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Kawai Y, Nakayama A, Fukushima H. Identification of sepsis-causing bacteria from whole blood without culture using primers with no cross-reactivity to human DNA. J Microbiol Methods 2024; 223:106982. [PMID: 38942122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2024.106982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a major health concern globally, and identification of the causative organism usually takes several days. Furthermore, molecular amplification using whole blood from patients with sepsis remains challenging because of primer cross-reactivity with human DNA, which can delay appropriate clinical intervention. To address these concerns, we designed primers that could reduce cross-reactivity. By evaluating these primers against human DNA, we confirmed that the cross-reactivity observed with conventional primers was notably absent. In silico PCR further demonstrated the specificity and efficiency of the designed primers across 23 bacterial species that are often associated with sepsis. When tested using blood samples from sepsis patients, the designed primers showed moderate sensitivity and high specificity. Surprisingly, our method identified bacteria even in samples that were detected at other sites but tested negative using conventional blood culture methods. Although we identified some challenges, such as contamination with Acetobacter aceti due to the saponin pretreatment of samples, the developed method demonstrates remarkable potential for rapid identification of the causative organisms of sepsis and provides a new avenue for diagnosis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kawai
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Akifumi Nakayama
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Gifu University of Medical Science, Ichihiraga, Seki, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hidetada Fukushima
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University, Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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2
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Poulsen SH, Søgaard KK, Fuursted K, Nielsen HL. Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of 16S and 18S rRNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing based on five years of clinical experience. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023; 55:767-775. [PMID: 37535652 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2023.2241550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of 16S/18S rRNA targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) has improved microbial diagnostics, however, the use of tNGS in a routine clinical setting requires further elucidation. We retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of 16S/18S tNGS, routinely used in the North Denmark Region between 2017 and 2021. METHODS We retrieved 544 tNGS results from 491 patients hospitalised with suspected infection (e.g. meningitis, pneumonia, intraabdominal abscess, osteomyelitis and joint infection). The tNGS assays was performed using the Illumina MiSeq desktop sequencer, and BION software for annotation. The patients' diagnosis and clinical management was evaluated by medical chart review. We calculated sensitivity and specificity, and determined the diagnostic accuracy of tNGS by defining results as true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative. RESULTS Overall, tNGS had a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 97%. tNGS was more frequently true positive compared to culture (32% vs 18%), and tNGS detected a greater variety of bacteria and fungi, and was more frequently polymicrobial. However, the total diagnostic turnaround time was 16 days, and although 73% of tNGS results were true positive or true negative, only 4.4% of results led to changes in clinical management. CONCLUSIONS As a supplement to culture, tNGS improves identification of pathogenic microorganisms in a broad range of clinical specimens. However, the long turnaround time of tNGS in our setting may have contributed to a limited clinical utility. An improved turnaround time can be the key to improved clinical utility in a future setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstine Kobberøe Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Linde Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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3
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Kamau E, Yang S. Metagenomic Sequencing of Positive Blood Culture Fluid for Accurate Bacterial and Fungal Species Identification: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1259. [PMID: 37317232 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With blood stream infections (BSIs) representing a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, blood cultures play a crucial role in diagnosis, but their clinical application is dampened by the long turn-around time and the detection of only culturable pathogens. In this study, we developed and validated a shotgun metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) test directly from positive blood culture fluid, allowing for the identification of fastidious or slow growing microorganisms more rapidly. The test was built based on previously validated next-generation sequencing tests, which rely on several key marker genes for bacterial and fungal identification. The new test utilizes an open-source metagenomics CZ-ID platform for the initial analysis to generate the most likely candidate species, which is then used as a reference genome for downstream, confirmatory analysis. This approach is innovative because it takes advantage of an open-source software's agnostic taxonomic calling capability while still relying on the more established and previously validated marker gene-based identification scheme, increasing the confidence in the final results. The test showed high accuracy (100%, 30/30) for both bacterial and fungal microorganisms. We further demonstrated its clinical utility especially for anaerobes and mycobacteria that are either fastidious, slow growing, or unusual. Although applicable in only limited settings, the Positive Blood Culture mNGS test provides an incremental improvement in solving the unmet clinical needs for the diagnosis of challenging BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kamau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shangxin Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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4
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Pylephlebitis: A Systematic Review on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Portal Vein Thrombosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030429. [PMID: 36766534 PMCID: PMC9914785 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pylephlebitis, defined as infective thrombophlebitis of the portal vein, is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.37-2.7 cases per 100,000 person-years, which can virtually complicate any intra-abdominal or pelvic infections that develop within areas drained by the portal venous circulation. The current systematic review aimed to investigate the etiology behind pylephlebitis in terms of pathogens involved and causative infective processes, and to report the most common symptoms at clinical presentation. We included 220 individuals derived from published cases between 1971 and 2022. Of these, 155 (70.5%) were male with a median age of 50 years. There were 27 (12.3%) patients under 18 years of age, 6 (2.7%) individuals younger than one year, and the youngest reported case was only 20 days old. The most frequently reported symptoms on admission were fever (75.5%) and abdominal pain (66.4%), with diverticulitis (26.5%) and acute appendicitis (22%) being the two most common causes. Pylephlebitis was caused by a single pathogen in 94 (42.8%) cases and polymicrobial in 60 (27.2%) cases. However, the responsible pathogen was not identified or not reported in 30% of the included patients. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (25%), Bacteroides spp. (17%), and Streptococcus spp. (15%). The treatment of pylephlebitis consists initially of broad-spectrum antibiotics that should be tailored upon bacterial identification and continued for at least four to six weeks after symptom presentation. There is no recommendation for prescribing anticoagulants to all patients with pylephlebitis. However, they should be administered in patients with thrombosis progression on repeat imaging or persistent fever despite proper antibiotic therapy to increase the rates of thrombus resolution or decrease the overall mortality, which is approximately 14%.
