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Guo X, He K, Li M, Zhang Y, Jiang J, Qian L, Gao X, Zhang C, Liu S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Fusarium graminearum challenged with distinct fungicides and functional analysis of FgICL gene. Genomics 2024; 116:110869. [PMID: 38797456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an economically important phytopathogenic fungus. Chemical control remains the dominant approach to managing this plant pathogen. In the present study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis to understand the effects of four commercially used fungicides on F. graminearum. The results revealed a significant number of differentially expressed genes related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, particularly in the carbendazim and phenamacril groups. Central carbon pathways, including the TCA and glyoxylate cycles, were found to play crucial roles across all treatments except tebuconazole. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis reinforced the pivotal role of central carbon pathways based on identified hub genes. Additionally, critical candidates associated with ATP-binding cassette transporters, heat shock proteins, and chitin synthases were identified. The crucial functions of the isocitrate lyase in F. graminearum were also validated. Overall, the study provided comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of how F. graminearum responds to fungicide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Kai He
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jia Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Le Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Chengqi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Green Plant Protection, Luoyang 471023, China.
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Xi Y, Zhang J, Fan B, Sun M, Cao W, Liu X, Gai Y, Shen C, Wang H, Wang M. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Regulators of DMI Fungicide Resistance in the Citrus Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:360. [PMID: 38786715 PMCID: PMC11122302 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum, is the major cause of citrus postharvest decay. Currently, the application of sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide is one of the main control measures to prevent green mold. However, the fungicide-resistance problem in the pathogen P. digitatum is growing. The regulatory mechanism of DMI fungicide resistance in P. digitatum is poorly understood. Here, we first performed transcriptomic analysis of the P. digitatum strain Pdw03 treated with imazalil (IMZ) for 2 and 12 h. A total of 1338 genes were up-regulated and 1635 were down-regulated under IMZ treatment for 2 h compared to control while 1700 were up-regulated and 1661 down-regulated under IMZ treatment for 12 h. The expression of about half of the genes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway was affected during IMZ stress. Further analysis identified that 84 of 320 transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed at both conditions, making them potential regulators in DMI resistance. To confirm their roles, three differentially expressed TFs were selected to generate disruption mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The results showed that two of them had no response to IMZ stress while ∆PdflbC was more sensitive compared with the wild type. However, disruption of PdflbC did not affect the ergosterol content. The defect in IMZ sensitivity of ∆PdflbC was restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with a functional copy of PdflbC. Taken together, our results offer a rich source of information to identify novel regulators in DMI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Botao Fan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Wenqian Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (B.F.); (M.S.); (W.C.); (X.L.); (C.S.); (H.W.)
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3
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Cuan R, Liu S, Zhou C, Wang S, Zheng Y, Yuan Y. Transcriptome Analysis of mfs2-Defective Penicillium digitatum Mutant to Reveal Importance of Pd mfs2 in Developing Fungal Prochloraz Resistance. Microorganisms 2024; 12:888. [PMID: 38792718 PMCID: PMC11123787 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), including prochloraz, are popular fungicides to control citrus postharvest pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum (green mold). However, many P. digitatum strains have developed prochloraz resistance, which decreases drug efficacy. Specific major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter gene mfs2, encoding drug-efflux pump protein MFS2, has been identified in P. digitatum strain F6 (PdF6) to confer fungal strain prochloraz resistance. However, except for the drug-efflux pump function of MFS2, other mechanisms relating to the Pdmfs2 are not fully clear. The present study reported a transcriptome investigation on the mfs2-defective P. digitatum strain. Comparing to the wild-type strain, the mfs2-defective strain showed 717 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) without prochloraz