
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Medical Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Subhash Varma
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Medical Oncology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Zhou Y, Li X, Zhang X, Li M, Luo N, Zhao Y. Screening of Candidate Housekeeping Genes in Uterus Caruncle by RNA-Sequence and qPCR Analyses in Different Stages of Goat ( Capra hircus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1897. [PMID: 37370406 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The uterus is a critical pregnancy organ for mammals. The normal growth and development of ruminant uterus caruncles are crucial to maintain gestation and fetal health in goats. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a reliable tool to study gene expression profiling for exploring the intrinsic mechanism underlying the conversion process of uterus caruncle tissue. However, the candidate housekeeping genes (HKGs) are required for normalizing the expression of function genes. In our study, 22 HKGs were selected from analyzing transcriptome data at non-pregnancy and pregnancy processes and previous reports about HKGs in goat tissues. We assessed them for expression suitability in 24 samples from uterus tissues at 15 non-pregnant days (Stage 1), early (Stage 2), and medium-later pregnant days (Stage 3). The expression stability of these genes was evaluated by using geNorm, Normfinder, Bestkeeper, and Delta Ct algorithms and, comprehensively, by ReFinder. In addition, the most and least stable HKGs were used to normalize the target genes expression of SPP1, VEGFA, and PAG8. It was found that traditional reference genes, such as ACTB and GAPDH, were not suitable for target gene normalization. In contrast, PPIB selected from RNA sequencing data and EIF3K selected from previous references showed the least variation and were recommended as the best HKGs during the nonpregnant stage and the whole stages of goat uterus caruncle tissue, respectively. It is the first time the HKGs genes in uterus during the non-pregnant day and throughout the total pregnancy have been explored. These findings found suitable HKGs in uterus caruncle tissues at various stages of non-pregnancy and pregnancy; these can be useful for gene expression studies to reveal the molecular mechanisms of uterus development in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Minghui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nanjian Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, Chongqing Herbivore Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400715, China
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Min Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jiang M. Transcriptome-Based Evaluation of Optimal Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Yak Stomach throughout the Growth Cycle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050925. [PMID: 36899781 PMCID: PMC10000025 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient nutritional assimilation and energy metabolism in the stomachs of yaks contribute to their adaption to harsh environments. Accurate gene expression profile analysis will help further reveal the molecular mechanism of nutrient and energy metabolism in the yak stomach. RT-qPCR is regarded as an accurate and dependable method for analyzing gene expression. The selection of reference genes is essential to obtain meaningful RT-qPCR results, especially in longitudinal gene expression studies of tissues and organs. Our objective was to select and validate optimal reference genes from across the transcriptome as internal controls for longitudinal gene expression studies in the yak stomach. In this study, 15 candidate reference genes (CRGs) were determined according to transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) results and the previous literature. The expression levels of these 15 CRGs were quantified using RT-qPCR in the yak stomach, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum at five stages: 0 days, 20 days, 60 days, 15 months and three years old (adult). Subsequently, the expression stabilities of these 15 CRGs were evaluated via four algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative CT method. Furthermore, RefFinder was employed to obtain a comprehensive ranking of the stability of CRGs. The analysis results indicate that RPS15, MRPL39 and RPS23 are the most stable genes in the yak stomach throughout the growth cycle. In addition, to verify the reliability of the selected CRGs, the relative expression levels of HMGCS2 were quantified via RT-qPCR using the three most stable or the three least stable CRGs. Overall, we recommend combining RPS15, MRPL39 and RPS23 as reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR data in the yak stomach throughout the growth cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Min
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yili Liu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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Baumann V, Athanasiou AT, Faridani OR, Schwerdtfeger AR, Wallner B, Steinborn R. Identification of extremely GC-rich micro RNAs for RT-qPCR data normalization in human plasma. Front Genet 2023; 13:1058668. [PMID: 36685854 PMCID: PMC9846067 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1058668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed at extending the repertoire of high-quality miRNA normalizers for reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) of human plasma with special emphasis on the extremely guanine-cytosine-rich portion of the miRNome. For high-throughput selection of stable candidates, microarray technology was preferred over small-RNA sequencing (sRNA-seq) since the latter underrepresented miRNAs with a guanine-cytosine (GC) content of at least 75% (p = 0.0002, n = 2). miRNA abundances measured on the microarray were ranked for consistency and uniformity using nine normalization approaches. The eleven most stable sequences included miRNAs of moderate, but also extreme GC content (45%-65%: miR-320d, miR-425-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-486-5p; 