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Prajwal P, Neary T, Rohrbach K, Bittel P, Göller PC, Buch T, Dümcke S, Keller PM. Optimizing mycobacteria molecular diagnostics: No decontamination! Human DNA depletion? Greener storage at 4 °C! Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1104752. [PMID: 37113238 PMCID: PMC10126496 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the group of bacterial pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Timely diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB is a key pillar of WHO's strategy to combat global TB. The time required to carry out drug susceptibility testing (DST) for MTBC via the classic culture method is in the range of weeks and such delays have a detrimental effect on treatment outcomes. Given that molecular testing is in the range of hours to 1 or 2 days its value in treating drug resistant TB cannot be overstated. When developing such tests, one wants to optimize each step so that tests are successful even when confronted with samples that have a low MTBC load or contain large amounts of host DNA. This could improve the performance of the popular rapid molecular tests, especially for samples with mycobacterial loads close to the limits of detection. Where optimizations could have a more significant impact is for tests based on targeted next generation sequencing (tNGS) which typically require higher quantities of DNA. This would be significant as tNGS can provide more comprehensive drug resistance profiles than the relatively limited resistance information provided by rapid tests. In this work we endeavor to optimize pre-treatment and extraction steps for molecular testing. Methods We begin by choosing the best DNA extraction device by comparing the amount of DNA extracted by five commonly used devices from identical samples. Following this, the effect that decontamination and human DNA depletion have on extraction efficiency is explored. Results The best results were achieved (i.e., the lowest Ct values) when neither decontamination nor human DNA depletion were used. As expected, in all tested scenarios the addition of decontamination to our workflow substantially reduced the yield of DNA extracted. This illustrates that the standard TB laboratory practice of applying decontamination, although being vital for culture-based testing, can negatively impact the performance of molecular testing. As a complement to the above experiments, we also considered the best Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA storage method to optimize molecular testing carried out in the near- to medium-term. Comparing Ct values following three-month storage at 4 °C and at -20 °C and showed little difference between the two. Discussion In summary, for molecular diagnostics aimed at mycobacteria this work highlights the importance of choosing the right DNA extraction device, indicates that decontamination causes significant loss of mycobacterial DNA, and shows that samples preserved for further molecular testing can be stored at 4 °C, just as well at -20 °C. Under our experimental settings, human DNA depletion gave no significant improvement in Ct values for the detection of MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Prajwal
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clemedi AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Turlough Neary
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Rohrbach
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C. Göller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter M. Keller
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Peter M. Keller,
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Abstract
Experiments involving metagenomics data are become increasingly commonplace. Processing such data requires a unique set of considerations. Quality control of metagenomics data is critical to extracting pertinent insights. In this chapter, we outline some considerations in terms of study design and other confounding factors that can often only be realized at the point of data analysis.In this chapter, we outline some basic principles of quality control in metagenomics, including overall reproducibility and some good practices to follow. The general quality control of sequencing data is then outlined, and we introduce ways to process this data by using bash scripts and developing pipelines in Snakemake (Python).A significant part of quality control in metagenomics is in analyzing the data to ensure you can spot relationships between variables and to identify when they might be confounded. This chapter provides a walkthrough of analyzing some microbiome data (in the R statistical language) and demonstrates a few days to identify overall differences and similarities in microbiome data. The chapter is concluded by discussing remarks about considering taxonomic results in the context of the study and interrogating sequence alignments using the command line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Gihawi
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Ryan Cardenas
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rachel Hurst
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Daniel S Brewer
- Bob Champion Research & Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Doualeh M, Payne M, Litton E, Raby E, Currie A. Molecular Methodologies for Improved Polymicrobial Sepsis Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094484. [PMID: 35562877 PMCID: PMC9104822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial sepsis is associated with worse patient outcomes than monomicrobial sepsis. Routinely used culture-dependent microbiological diagnostic techniques have low sensitivity, often leading to missed identification of all causative organisms. To overcome these limitations, culture-independent methods incorporating advanced molecular technologies have recently been explored. However, contamination, assay inhibition and interference from host DNA are issues that must be addressed before these methods can be relied on for routine clinical use. While the host component of the complex sepsis host–pathogen interplay is well described, less is known about the pathogen’s role, including pathogen–pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis. This review highlights the clinical significance of polymicrobial sepsis and addresses how promising alternative molecular microbiology methods can be improved to detect polymicrobial infections. It also discusses how the application of shotgun metagenomics can be used to uncover pathogen/pathogen interactions in polymicrobial sepsis cases and their potential role in the clinical course of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Doualeh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
| | - Matthew Payne
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Edward Litton
- Intensive Care Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Intensive Care Unit, St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edward Raby
- State Burns Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Microbiology Department, Path West Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Andrew Currie
