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Garcia-Llorens J, Garcia C, Paulet P, Le-Tallec B, Dauphin G, Comte S, Catalá-Gregori P, Simon F, Sevilla-Navarro S, Sarabia J. Research Note: Validation of a new differentiation approach using the commercial ASAP TM media to detect the Salmonella 441/014 vaccine strain. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103679. [PMID: 38701627 PMCID: PMC11087708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most important control tools to reduce Salmonella in poultry production. In order for a live vaccine to be licensed for field use it should be provided with the detection methods to differentiate it from field strains. This paper aims to describe the validation of an alternative method for the differentiation of the Salmonella 441/014 vaccine strain from field strains, using a chromogenic Media, ASAP from bioMérieux. The ASAP-based differentiation method was compared with already authorized methods, namely the Anicon SE Kylt PCR DIVA 1 assay and Ceva S-Check Salmonella differentiation kit, following the ISO 16140-6:2019 validation method guidelines. A Generalised Linear Model was fitted to the data to determine the inclusivity and exclusivity of differentiation methods (PCR Kylt vs. S-Check vs. ASAPTM). Statistical differences were based on a P-value level of < 0.05 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In this study, we show that the ASAP media was able to differentiate Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine strains from field strains, obtaining 100% agreement between the three differentiation assays. This differentiation approach is quicker, easier to deploy and cheaper as compared to alternative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garcia-Llorens
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539, Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain
| | - C Garcia
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539, Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain
| | - P Paulet
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - B Le-Tallec
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - G Dauphin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - S Comte
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - P Catalá-Gregori
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539, Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain
| | - F Simon
- bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
| | - S Sevilla-Navarro
- Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), 12539, Alquerías del Niño Perdido, Castellón, Spain.
| | - J Sarabia
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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2
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Raccoursier M, Siceloff AT, Shariat NW. In silico and PCR Screening for a Live Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium Vaccine Strain. Avian Dis 2024; 68:18-24. [PMID: 38687103 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The application of live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines has significantly helped control Salmonella in poultry products. Because the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) scores all Salmonella as positive, regardless of serovar, attenuated vaccine strains that are identified at processing contribute negatively toward Salmonella performance standards. This study was designed to determine the incidence of a live attenuated Salmonella serovar Typhimurium vaccine identified in broiler products by FSIS and to develop a PCR assay for screening of isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium short-read sequences from broiler samples uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection database by the USDA-FSIS from 2016 to 2022 were downloaded and assembled. These were analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with a sequence unique to field strains, followed by a sequence unique to the vaccine strain. The PCR assays were developed against field and vaccine strains by targeting transposition events in the crp and cya genes and validated by screening Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates. Between 2016 and 2022, 1708 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates of chicken origin were found in the NCBI Pathogen Detection database, corresponding to 7.99% of all Salmonella identified. Of these, 104 (5.97%) were identified as the vaccine strain. The PCR assay differentiated field strains from the vaccine strain when applied to isolates and was also able to detect the vaccine strain from DNA isolated from mixed serovar overnight Salmonella enrichment cultures. Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines are a critical preharvest tool for Salmonella control and are widely used in industry. With forthcoming regulations that will likely focus on Salmonella Typhimurium, along with other serovars, there is a need to distinguish between isolates belonging to the vaccine strain and those that are responsible for causing human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Raccoursier
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Amy T Siceloff
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Nikki W Shariat
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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3
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Gast RK, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC. Salmonella in eggs and egg-laying chickens: pathways to effective control. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:39-63. [PMID: 36583653 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2156772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella have been internationally significant sources of human illness for several decades. Most egg-associated illness has been attributed to Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, but a few other serovars (notably S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium) are also sometimes implicated. The edible interior contents of eggs typically become contaminated with S. Enteritidis because the pathogen's unique virulence attributes enable it to colonize reproductive tissues in systemically infected laying hens. Other serovars are more commonly associated with surface contamination of eggshells. Both research and field experience have demonstrated that the most effective overall Salmonella control strategy in commercial laying flocks is the application of multiple interventions throughout the egg production cycle. At the preharvest (egg production) level, intervention options of demonstrated efficacy include vaccination and gastrointestinal colonization control via treatments such as prebiotics, probiotics, and bacteriophages, Effective environmental management of housing systems used for commercial laying flocks is also essential for minimizing opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of Salmonella in laying flocks. At the postharvest (egg processing and handling) level, careful regulation of egg storage temperatures is critical for limiting Salmonella multiplication inside the interior contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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4