induction, and 1221 DEGs with prochloraz induction. The obtained DEGs included multiple isoforms of MFS transporter-encoding genes, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-encoding genes, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family protein-encoding genes. Many of these putative drug-efflux pump protein-encoding genes had significantly lower transcript abundances in the mfs2-defective P. digitatum strain at prochloraz induction, as compared to the wild-type strain, including twenty-two MFS transporter-encoding genes (MFS1 to MFS22), two ABC transporter-encoding genes (ABC1 and ABC2), and three MATE protein-encoding genes (MATE1 to MATE3). The prochloraz induction on special drug-efflux pump protein genes in the wild-type strain was not observed in the mfs2-defective strain, including MFS21, MFS22, ABC2, MATE1, MATE2, and MATE3. On the other hand, the up-regulation of other drug-efflux pump protein genes in the mfs2-defective strain cannot recover the fungal prochloraz resistance, including MFS23, MFS26, MFS27, MFS31, MFS33, and ABC3 to ABC8. The functional enrichment of DEGs based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and euKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) database resources suggested some essential contributors to the mfs2-relating prochloraz resistance, including ribosome biosynthesis-related genes, oxidative phosphorylation genes, steroid biosynthesis-related genes, fatty acid and lipid metabolism-related genes, and carbon- and nitrogen-metabolism-related genes. The results indicated that the MFS2 transporter might be involved in the regulation of multiple drug-efflux pump protein gene expressions and multiple metabolism-related gene expressions, thus playing an important role in developing P. digitatum prochloraz resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (R.C.); (C.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaoting Liu
- School of Political and Law, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China;
| | - Chuanyou Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (R.C.); (C.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (R.C.); (C.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization & Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China;
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (R.C.); (C.Z.); (S.W.)
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Gao L, Liang Y, Xiong Q, Huang M, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Control of citrus blue and green molds by Actinomycin X 2 and its possible antifungal mechanism. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105718. [PMID: 38225074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Citrus blue and green molds caused by Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum, and P. polonicum, are the major postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. In the present study, Actinomycin X2 (Act-X2), a naturally occurring antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species, was found to show excellent antifungal effect against these three pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL for them all, which was better than the positive control thiophanate-methyl. Act-X2 significantly reduced the percentage of spore germination, and highly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. italicum, P. digitatum, and P. polonicum with EC50 values being 34.34, 13.76, and 37.48 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, Act-X2 greatly decreased the intracellular protein content while increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and superoxide anion (O2-) content in the mycelia of pathogens. In vivo test indicated that Act-X2 strongly inhibited the infection of navel oranges by these three Penicillium species, with an inhibition percentage of >50% for them all at the concentration of 10 MIC. Transcriptome analysis suggested that Act-X2 might highly influence the ribosomal functions of P. polonicum, which was supported as well by the molecular docking analysis of Act-X2 with some key functional proteins and RNAs of the ribosome. Furthermore, Act-X2 significantly reduced the decay percentage and improved the firmness, color, and sugar-acid ratio of navel oranges spray-inoculated with P. polonicum during the postharvest storage at 4 °C for 60 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Gao
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qin Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Xu N, Lu H, Yi X, Peng S, Huang X, Zhang Y, He C. Potential of Alpha-(α)-Solanine as a Natural Inhibitor of Fungus Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Strawberry. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020450. [PMID: 36836807 PMCID: PMC9961337 DOI: 10.3390/life13020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Curvularia trifolii is an important pathogenic fungus that causes leaf spot disease in strawberry and other crops. Increased resistance in pathogenic fungi against chemical fungicides necessitates the search for biological alternatives to control plant fungal diseases. The present study aimed to perform transcriptome and metabolome analysis of C. trifolii fungi. We evaluated the potential of an alkaloid, namely alpha (α)-solanine, to inhibit the growth of Curvularia under in vitro conditions. Furthermore, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of treated C. trifolii was performed to identify the differential genes and metabolites. Results revealed that treatment with α-solanine resulted in the poor growth and development of fungal spores. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 1413 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs), among which 340 unigenes were up-regulated, 100 unigenes were down-regulated, and the rest were unaffected in treated samples. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of the genes were related to oxidative stress in the fungus. Additionally, using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 455 metabolites, among which the majority of metabolites were related to lipid biosynthesis. The high number of genes related to lipid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species revealed that α-solanine causes oxidative stress in Curvularia, leading to growth inhibition, and can be potentially used as an alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Institute of Hunan Edible Fungi, Shuangtang Road No. 107, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1000, Jinqi Road, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xueqian Yi
- Hunan Institute of Traffic Engineering, Jiefang Road No. 430, Hengyang 421200, China
| | - Simin Peng
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Changzheng He
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No.1, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Gong C, Liu M, Liu D, Wang Q, Hasnain A, Zhan X, Pu J, Liang Y, Liu X, Wang X. Status of Fungicide Resistance and Physiological Characterization of Tebuconazole Resistance in Rhizocotonia solani in Sichuan Province, China. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4859-4876. [PMID: 36286045 PMCID: PMC9600323 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance prevalence of chemical fungicides has caused increasingly serious agro-ecological environmental problems. However, there are few previous reports about resistance to succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) or sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) in Rhizoctonia solani, one of the main agro-diseases. In this study, the fungicide resistance of 122 R. solani isolates in Sichuan Province was monitored by the mycelial growth rate method. Results showed that all isolates were susceptible to hexaconazole and most isolates were susceptible to thifluzamide, except for the field isolate MSRS-2-7 due to a moderate resistance to thifluzamide (16.43-fold resistance ratio, RR), compared to the sensitivity baseline of thifluzamide (0.042 μg/mL EC50 values). On the contrary, many isolates showed moderate or high resistance to tebuconazole (10.59- to 60.78-fold RR), reaching EC50 values of 0.54~3.10 μg/mL, especially for a highly resistant isolate LZHJ-1-8 displaying moderate resistance to epoxiconazole (35.40-fold RR due to a 3.54 μg/mL EC50 value). The fitness determination found that the tebuconazole-resistant isolates showed higher fitness cost with these characteristics, including a lower growth rate, higher relative electric conductivity, an increased ability to tolerate tebuconazole, and high osmotic pressure. Four new mutations of cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), namely, S94A, N406S, H793R, and L750P, which is the target for DMI fungicides, was found in the tebuconazole-resistant isolates. Furthermore, the lowest binding energy with tebuconazole was also found in the LZHJ-1-8 isolate possessing all the mutations through analyses with Discovery Studio software. Therefore, these new mutation sites of CYP51 may be linked to the resistance against tebuconazole, and its application for controlling R. solani should be restricted in some areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Gong
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiulin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ali Hasnain
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhan
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Pu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Li G, Liu S, Wu L, Wang X, Cuan R, Zheng Y, Liu D, Yuan Y. Characterization and Functional Analysis of a New Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CaMK1) in the Citrus Pathogenic Fungus Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070667. [PMID: 35887424 PMCID: PMC9323541 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) act as a class of crucial elements in Ca2+-signal transduction pathways that regulate fungal growth, sporulation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance. However, little is known about the function of such protein kinase in phytopathogenic Penicillium species. In the present study, a new CaMK gene from the citrus pathogenic fungus P. italicum, designated PiCaMK1, was cloned and functionally characterized by gene knockout and transcriptome analysis. The open reading frame of PiCaMK1 is 1209 bp in full length, which encodes 402 amino acid residues (putative molecular weight ~45.2 KD) with the highest