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(08)-9360-7426
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8
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Biehl LM, Farowski F, Hilpert C, Nowag A, Kretzschmar A, Jazmati N, Tsakmaklis A, Wieters I, Khodamoradi Y, Wisplinghoff H, Vehreschild MJGT. Longitudinal variability in the urinary microbiota of healthy premenopausal women and the relation to neighboring microbial communities: A pilot study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262095. [PMID: 35030190 PMCID: PMC8759677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The understanding of longitudinal changes in the urinary microbiota of healthy women and its relation to intestinal microbiota is limited. Methods From a cohort of 15 premenopausal women without known urogenital disease or current symptoms, we collected catheter urine (CU), vaginal and periurethral swabs, and fecal samples on four visits over six months. Additionally, ten participants provided CU and midstream urine (MU) to assess comparability. Urine was subjected to expanded culture. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all urine, fecal, and selected vaginal and periurethral samples. Sequence reads were processed (DADA2 pipeline) and analyzed using QIIME 2 and R. Results Relative abundances of urinary microbiota were variable over 6–18 months. The degree of intraindividual variability of urinary microbiota was higher than that found in fecal samples. Still, nearly half of the observed beta diversity of all urine samples could be attributed to differences between volunteers (R2 = 0.48, p = 0.001). After stratification by volunteer, time since last sexual intercourse was shown to be a factor significantly contributing to beta diversity (R2 = 0.14, p = 0.001). We observed a close relatedness of urogenital microbial habitats and a clear distinction from intestinal microbiota in the overall betadiversity analysis. Microbiota compositions derived from MU differed only slightly from CU compositions. Within this analysis of low-biomass samples, we identified contaminating sequences potentially stemming from sequencing reagents. Conclusions Results from our longitudinal cohort study confirmed the presence of a rather variable individual urinary microbiota in premenopausal women. These findings from catheter urine complement previous observations on temporal dynamics in voided urine. The higher intraindividual variability of urinary microbiota as compared to fecal microbiota will be a challenge for future studies investigating associations with urogenital diseases and aiming at identifying pathogenic microbiota signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M. Biehl
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Fedja Farowski
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Catharina Hilpert
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Angela Nowag
- Wisplinghoff laboratories, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nathalie Jazmati
- Wisplinghoff laboratories, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anastasia Tsakmaklis
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Imke Wieters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hilmar Wisplinghoff
- Wisplinghoff laboratories, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Virology and Medical Microbiology, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Abd El-Aziz NK, Gharib AA, Mohamed EAA, Hussein AH. Real-time PCR versus MALDI-TOF MS and culture-based techniques for diagnosis of bloodstream and pyogenic infections in humans and animals. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1630-1644. [PMID: 33073430 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was applied to evaluate the usefulness of a high-throughput sample preparation protocol prior to the application of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the early diagnosis of bloodstream and pyogenic infections in humans and animals compared to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and classical culture. METHODS AND RESULTS Saponin-mediated selective host cell lysis combined with DNase-1 was applied for processing of whole blood and pus clinical samples collected from suspected cases of septicaemia and pyogenic infections in humans and animals. The pre-PCR processing strategy enabled the recovery of microbial cells with no changes in their colony forming units immediately after the addition of saponin. DNase-1 was efficient for removing the DNAs from the host cells as well as dead cells with damaged cell membranes. The metagenomic qPCR and MALDI-TOF MS could identify the bacterial community of sepsis at species level with a concordance of 97·37% unlike the conventional culture. According to qPCR results, Staphylococcus aureus (24·24%) was predominated in animal pyogenic infections, whereas Klebsiella pneumonia (31·81%) was commonly detected in neonatal sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Saponin combined with DNase-1 allowed the efficient recovery of microbial DNA from blood and pus samples in sepsis using qPCR assay. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Metagenomic qPCR could identify a broad range of bacteria directly from blood and pus with more sensitivity, higher discriminatory power and shorter turnaround time than those using MALDI-TOF MS and conventional culture. This might allow a timely administration of a prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Abd El-Aziz
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A A Gharib
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - E A A Mohamed
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A H Hussein
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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Klowak JA, El Helou S, Pernica JM, Parker MJ, Surette M, Poinar H, Fox-Robichaud AE. Fast I(n)dentification of Pathogens in Neonates (FINDPATH-N): protocol for a prospective pilot cohort study of next-generation sequencing for pathogen identification in neonates with suspected sepsis. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000651. [PMID: 32518844 PMCID: PMC7254136 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a major source of morbidity and mortality in neonates; however, identification of the causative pathogens is challenging. Many neonates have negative blood cultures despite clinical evidence of sepsis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a high-throughput, parallel sequencing technique for DNA. Pathogen-targeted enrichment followed by NGS has the potential to be more sensitive and faster than current gold-standard blood culture. In this pilot study, we will test the feasibility and pathogen detection patterns of pathogen-targeted NGS in neonates with suspected sepsis. Additionally, the distribution and diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers cell-free DNA and protein C levels at two time points will be explored. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a prospective, pilot observational study. Neonates over 1 kg with suspected sepsis from a single tertiary care children's hospital will be recruited for the study. Recruitment will be censored at 200 events or 6 months' duration. Two blood study samples will be taken: the first simultaneous to the blood culture (time=0 hour, for NGS and biomarkers) via an exception to consent (deferred consent) and another 24 hours later after prospective consent (biomarkers only). Neonates will be adjudicated into those with clinical sepsis, culture-proven sepsis and without sepsis based on clinical criteria. Feasibility parameters (eg, recruitment) and NGS process time will be reported.For analysis, NGS results will be described in aggregate, compared with the simultaneous blood culture (sensitivity and specificity) and reviewed via expert panel for plausibility. Pilot data for biomarker distribution and diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) for distinguishing between septic and non-septic neonates will be reported. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been granted by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. We will seek publication of study results in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ann Klowak
- Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salhab El Helou
- Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Pernica
- Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Parker
- Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hendrik Poinar
- Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison E Fox-Robichaud
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Huggins LG, Koehler AV, Ng-Nguyen D, Wilcox S, Schunack B, Inpankaew T, Traub RJ. Assessment of a metabarcoding approach for the characterisation of vector-borne bacteria in canines from Bangkok, Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:394. [PMID: 31395073 PMCID: PMC6686542 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, bacterial vector-borne disease (VBD) exerts a large toll on dogs in terms of morbidity and mortality but nowhere is this more pronounced than in the tropics. Tropical environments permit a burgeoning diversity and abundance of ectoparasites some of which can transmit an extensive range of infectious agents, including bacteria, amongst others. Although some of these vector-borne bacteria are responsible for both animal and human diseases in the tropics, there is a scarcity of epidemiological investigation into these pathogens' prevalence. The situation is further exacerbated by frequent canine co-infection, complicating symptomatology that regular diagnostic techniques may miss or be unable to fully characterise. Such limitations draw attention to the need to develop screening tools capable of detecting a wide range of pathogens from a host simultaneously. RESULTS Here, we detail the employment of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) metabarcoding methodology to screen for the spectrum of bacterial VBD that are infecting semi-domesticated dogs across temple communities in Bangkok, Thailand. Our NGS detection protocol was able to find high levels of Ehrlichia canis, Mycoplasma haemocanis and Anaplasma platys infection rates as well as less common pathogens, such as "Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum", Mycoplasma turicensis and Bartonella spp. We also compared our high-throughput approach to conventional endpoint PCR methods, demonstrating an improved detection ability for some bacterial infections, such as A. platys but a reduced ability to detect Rickettsia. CONCLUSIONS Our methodology demonstrated great strength at detecting coinfections of vector-borne bacteria and rare pathogens that are seldom screened for in canines in the tropics, highlighting its advantages over traditional diagnostics to better characterise bacterial pathogens in environments where there is a dearth of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G. Huggins
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Anson V. Koehler
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak 630000 Vietnam
| | - Stephen Wilcox
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | | | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
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Krogh AKH, Haaber J, Bochsen L, Ingmer H, Kristensen AT. Aggregating resistant Staphylococcus aureus induces hypocoagulability, hyperfibrinolysis, phagocytosis, and neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte binding in canine whole blood. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:560-574. [PMID: 30586190 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen with the ability to form mobile planktonic aggregates during growth, in vitro. The in vivo pathophysiologic effects of S aureus aggregates on host responses are unknown. Knowledge of these could aid in combating infections. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing concentrations of two different aggregating S aureus strains on the hemostatic and inflammatory host responses in canine whole blood. The hypothesis was that aggregating bacteria would induce pronounced hemostatic and inflammatory responses. METHODS Citrate-stabilized whole blood from 10 healthy dogs was incubated with two strains of aggregating S aureus at three different concentrations. Each sample was analyzed using tissue factor-thromboelastography (TF-TEG) and the formed clot was investigated with electron microscopy. The plasma activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, and D-dimer tests were measured. Bacteria-leukocyte binding was evaluated with flow cytometry, and neutrophil phagocytosis was assessed using light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The highest concentration of bacteria resulted in a significantly shortened TF-TEG initiation time, decreased alpha, maximum amplitude, global strength, and increased lysis. In addition, significantly shortened PT, decreased fibrinogen, and increased D-dimers were demonstrated at the highest concentration of bacteria. Lower concentrations of bacteria showed no differences in TF-TEG when compared with controls. The findings were similar for both S aureus strains. Increased concentration-dependent binding of bacteria and leukocytes and neutrophil bacterial phagocytosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS Two strains of S aureus induced alterations of clot formation in concentrations where bacterial aggregates were formed. A concentration-dependent cellular inflammatory response was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K H Krogh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Haaber
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Louise Bochsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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13