80%-95%: miR-1915-3p, miR-3656-5p, miR-3665-5p, miR-3960-5p, miR-4488-5p, miR-4497 and miR-4787-5p). In contrast, the seven extremely GC-rich miRNAs were not found in the two plasma miRNomes screened by sRNA-seq. Stem-loop RT-qPCR was employed for stability verification in 32 plasma samples of healthy male Caucasians (age range: 18-55 years). In general, inter-individual variance of miRNA abundance was low or very low as indicated by coefficient of variation (CV) values of 0.6%-8.2%. miR-3665 and miR-1915-3p outperformed in this analysis (CVs: 0.6 and 2.4%, respectively). The eight most stable sequences included four extremely GC-rich miRNAs (miR-1915-3p, miR-3665, miR-4787-5p and miR-4497). The best-performing duo normalization factor (NF) for the condition of human plasma, miR-320d and miR-4787-5p, also included a GC-extreme miRNA. In summary, the identification of extremely guanine-cytosine-rich plasma normalizers will help to increase accuracy of PCR-based miRNA quantification, thus raise the potential that miRNAs become markers for psychological stress reactions or early and precise diagnosis of clinical phenotypes. The novel miRNAs might also be useful for orthologous contexts considering their conservation in related animal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Baumann
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Omid R. Faridani
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Lowy Cancer Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria,Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Ralf Steinborn,
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Zhao L, Yang H, Li X, Zhou Y, Liu T, Zhao Y. Transcriptome-based selection and validation of optimal reference genes in perirenal adipose developing of goat ( Capra hircus). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1055866. [PMID: 36467654 PMCID: PMC9712442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1055866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is mainly present in young mammals and is important for maintaining body temperature in neonatal mammals because of its ability to produce non-shivering thermogenesis. There is usually a large amount of BAT around the kidneys of newborn kids, but the BAT gradually "whiting" after birth. Screening and validating appropriate reference genes is a prerequisite for further studying the mechanism of goat brown adipose tissue "whiting" during the early stages. In this study, the expression stability of 17 candidate reference genes: 12 COPS8, SAP18, IGF2R, PARL, SNRNP200, ACTG1, CLTA, GANAB, GABARAP, PCBP2, CTSB, and CD151) selected based on previous transcriptome data as new candidate reference genes, 3 (PFDN5, CTNNB1, and EIF3M) recommended in previous studies, and 2 traditional reference genes (ACTB and GAPDH) was evaluated. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology was used to detect the expression level of candidate reference genes during goat BAT "whiting". Four algorithms: Normfinder, geNorm, ΔCt method, and BestKeeper, and two comprehensive algorithms: ComprFinder and RefFinder, were used to analyze the stability of each candidate reference genes. GABARAP, CLTA, GAPDH, and ACTB were identified as the most stable reference genes, while CTNNB1, CTSB, and EIF3M were the least stable. Moreover, two randomly selected target genes IDH2 and RBP4, were effectively normalized using the selected most stable reference genes. These findings collectively suggest that GABARAP, CLTA, GAPDH, and ACTB are relatively stable reference genes that can potentially be used for the development of perirenal fat in goats.
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Song Q, Dou L, Zhang W, Peng Y, Huang M, Wang M. Public transcriptome database-based selection and validation of reliable reference genes for breast cancer research. Biomed Eng Online 2021; 20:124. [PMID: 34895237 PMCID: PMC8665499 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-021-00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is the most sensitive technique for evaluating gene expression levels. Choosing appropriate reference genes (RGs) is critical for normalizing and evaluating changes in the expression of target genes. However, uniform and reliable RGs for breast cancer research have not been identified, limiting the value of target gene expression studies. Here, we aimed to identify reliable and accurate RGs for breast cancer tissues and cell lines using the RNA-seq dataset. Methods First, we compiled the transcriptome profiling data from the TCGA database involving 1217 samples to identify novel RGs. Next, ten genes with relatively stable expression levels were chosen as novel candidate RGs, together with six conventional RGs. To determine and validate the optimal RGs we performed qRT-PCR experiments on 87 samples from 11 types of surgically excised breast tumor specimens (n = 66) and seven breast cancer cell lines (n = 21). Five publicly available algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, ΔCt method, BestKeeper, and ComprFinder) were used to assess the expression stability of each RG across all breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Results Our results show that RG combinations SF1 + TRA2B + THRAP3 and THRAP3 + RHOA + QRICH1 showed stable expression in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, respectively, and that they displayed good interchangeability. We propose that these combinations are optimal triplet RGs for breast cancer research. Conclusions In summary, we identified novel and reliable RG combinations for breast cancer research based on a public RNA-seq dataset. Our results lay a solid foundation for the accurate normalization of qRT-PCR results across different breast cancer tissues and cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12938-021-00963-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Song
- Department of Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Lu Dou
- Department of Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, No.165, Xin Cheng Lu, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404000, China.