homologous (~96.3%) to the P. expansum CaMK. The knockout mutant ΔPiCaMK1 showed a significant reduction in vegetative growth, conidiation, and virulence (i.e., to induce blue mold decay on citrus fruit). ΔPiCaMK1 was less sensitive to NaCl- or KCl-induced salinity stress and less resistant to mannitol-induced osmotic stress, indicating the functional involvement of PiCaMK1 in such environmental stress tolerance. In contrast, the PiCaMK1-complemented strain ΔPiCaMK1COM can restore all the defective phenotypes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that knockout of PiCaMK1 down-regulated expression of the genes involved in DNA replication and repair, cell cycle, meiosis, pyrimidine and purine metabolisms, and MAPK signaling pathway. Our results suggested the critical role of PiCaMK1 in regulating multiple physical and cellular processes of citrus postharvest pathogen P. italicum, including growth, conidiation, virulence, and environmental stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Shaoting Liu
- School of Public Administration, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Rongrong Cuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongliang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, College of Biology and Agricultural Resources, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China;
| | - Deli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (G.L.); (L.W.); (X.W.); (R.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Liang X, Zou L, Lian W, Wang M, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Conserved and Distinct Mechanisms of the SDHI Fungicide Benzovindiflupyr Inhibiting Colletotrichum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1255-1263. [PMID: 34879716 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-21-0420-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum leaf disease (CLD) is an annual production concern for commercial growers worldwide. The succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide benzovindiflupyr shows higher bioactivity against CLD than other SDHIs. However, the mechanism underlying such difference remains unclear. In this study, benzovindiflupyr exhibits good inhibitory activity against Colletotrichum siamense and C. nymphaeae in vitro and in vivo. To reveal its mechanism for inhibiting Colletotrichum, we compared transcriptomes of C. siamense and C. nymphaeae under treatment with benzovindiflupyr and boscalid. Benzovindiflupyr exhibited higher inhibitory activity against SDH enzyme than boscalid, resulting in a greater reduction in the ATP content of Colletotrichum isolates. Most of the metabolic pathways induced in these fungicide-treated isolates were similar, indicating that benzovindiflupyr exhibited a conserved mechanism of SDHIs inhibiting Colletotrichum. At the same level of suppressive SDH activity, benzovindiflupyr activated more than three times greater gene numbers of Colletotrichum than boscalid, suggesting that benzovindiflupyr could activate distinct mechanisms against Colletotrichum. Membrane-related gene ontology terms, mainly including intrinsic components of membrane, were highly abundant for the benzovindiflupyr-treated isolates rather than boscalid-treated isolates. Only benzovindiflupyr increased the relative conductivities of hyphae, indicating that it could damage the cell membrane and increase mycelial electrolyte leakage. Thus, we proposed that the high bioactivity of benzovindiflupyr against Colletotrichum occurred by inhibiting SDH activity and damaging the cell membrane at the same time. The research improves our understanding the mode of action of SDHI fungicides against Colletotrichum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lijun Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
| | - Wenxu Lian
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, 570228 Haikou, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, China
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Wang ZQ, Meng FZ, Yin LF, Yin WX, Lv L, Yang XL, Chang XQ, Zhang S, Luo CX. Transcriptomic Analysis of Resistant and Wild-Type Isolates Revealed Fludioxonil as a Candidate for Controlling the Emerging Isoprothiolane Resistant Populations of Magnaporthe oryzae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874497. [PMID: 35464942 PMCID: PMC9024399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The point mutation R343W in MoIRR, a putative Zn2Cys6 transcription factor, introduces isoprothiolane (IPT) resistance in Magnaporthe oryzae. However, the function of MoIRR has not been characterized. In this study, the function of MoIRR was investigated by subcellular localization observation, transcriptional autoactivation test, and transcriptomic analysis. As expected, GFP-tagged MoIRR was translocated in the nucleus, and its C-terminal could autonomously activate the expression of reporter genes HIS3 and α-galactosidase in absence of any prey proteins in Y2HGold, suggesting that MoIRR was a typical transcription factor. Transcriptomic analysis was then performed for resistant mutant 1a_mut (R343W), knockout transformant ΔMoIRR-1, and their parental wild-type isolate H08-1a. Upregulated genes in both 1a_mut and ΔMoIRR-1 were involved in