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Greninger AL, Naccache SN. Metagenomics to Assist in the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infection. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:643-653. [PMID: 31639732 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has emerged as a promising technology that enables pan-pathogen detection from any source. However, clinical utility and practical integration into the clinical microbiology work flow and a bloodstream infection detection algorithm are currently uncharted. In the context of bloodstream infections, the challenges associated with blood culture, including sensitivity, postantibiotic treatment, attaining sufficient volumes sufficient volumes, and turnaround time, are well-known. Molecular assays have helped expedite turnaround time, especially when performed directly from positive culture media bottles. mNGS offers an unbiased but more complex version of molecular testing directly from sample, but it is unclear how and if it should be implemented in the clinical microbiology laboratory today. CONTENT Here we map out the potential utility and application of mNGS tests to infectious disease diagnostics from blood sources, including intrinsic limitations of the methodology in diagnosing bloodstream infections and sepsis vs DNAemia, current barriers to integration into routine workup, and milestones that may need to be met before implementation. SUMMARY Polymerases and pores move faster than bugs divide, so the thermodynamics of mNGS adoption for bloodstream infection is favorable. Nonetheless, considerable activation barriers exist that will slow this likely diagnostic transition. We eagerly await the manufacturer who designs an integrated sample-to-answer box to do for mNGS what has been done for other aspects of molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samia N Naccache
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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14
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Metagenome Analysis as a Tool to Study Bacterial Infection Associated with Acute Surgical Abdomen. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100346. [PMID: 30322074 PMCID: PMC6210133 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to profile the bacterium in the ascites and blood of patients with acute surgical abdomen by metagenome analysis. Methods: A total of 97 patients with acute surgical abdomen were included in this study. Accompanied with the standard culture procedures, ascites and blood samples were collected for metagenome analysis to measure the relative abundance of bacteria among groups of patients and between blood and ascites. Results: Metagenomic analysis identified 107 bacterial taxa from the ascites of patients. A principal component analysis (PCA) could separate the bacteria of ascites into roughly three groups: peptic ulcer, perforated or non-perforated appendicitis, and a group which included cholecystitis, small bowel lesion, and colon perforation. Significant correlation between the bacteria of blood and ascites was found in nine bacterial taxa both in blood and ascites with more than 500 sequence reads. However, the PCA failed to separate the variation in the bacteria of blood into different groups of patients, and the bacteria of metagenomic analysis is only partly in accordance with those isolated from a conventional culture method. Conclusion: This study indicated that the metagenome analysis can provide limited information regarding the bacteria in the ascites and blood of patients with acute surgical abdomen.
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15
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Thangamony HH, Kumar R, Thangavelu CP, Mariappa M, Mariammal BGV, Brahmadathan KN. Nonspecific amplification of human DNA by Streptococcus pneumoniae LytA primer. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:65-69. [PMID: 29735829 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Determination of various analytical parameters is essential for the validation of primers used for in-house nucleic acid amplification tests. While standardising a high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute pyogenic meningitis, we encountered non-specific amplification of certain base pair sequences of human DNA by Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, USA recommended S. pneumoniae LytA primer. Materials and Methods HRMA was standardised using DNA extracted from an ATCC strain of S. pneumoniae using SP LytA F373 primer and Type-it HRMTM polymerase chain reaction kit in Rotor-Gene Q Thermal Cycler according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specificity of the primers was determined in dry and wet laboratory experiments against diverse related and unrelated microbial pathogens by HRMA and on DNA extracted from unspiked clinical samples negative for SP DNA. Sensitivity was determined by calculating lower limit of detection threshold in experiments with spiked samples. The amplicon from spiked experiments was sequenced and analysed through Gene Bank. Results Our dry/wet laboratory experiments showed two separate curves and different Tm values indicating certain non-specific amplification by the primer. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis of the amplicon obtained in the spiked experiment showed sequences of human chromosome 20 associated with Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type T gene. The problem was resolved by stopping the reaction at 30th Ct cycle and observing the Tm values. Conclusion Since HRMA is done without a specific probe, one should be aware of non-specific amplifications while using primers for HRMA of human clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hencida Thangamony
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Microbiological Laboratory, 12A Cowley Brown Road, R.S.Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravindran Kumar
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Microbiological Laboratory, 12A Cowley Brown Road, R.S.Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Mani Mariappa
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, Microbiological Laboratory, 12A Cowley Brown Road, R.S.Puram, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Berlin Grace Viswanathan Mariammal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology & Health Sciences, Karunya University, Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Detection of pathogenic microorganisms from bloodstream infection specimens using TaqMan array card technology. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12828. [PMID: 30150783 PMCID: PMC6110752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are often life-threatening, and rapid identification is critical. Here, we developed a TaqMan array card (TAC) assay to detect pathogens in BSI specimens. The TAC included 30 primer/probe pairs targeting 27 species and 3 controls. Reverse transcription and 0.1% blue dextran 2000 increased the TAC assay efficiency. The primer/probe pairs had a limit of detection of 100–102 CFU/mL and a specificity of 100%. For whole blood specimens, the TAC assay showed a sensitivity and specificity of 79.4% and 99.69%, respectively. For blood culture samples, the TAC assay showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99.67%, respectively. The TAC assay could be a promising method for early detection of bloodstream infection.