| | - Mengyuan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, No.165, Xin Cheng Lu, Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404000, China.
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Zhao J, Wang C, Zhang L, Lei A, Wang L, Niu L, Zhan S, Guo J, Cao J, Li L, Zhang H, Zhong T. Genome-Wide Identification of Reference Genes for Reverse-Transcription Quantitative PCR in Goat Rumen. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113137. [PMID: 34827869 PMCID: PMC8614340 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The rumen plays an essential role as a digestive organ and serves as the primary site of energy substrate absorption for the productive ruminants. Understanding gene expression profiles is necessary to explore the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms of rumen development in goats. The selection of suitable reference genes (RGs) was the primary assay before the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We identified sixteen genome-wide candidate RGs for normalization of gene expression assessments in goat rumen tissues. We demonstrate that the RGs selected (RPS4X and RPS6) were more stably expressed than the commonly used HKGs (ACTB and GAPDH) in goat rumen tissues, suggesting that the ribosomal protein gene family may be another source for the RG pool. Abstract As the largest chamber of the ruminant stomach, the rumen not only serves as the principal absorptive surface and nutrient transport pathway from the lumen into the animal, but also plays an important short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) metabolic role in addition to protective functions. Accurate characterization of the gene expression profiles of genes of interest is essential to the exploration of the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms of rumen development in goats. Thus, the selection of suitable reference genes (RGs) is an important prerequisite for real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). In the present study, 16 candidate RGs were identified from our previous transcriptome sequencing of caprine rumen tissues. The quantitative expressions of the candidate RGs were measured using the RT-qPCR method, and the expression stability of the RGs was assessed using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. GeNorm analysis showed that the M values were less than 0.5 for all the RGs except GAPT4, indicating that they were stably expressed in the rumen tissues throughout development. RPS4X and RPS6 were the two most stable RGs. Furthermore, the expressions of two randomly selected target genes (IGF1 and TOP2A), normalized by the selected most stable RGs (RPS4X and RPS6), were consistent with the results of RNA sequencing, while the use of GAPDH and ACTB as RGs resulted in altered profiles. Overall, RPS4X and RPS6 showed the highest expression stability and the lowest coefficients of variation, and could be used as the optimal reference combination for quantifying gene expression in rumen tissues via RT-qPCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Aiai Lei
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Zhan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaxue Cao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Zhao N, Xu J, Jiao L, Qiu M, Zhang J, Wei X, Fan M. Transcriptome-Based Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris Under Acid Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:731205. [PMID: 34512609 PMCID: PMC8430261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.731205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is a major concern in fruit juice industry due to its spoilage potential of acidic fruit juice. Quantifying the expression levels of functional genes by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is necessary to elucidate the response mechanisms of A. acidoterrestris to acid stress. However, appropriate reference genes (RGs) for data normalization are required to obtain reliable RT-qPCR results. In this study, eight novel candidate RGs were screened based on transcriptome datasets of A. acidoterrestris under acid stress. The expression stability of eight new RGs and commonly used RG 16s rRNA was assessed using geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms. Moreover, the comprehensive analysis using the RefFinder program and the validation using target gene ctsR showed that dnaG and dnaN were the optimal multiple RGs for normalization at pH 4.0; ytvI, dnaG, and 16s rRNA at pH 3.5; icd and dnaG at pH 3.0; and ytvI, dnaG, and spoVE at pH 2.5. This study revealed for the first time that A. acidoterrestris had different suitable RGs under different acid conditions, with implications for further deciphering the acid response mechanisms of this spoilage-causing bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Lingxia Jiao
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mengzhen Qiu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Mingtao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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