fungicide resistance-related KEGG pathways, including the glycerophospholipid metabolism and Hog1 MAPK pathways. All MoIRR deficiency-related IPT-resistant strains exhibited increased susceptibility to fludioxonil (FLU) that was due to the upregulation of Hog1 MAPK pathway genes. The results indicated a correlation between FLU susceptibility and MoIRR deficiency-related IPT resistance in M. oryzae. Thus, using a mixture of IPT and FLU could be a strategy to manage the IPT-resistant populations of M. oryzae in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-Qian Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Zhu Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-Fen Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Qian Chang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Shu Zhang,
| | - Chao-Xi Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring and Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Chao-Xi Luo,
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10
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Fungitoxicity profile of Cladosporium cladosporioides C1, as a leveraging tool for postharvest management of grapes. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Diao J, Li S, Ma L, Zhang P, Bai J, Wang J, Ma X, Ma W. Genome-Wide Analysis of Major Facilitator Superfamily and Its Expression in Response of Poplar to Fusarium oxysporum. Front Genet 2021; 12:769888. [PMID: 34745233 PMCID: PMC8567078 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.769888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is one of the largest known membrane transporter families. MFSs are involved in many essential functions, but studies on the MFS family in poplar have not yet been reported. Here, we identified 41 MFS genes from Populus trichocarpa (PtrMFSs). We built a phylogenetic tree, which clearly divided members of PtrMFS into six groups with specific gene structures and protein motifs/domains. The promoter regions contain various cis-acting elements involved in stress and hormone responsiveness. Genes derived from segmental duplication events are unevenly distributed in 17 poplar chromosomes. Collinearity analysis showed that PtrMFS genes are conserved and homologous to corresponding genes from four other species. Transcriptome data indicated that 40 poplar MFS genes were differentially expressed when treated with Fusarium oxysporum. Co-expression networks and gene function annotations of MFS genes showed that MFS genes tightly co-regulated and closely related in function of transmembrane transport. Taken together, we systematically analyzed structure and function of genes and proteins in the PtrMFS family. Evidence indicated that poplar MFS genes play key roles in plant development and response to a biological stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Diao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuxuan Li
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyang Bai
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Institute of Forest Protection, Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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12
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Assessment of Commercial Fungicides against Onion ( Allium cepa) Basal Rot Disease Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae and Fusarium acutatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030235. [PMID: 33801156 PMCID: PMC8004095 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The onion basal rot disease is a worldwide threat caused by species of the genus Fusarium. Today, Israel’s control of this disease is limited to a four-year growth cycle and Metam sodium soil disinfection. Here, commercial chemical fungicides were evaluated as control treatments against two of the primary pathogens involved, F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and F. Acutatum. Out of 10 fungicides tested on culture plates, 3, Prochloraz, Azoxystrobin + Tebuconazole, and Fludioxonil + Sedaxen, had strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth and were selected and tested in seeds in vitro. The preparations were applied as a seed coating and tested in two commercial cultivars, Riverside (Orlando, white cv.) and Noam (red cv.). Prochloraz (0.3% w/w concentration), the most promising compound, was efficient in reducing the Noam cv. sprouts’ disease symptoms. This preparation had no harmful in situ-toxicity effect and did not influence the plants’ seed germination and early development. In Noam cv. potted 30-day-old sprouts, the Prochloraz treatment was able to reduce the harmful impact of F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae. on the seedlings’ wet biomass, but was not effective in the Riverside cv. or against the F. acutatum pathogen. This suggests that future protective strategies must include an effective protective suit tailored to each of the pathogen species involved and the onion cultivar. The methods presented in this work can be applied for rapidly scanning multiple compounds while gradually ruling out ineffective ones. Eventually, this screening will enable field testing of the highest potential fungicides that successfully pass the pot experiments.