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17
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Faria MMP, Winston BW, Surette MG, Conly JM. Bacterial DNA patterns identified using paired-end Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from whole blood samples of septic patients in the emergency room and intensive care unit. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:79. [PMID: 30045694 PMCID: PMC6060528 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis refers to clinical presentations ranging from mild body dysfunction to multiple organ failure. These clinical symptoms result from a systemic inflammatory response to pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms present systemically in the bloodstream. Current clinical diagnostics rely on culture enrichment techniques to identify bloodstream infections. However, a positive result is obtained in a minority of cases thereby limiting our knowledge of sepsis microbiology. Previously, a method of saponin treatment of human whole blood combined with a comprehensive bacterial DNA extraction protocol was developed. The results indicated that viable bacteria could be recovered down to 10 CFU/ml using this method. Paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene also indicated that the bacterial DNA extraction method enabled recovery of bacterial DNA from spiked blood. This manuscript outlines the application of this method to whole blood samples collected from patients with the clinical presentation of sepsis. RESULTS Blood samples from clinically septic patients were obtained with informed consent. Application of the paired-end Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing to saponin treated blood from intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency department (ED) patients indicated that bacterial DNA was present in whole blood. There were three clusters of bacterial DNA profiles which were distinguished based on the distribution of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Gram-negative DNA. The profiles were examined alongside the patient's clinical data and indicated molecular profiling patterns from blood samples had good concordance with the primary source of infection. CONCLUSIONS Overall this study identified common bacterial DNA profiles in the blood of septic patients which were often associated with the patients' primary source of infection. These results indicated molecular bacterial DNA profiling could be further developed as a tool for clinical diagnostics for bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Martins Pereira Faria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Brent Warren Winston
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Critical Care, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Foothills Medical Centre, Alberta Health Services, Room AGW5, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada
| | - Michael Gordon Surette
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - John Maynard Conly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
- Foothills Medical Centre, Alberta Health Services, Room AGW5, 1403 29th Street NW, Calgary, AB T2N 2T9 Canada
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18
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Rutanga JP, Van Puyvelde S, Heroes AS, Muvunyi CM, Jacobs J, Deborggraeve S. 16S metagenomics for diagnosis of bloodstream infections: opportunities and pitfalls. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:749-759. [PMID: 29985081 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1498786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) form a large public health threat worldwide. Current routine diagnosis is based on blood culture (BC) but this technique suffers from limited sensitivity. Molecular diagnostic tools have been developed for identification of bacteria in the blood of BSI patients. 16S metagenomics is an open-ended technique that can detect simultaneously all bacteria in a given sample based on PCR amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) followed by sequencing of the PCR amplicons and taxonomic labeling of the sequence reads at genus or species level. Areas covered: Here we review the studies that have used 16S metagenomics for the identification of bacteria in human blood samples. We also discuss the potential added value of 16S metagenomics in the diagnosis of BSI, challenges as well as future directions for implementation in clinical settings. Expert commentary: 16S metagenomics has the potential to complement conventional BC; however, the technique currently suffers from several technical limitations jeopardizing implementation in routine clinical microbiology laboratories. Further studies are required to assess the cost-efficiency and clinical impact of 16S metagenomics in comparison to BC which remains the gold standard diagnostic method for BSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Rutanga
- a College of Science and Technology , University of Rwanda , Kigali , Rwanda.,b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium.,d Department of Microbiology and Immunology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Puyvelde
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium.,c Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Hinxton , United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Sophie Heroes
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,e Department of Clinical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Claude Mambo Muvunyi
- f College of Medicine and Health Sciences , University of Rwanda , Kigali , Rwanda
| | - Jan Jacobs
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,e Department of Clinical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp , Belgium
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19
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Peker N, Couto N, Sinha B, Rossen JW. Diagnosis of bloodstream infections from positive blood cultures and directly from blood samples: recent developments in molecular approaches. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:944-955. [PMID: 29787889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloodstream infections are a major cause of death with increasing incidence and severity. Blood cultures are still the reference standard for microbiological diagnosis, but are rather slow. Molecular methods can be used as add-on complementary assays. They can be useful to speed up microbial identification and to predict antimicrobial susceptibility, applied to direct blood samples or positive blood cultures. AIM To review recent developments in molecular-based diagnostic platforms used for the identification of bloodstream infections, with a focus on assays performed directly on blood samples and positive blood cultures. SOURCES Peer reviewed articles, conference abstracts, and manufacturers' websites. CONTENT We give an update on recent developments of molecular methods in diagnosing BSIs. We first describe the currently available molecular methods to be used for positive blood cultures including: a) in situ hybridization-based methods; b) DNA-microarray-based hybridization technology; c) nucleic acid amplification-based methods; and d) combined methods. Subsequently, molecular methods applied directly to whole blood samples are discussed, including the use of nucleic acid amplification-based methods, T2 magnetic resonance-based methods, and metagenomics for diagnosing BSIs. IMPLICATIONS Advances in molecular-based methods complementary to conventional blood culture diagnostics and antimicrobial stewardship programmes may optimize infection management by allowing rapid identification of pathogens and relevant antimicrobial resistance genes. Rapid diagnosis of the causing microorganism and relevant resistance determinants is important for early administration and modification of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Ultimately, this may lead to improved quality and cost-effectiveness of health care, as well as reduced antimicrobial resistance selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Peker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Couto