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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5
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Peng M, Joo J, Alvarado-Martinez Z, Tabashsum Z, Aditya A, Biswas D. Intracellular autolytic whole cell Salmonella vaccine prevents colonization of pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken. Vaccine 2022; 40:6880-6892. [PMID: 36272875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (SE) is a major foodborne bacterial pathogen in the United States, commonly found as the normal flora of various animals that is attributed to causing at least 1.2 million infections annually. Poultry plays a major role in disseminating SE through direct contact with live animals and consumption of contaminated products. Vaccinating poultry against SE is a sustainable approach that can reduce SE in the host, preventing future infections in humans. An intracellular autolytic SE serovar Typhimurium vaccine (STLT2+P13+19) was developed by integrating genes 13 (holin) and 19 (lysozyme) of bacteriophage P22 into the bacterial chromosome. These were inserted downstream of sseA, an SPI-2 chaperone in SE that expresses during the intracellular phase of SE. Intracellular viability of STLT2+P13+19 reduced by 94.42% at 24 hr compared to the wild type in chicken macrophage cells (HD-11), whereas growth rate and adhesion ability remained unchanged. Inoculating STLT2+P13+19 in HD-11 significantly enhanced the relative log fold expression of genes associated to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 p40, IL-18, and GM-CSF) and Toll-like-receptors (TRL-3 and 7). Vaccination of an in vivo chicken model demonstrated significant changes in secretion of iNOS, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α, as well as a reduction in the intestinal colonization of SE serovar Typhimurium. Microbiome analysis of cecal fluid using 16S rRNA gene sequencing also showed modulation of intestinal microbial composition, specifically a decrease in relative abundance of Proteobacteria and increasing Firmicutes. This study provides insight into a novel vaccine design that could make food products safer without the use of synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Peng
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jungsoo Joo
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zabdiel Alvarado-Martinez
- Biological Sciences Program - Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Zajeba Tabashsum
- Biological Sciences Program - Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Arpita Aditya
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Biological Sciences Program - Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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6
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Ahaduzzaman M, Groves PJ, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. A molecular based method for rapid detection of Salmonella spp. in poultry dust samples. MethodsX 2021; 8:101356. [PMID: 34430257 PMCID: PMC8374386 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis, caused by Salmonella spp., is a widely reported foodborne zoonosis frequently associated with ingestion of poultry products. Salmonella vaccination of chickens can be used to reduce bacterial shedding and risk of human infection. To determine Salmonella burden in chicken farms, culture methods of environmental samples that require a turn-around time of 5–7 days are usually used. Rapid screening using molecular assays such as PCR of pre-enriched broth has been reported for Salmonella spp. detection in feed, floor dust, and drag swabs within 2–3 days. Here we report an adaptation of the method for detection of Salmonella in poultry dust samples collected using a settle plate method under experimental conditions. Key features:Passive dust sample collection using dry settle plates without media suspended from dropper lines of drinkers. Small amount of sample required for the pre-enrichment process. Quantification of Salmonella DNA with high sensitivity using an inexpensive extraction protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Peter J Groves
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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7
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Inactivation of Different Salmonella enteriditis Phage Types and Safety and Efficacy of Inactivated Products in Chicken. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:8818308. [PMID: 34055283 PMCID: PMC8147547 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to inactivate Salmonella enteriditis phage types (SE pt) and to determine the safety and efficacy of inactivated SE pt in chickens. SE pt 1, 3A, 6A, 7, and 35 were inactivated and inoculated (0.20 mL) in 124 chickens divided into 6 groups (CV1, CV3A, CV6A, CV7, CV35, and CV0 as a control). Sampling was conducted on day 14 after inoculation (pi). Eight chickens from each group were separated on day 14 pi for oral challenge with 0.20 mL/chicken (1010 cfu/mL) SE pt 6A and designated CV1C, CV3AC, CV6AC, CV7C, CV35C, and CV0C as control chickens. On days 7 and 14 postchallenge (pc), 4 chickens from every group were sacrificed for sampling. There was no significant difference in the body weight between different groups. In challenged groups, there was no significant association between different tissues and isolation of Salmonella on days 7 and 14 pc. There was significance (p < 0.05) in isolation of Salmonella when CV0C group was compared with other challenged groups. Significance was not observed between different tissues with respect to induction of microscopic changes. Significance was not observed between day 7 pc and day 14 pc with respect to scoring of lesions induced. Clinical signs and gross lesions were also recorded. ELISA was applied. Only in CV3AC group, the mean antibody titer was 1359 on day 14 pc. The conclusion was that inactivated SE pt 3A and 6A were safe and efficacious for protection against Salmonella enteriditis infection in chickens.