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13
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Kanashiro AM, Akiyama DY, Kupper KC, Fill TP. Penicillium italicum: An Underexplored Postharvest Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:606852. [PMID: 33343551 PMCID: PMC7746842 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.606852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the agricultural sector, citrus is one of the most important fruit genus in the world. In this scenario, Brazil is the largest producer of oranges; 34% of the global production, and exporter of concentrated orange juice; 76% of the juice consumed in the planet, summing up US$ 6.5 billion to Brazilian GDP. However, the orange production has been considerable decreasing due to unfavorable weather conditions in recent years and the increasing number of pathogen infections. One of the main citrus post-harvest phytopathogen is Penicillium italicum, responsible for the blue mold disease, which is currently controlled by pesticides, such as Imazalil, Pyrimethanil, Fludioxonil, and Tiabendazole, which are toxic chemicals harmful to the environment and also to human health. In addition, P. italicum has developed considerable resistance to these chemicals as a result of widespread applications. To address this growing problem, the search for new control methods of citrus post-harvest phytopathogens is being extensively explored, resulting in promising new approaches such as biocontrol methods as “killer” yeasts, application of essential oils, and antimicrobial volatile substances. The alternative methodologies to control P. italicum are reviewed here, as well as the fungal virulence factors and infection strategies. Therefore, this review will focus on a general overview of recent research carried out regarding the phytopathological interaction of P. italicum and its citrus host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katia Cristina Kupper
- Advanced Citrus Research Center, Sylvio Moreira/Campinas Agronomic Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Penicilliumdigitatum MFS transporters can display different roles during pathogen-fruit interaction. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108918. [PMID: 33126075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) comprises a large family of fungal transporters. In this work four Penicillium digitatum MFS transporters named PdMFS2-5 were identified and functionally characterized through gene elimination and gene overexpression with aim of unveil the similarities and differences among members of the same family during pathogen-fruit interaction. Fungal mutants in which each of the MFS transporters were individually deleted, displayed a clear effect on their infective capacity during citrus fruit infection especially in two of them. In contrast, the observed effect on fungicide sensitivity limits PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 as transporters underlying fungicide resistance. Moreover, overexpression transformants confirmed P. digitatum MFS transporters function and PdMFS2 and PdMFS3 were able to confer fungicide resistance to P. digitatum strains originally fungicide sensitive. Gene transcription rate depended on each MFS transporter being PdMFS4 the one with higher gene expression. Transcriptional profiling was similar regardless the P. digitatum strain. The gene expression analysis showed an increase of PdMFSs transcription in all overexpression transformants, particularly in Pd27 strain. Expression analysis carried out during P. digitatum-citrus fruit interaction confirmed the contribution of all PdMFSs, excepting PdMFS5, in fungal virulence. These results indicate that MFS fungal transporters might be part of different processes and can replace other genes functions giving them a very high degree of versatility.
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15
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Cheng Q, Jia W, Hu C, Shi G, Yang D, Cai M, Zhan T, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Zhao X. Enhancement and improvement of selenium in soil to the resistance of rape stem against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the inhibition of dissolved organic matter derived from rape straw on mycelium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114827. [PMID: 32454382 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum), one of the most destructive diseases in many crops including Brassica napus L. The extensive use of fungicides to control S. sclerotiorum caused severe damage to the environment in the long term. Increasing study reported that selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for plant by promoting growth and enhancing disease resistance. In this study, it was found that Se in soil shortened lesion length by 19.14% on rape stem infected with S. sclerotiorum. While resistance mechanism of rape stem against S. sclerotiorum remains unknown. Transcriptomic analysis of rape stem was performed and the results indicated that genes related to antifungal pathways were up-regulated. Moreover, metabonomic analysis was carried out to study the inhibitive effect of the dissolved organic matter derived from rape straw with Se pretreatment in soil (RSDOMSe) on S. sclerotiorum mycelium, results showed that RSDOMSe caused severe damage to energy metabolism of mycelium. Further study indicated that RSDOMSe decreased the pathogenicity of mycelium on rape leaves significantly, and enhanced content of chlorophyII, carotenoids, OD phenol and activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in rape leaves, which suggested that RSDOMSe plays a positive role in regulating oxidative stress responses of plant when infected with S. sclerotiorum. In addition, when compared with dimcthachlon (DIM) treatment alone, DIM combined with RSDOMSe resulted in higher inhibition on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum (the inhibition ratio of nearly 60%). Results in this study suggested that Se enhanced the resistance of rape stem against S. sclerotiorum because of the up-regulated genes related to antifungal pathways, and RSDOMSe improved the mycelial growth inhibition and decreased the pathogenicity of mycelium on rape leaves. Overall, Se as well as Se-enrich byproducts, possessed great potential to be developed as ecological fungicides for controlling S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chengxiao Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanni Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xuecheng Sun
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for New-Type Fertilizer, Research Center of Trace Elements, Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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