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Sinha
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J W Rossen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Forbes JD, Knox NC, Peterson CL, Reimer AR. Highlighting Clinical Metagenomics for Enhanced Diagnostic Decision-making: A Step Towards Wider Implementation. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:108-120. [PMID: 30026887 PMCID: PMC6050174 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical metagenomics (CMg) is the discipline that refers to the sequencing of all nucleic acid material present within a clinical specimen with the intent to recover clinically relevant microbial information. From a diagnostic perspective, next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers the ability to rapidly identify putative pathogens and predict their antimicrobial resistance profiles to optimize targeted treatment regimens. Since the introduction of metagenomics nearly a decade ago, numerous reports have described successful applications in an increasing variety of biological specimens, such as respiratory secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, stool, blood and tissue. Considerable advancements in sequencing and computational technologies in recent years have made CMg a promising tool in clinical microbiology laboratories. Moreover, costs per sample and turnaround time from specimen receipt to clinical management continue to decrease, making the prospect of CMg more feasible. Many difficulties, however, are associated with CMg and warrant further improvements such as the informatics infrastructure and analytical pipelines. Thus, the current review focuses on comprehensively assessing applications of CMg for diagnostic and subtyping purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Forbes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Natalie C. Knox
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Christy-Lynn Peterson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aleisha R. Reimer
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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21
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Identification by highly sensitive 16S metagenomic sequencing of an unusual case of polymicrobial bacteremia. J Infect 2017; 75:278-280. [PMID: 28535999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Zhang L, Rickard CM. Non-culture based diagnostics for intravascular catheter related bloodstream infections. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:181-188. [PMID: 28004592 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1275964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION intravascular catheter related bloodstream infection (IVC-BSI) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early detection and adequate treatment of causative pathogens is critical for a favourable outcome. However, it takes significant time to receive microbiological results due to the current reference diagnostic method's reliance on microbial growth. Areas covered: This review discusses culture and non-culture based techniques for the diagnosis of non IVC-BSI and IVC-BSI, including molecular methods and biomarkers. Different diagnostic strategies are evaluated and the potential of new generation of diagnostic assays highlighted. Expert commentary: The development of additional diagnostic methods has potential to beneficially supplement conventional culture diagnosis, and molecular techniques have particular potential to fulfil this need. They would also contribute significant new knowledge on the bacterial species present on catheters that are generally missed by diagnosis using traditionally culture-dependent methods. Advances in molecular strategies, together with new biomarkers, might lead to the development of faster, more sensitive and cheaper technologies and instruments. This review aims to provide a platform for the further development of IVCBSI diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- a Griffith University Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) , Nathan , Australia
| | - C M Rickard
- a Griffith University Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Alliance for Vascular Access Teaching and Research (AVATAR) , Nathan , Australia
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23
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Clinical Significance of Molecular Diagnostic Tools for Bacterial Bloodstream Infections: A Systematic Review. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2016; 2016:6412085. [PMID: 27974890 PMCID: PMC5128711 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6412085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial bloodstream infection (bBSI) represents any form of invasiveness of the blood circulatory system caused by bacteria and can lead to death among critically ill patients. Thus, there is a need for rapid and accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with septicemia. So far, different molecular diagnostic tools have been developed. The majority of these tools focus on amplification based techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which allows the detection of nucleic acids (both DNA and small RNAs) that are specific to bacterial species and sequencing or nucleic acid hybridization that allows the detection of bacteria in order to reduce delay of appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, there is still a need to improve sensitivity of most molecular techniques to enhance their accuracy and allow exact and on time antibiotic therapy treatment. In this regard, we conducted a systematic review of the existing studies conducted in molecular diagnosis of bBSIs, with the main aim of reporting on clinical significance and benefits of molecular diagnosis to patients. We searched both Google Scholar and PubMed. In total, eighteen reviewed papers indicate that shift from conventional diagnostic methods to molecular tools is needed and would lead to accurate diagnosis and treatment of bBSI.