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8
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Jia S, McWhorter AR, Andrews DM, Underwood GJ, Chousalkar KK. Challenges in Vaccinating Layer Hens against Salmonella Typhimurium. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E696. [PMID: 33228065 PMCID: PMC7712944 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is among the most common causes of bacterial foodborne gastrointestinal disease in humans. Food items containing raw or undercooked eggs are frequently identified during traceback investigation as the source of the bacteria. Layer hens can become persistently infected with Salmonella Typhimurium and intermittently shed the bacteria over the course of their productive lifetime. Eggs laid in a contaminated environment are at risk of potential exposure to bacteria. Thus, mitigating the bacterial load on farms aids in the protection of the food supply chain. Layer hen producers use a multifaceted approach for reducing Salmonella on farms, including the all-in-all-out management strategy, strict biosecurity, sanitization, and vaccination. The use of live attenuated Salmonella vaccines is favored because they elicit a broader host immune response than killed or inactivated vaccines that have been demonstrated to provide cross-protection against multiple serovars. Depending on the vaccine, two to three doses of Salmonella Typhimurium vaccines are generally administered to layer hens within the first few weeks. The productive life of a layer hen, however, can exceed 70 weeks and it is unclear whether current vaccination regimens are effective for that extended period. The objective of this review is to highlight layer hen specific challenges that may affect vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Jia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (S.J.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (S.J.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Daniel M. Andrews
- Bioproperties Pty Ltd., Ringwood, VIC 3134, Australia; (D.M.A.); (G.J.U.)
| | | | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia; (S.J.); (A.R.M.)
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9
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Robertson SA, Sidge JL, Koski L, Hardy MC, Stevenson L, Signs K, Stobierski MG, Bidol S, Donovan D, Soehnlen M, Jones K, Robeson S, Hambley A, Stefanovsky L, Brandenburg J, Hise K, Tolar B, Nichols MC, Basler C. Onsite investigation at a mail-order hatchery following a multistate Salmonella illness outbreak linked to live poultry-United States, 2018. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6964-6972. [PMID: 31579916 PMCID: PMC6870551 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Robertson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta GA, 30333, United States
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jennifer L Sidge
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Lia Koski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Margaret C Hardy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lauren Stevenson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Mary Grace Stobierski
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Danielle Donovan
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Marty Soehnlen
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Kelly Jones
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sheri Robeson
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Adeline Hambley
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Lisa Stefanovsky
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Joshua Brandenburg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kelley Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Beth Tolar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Megin C Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Colin Basler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
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10
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McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. From hatch to egg grading: monitoring of Salmonella shedding in free-range egg production systems. Vet Res 2019; 50:58. [PMID: 31362780 PMCID: PMC6668057 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cases of salmonellosis are frequently liked with the consumption of contaminated table eggs. Recently, there has been an increase in consumer demand for cage-free eggs precipitating the need for a greater understanding of Salmonella dynamics in free-range production systems. A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the points in production where birds are most likely to be exposed to Salmonella and where the risk of egg contamination is highest. In this study, two free-range flocks were sampled from hatch to the end of production. At hatch, all chicks were Salmonella negative and remained negative during rearing. During production, the proportion of positive samples was low on both farms. Salmonella positive samples were detected intermittently for Flock A. Dust, nest box, and egg belt swabs had the highest proportion of positive samples and highest overall loads of Salmonella. The egg grading floor was swabbed at different points following the processing of eggs from Flock A. Only the suction cups that handle eggs prior to egg washing tested positive for Salmonella. Swabs collected from machinery handling eggs after washing were Salmonella negative. During production, positive samples from Flock B were observed at only single time point. Dust has been implicated as a source of Salmonella that can lead to flock to flock contamination. Bulk dust samples were collected and tested for Salmonella. The proportion of positive dust samples was low and is likely due to physical parameters which are not likely to support the survival of Salmonella in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R. McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Kapil K. Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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11
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Bansept F, Marrec L, Bitbol AF, Loverdo C. Antibody-mediated crosslinking of gut bacteria hinders the spread of antibiotic resistance. Evolution 2019; 73:1077-1088. [PMID: 30957218 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The body is home to a diverse microbiota, mainly in the gut. Resistant bacteria are selected by antibiotic treatments, and once resistance becomes widespread in a population of hosts, antibiotics become useless. Here, we develop a multiscale model of the interaction between antibiotic use and resistance spread in a host population, focusing on an important aspect of within-host immunity. Antibodies secreted in the gut enchain bacteria upon division, yielding clonal clusters of bacteria. We demonstrate that immunity-driven bacteria clustering can hinder the spread of a novel resistant bacterial strain in a host population. We quantify this effect both in the case where resistance preexists and in the case where acquiring a new resistance mutation is necessary for the bacteria to spread. We further show that the reduction of spread by clustering can be countered when immune hosts are silent carriers, and are less likely to get treated, and/or have more contacts. We demonstrate the robustness of our findings to including stochastic within-host bacterial growth, a fitness cost of resistance, and its compensation. Our results highlight the importance of interactions between immunity and the spread of antibiotic resistance, and argue in the favor of vaccine-based strategies to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bansept
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (UMR 8237),, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Marrec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (UMR 8237),, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Florence Bitbol
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (UMR 8237),, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Claude Loverdo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Jean Perrin (UMR 8237),, F-75005 Paris, France
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