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Ellis JE, Missan DS, Shabilla M, Martinez D, Fry SE. Rapid infectious disease identification by next-generation DNA sequencing. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 138:12-19. [PMID: 27659739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a critical need to rapidly identify infectious organisms in clinical samples. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) could surmount the deficiencies of culture-based methods; however, there are no standardized, automated programs to process NGS data. To address this deficiency, we developed the Rapid Infectious Disease Identification (RIDI™) system. The system requires minimal guidance, which reduces operator errors. The system is compatible with the three major NGS platforms. It automatically interfaces with the sequencing system, detects their data format, configures the analysis type, applies appropriate quality control, and analyzes the results. Sequence information is characterized using both the NCBI database and RIDI™ specific databases. RIDI™ was designed to identify high probability sequence matches and more divergent matches that could represent different or novel species. We challenged the system using defined American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) reference standards of 27 species, both individually and in varying combinations. The system was able to rapidly detect known organisms in <12h with multi-sample throughput. The system accurately identifies 99.5% of the DNA sequence reads at the genus-level and 75.3% at the species-level in reference standards. It has a limit of detection of 146cells/ml in simulated clinical samples, and is also able to identify the components of polymicrobial samples with 16.9% discrepancy at the genus-level and 31.2% at the species-level. Thus, the system's effectiveness may exceed current methods, especially in situations where culture methods could produce false negatives or where rapid results would influence patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E Ellis
- Fry Laboratories, L.L.C., 15720 N. Greenway-Hayden Loop STE 3, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, United States
| | - Dara S Missan
- Fry Laboratories, L.L.C., 15720 N. Greenway-Hayden Loop STE 3, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, United States
| | - Matthew Shabilla
- Fry Laboratories, L.L.C., 15720 N. Greenway-Hayden Loop STE 3, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, United States
| | - Delyn Martinez
- Fry Laboratories, L.L.C., 15720 N. Greenway-Hayden Loop STE 3, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, United States
| | - Stephen E Fry
- Fry Laboratories, L.L.C., 15720 N. Greenway-Hayden Loop STE 3, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, United States.
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Decuypere S, Meehan CJ, Van Puyvelde S, De Block T, Maltha J, Palpouguini L, Tahita M, Tinto H, Jacobs J, Deborggraeve S. Diagnosis of Bacterial Bloodstream Infections: A 16S Metagenomics Approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004470. [PMID: 26927306 PMCID: PMC4771206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial bloodstream infection (bBSI) is one of the leading causes of death in critically ill patients and accurate diagnosis is therefore crucial. We here report a 16S metagenomics approach for diagnosing and understanding bBSI. Methodology/Principal Findings The proof-of-concept was delivered in 75 children (median age 15 months) with severe febrile illness in Burkina Faso. Standard blood culture and malaria testing were conducted at the time of hospital admission. 16S metagenomics testing was done retrospectively and in duplicate on the blood of all patients. Total DNA was extracted from the blood and the V3–V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR and deep sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Paired reads were curated, taxonomically labeled, and filtered. Blood culture diagnosed bBSI in 12 patients, but this number increased to 22 patients when combining blood culture and 16S metagenomics results. In addition to superior sensitivity compared to standard blood culture, 16S metagenomics revealed important novel insights into the nature of bBSI. Patients with acute malaria or recovering from malaria had a 7-fold higher risk of presenting polymicrobial bloodstream infections compared to patients with no recent malaria diagnosis (p-value = 0.046). Malaria is known to affect epithelial gut function and may thus facilitate bacterial translocation from the intestinal lumen to the blood. Importantly, patients with such polymicrobial blood infections showed a 9-fold higher risk factor for not surviving their febrile illness (p-value = 0.030). Conclusions/Significance Our data demonstrate that 16S metagenomics is a powerful approach for the diagnosis and understanding of bBSI. This proof-of-concept study also showed that appropriate control samples are crucial to detect background signals due to environmental contamination. Bacterial bloodstream infection (bBSI) is one of the biggest causes of mortality in critically ill patients and standard diagnosis is still done by blood culture methods. Parallel deep sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S metagenomics) is a new and rapidly evolving research field for profiling bacterial communities. We designed a 16S metagenomics approach for the identification of bacteria in the blood of patients with a bBSI, and evaluated its performance in 75 children with severe febrile illness in Burkina Faso. In addition to superior sensitivity compared to standard blood culture, 16S metagenomics revealed important novel insights into the nature of bBSI. Patients with acute malaria or recently recovered from acute malaria are at increased risk of presenting polymicrobial bloodstream infection, which was in itself a significant risk for non-survival. This proof-of-concept study shows that 16S metagenomics is a powerful approach to diagnose and understand bBSI but also that appropriate control samples are crucial for correct data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Decuypere
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Conor J. Meehan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Puyvelde
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tessa De Block
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jessica Maltha
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Tahita
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Jan Jacobs
- Clinical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Deborggraeve
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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