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Going Micro in Leptospirosis Kidney Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040698. [PMID: 35203344 PMCID: PMC8869946 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp., as well as a reemerging disease and global public health problem with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness along with hepatorenal injury in many countries, including Thailand. While most affected persons are symptomatic in acute disease, which is always difficult to differentiate from other tropical diseases, there is growing evidence of subtle manifestations that cause unrecognized chronic symptoms. The kidney is one of the common organs affected by Leptospires. Although acute kidney injury in the spectrum of interstitial nephritis is a well-described characteristic in severe leptospirosis, chronic kidney disease from leptospirosis is widely discussed. Early recognition of severe leptospirosis leads to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, in this review, we highlight the spectrum of characteristics involved in leptospirosis kidney disease and the use of serologic and molecular methods, as well as the treatments of severe leptospirosis.
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Campos CL, Gomes LR, Covarrubias AE, Kato EE, Souza GG, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Martins EAL, Ho PL, Da Costa RMA, Da Silva JB. A Three-Dimensional Lung Cell Model to Leptospira Virulence Investigations. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:57. [PMID: 34982247 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis and a serious public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas. The etiologic agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In severe cases, patients develop a pulmonary hemorrhage that is associated with high fatality rates. Several animal models were established for leptospirosis studies, such as rodents, dogs, and monkeys. Although useful to study the relationship among Leptospira and its hosts, the animal models still exhibit economic and ethical limitation reasons and do not fully represent the human infection. As an attempt to bridge the gap between animal studies and clinical information from patients, we established a three-dimensional (3-D) human lung cell culture for Leptospira infection. We show that Leptospira is able to efficiently infect the cell lung spheroids and also to infiltrate in deeper areas of the cell aggregates. The ability to infect the 3-D lung cell aggregates was time-dependent. The 3-D spheroids infection occurred up to 120 h in studies with two serovars, Canicola and Copenhageni. We standardized the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum for infection of the spheroids and we also propose two alternative culture media conditions. This new approach was validated by assessing the expression of three genes of Leptospira related to virulence and motility. The transcripts of these genes increased in both culture conditions, however, in higher rates and earlier times in the 3-D culture. We also assessed the production of chemokines by the 3-D spheroids before and after Leptospira infection, confirming induction of two of them, mainly in the 3-D spheroids. Chemokine CCL2 was expressed only in the 3-D cell culture. Increasing of this chemokine was observed previously in infected animal models. This new approach provides an opportunity to study the interaction of Leptospira with the human lung epithelium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Campos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Gomes
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular-Center for Research on Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ambart E Covarrubias
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ellen E Kato
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele G Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo L Ho
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M A Da Costa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Global Antibiotics Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Louis-Dunant 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josefa B Da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Silva PL, Nakajima E, Costa RMD, Lee Ho P, Martins EA, Carvalho E, da Silva JB. Chemokine expression profiles in liver and kidney of mice with different susceptibilities to leptospirosis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104580. [PMID: 33080359 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global disease that affects humans and animals, impacting public health and the economy. The symptoms caused by Leptospira infection can vary from mild to severe, affecting liver, lungs, and kidneys. The host-pathogen interaction in leptospirosis is still poorly understood, but there is evidence for the role of the host immune response in the pathogenesis. Chemokines are a family of structurally-related low-molecular-mass proteins (8-14 kDa) that signal the recruitment of leukocytes. In this study the profile of 22 chemokines were evaluated in liver and kidney of three mice strains with different phenotypes of susceptibility to leptospirosis. We extended our previously reported observations showing that expression of chemokines with homeostatic function, activation and chemotaxis of leukocytes are essential to modulate and to induce resistance to leptospirosis. Our findings support that an early induction of CXC chemokines in resistant BALB/c mice can be associated with the control of the infection. The correlation of chemokine expression between liver and kidney observed in BALB/c suggests that a balance of chemokine induction in the organs may contribute to resistance to leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ld Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Nakajima
- Laboratório de biológicos recombinantes, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Ma da Costa
- Global Antibiotics Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Chemin Louis-Dunant 15, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Lee Ho
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eneas Carvalho
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josefa B da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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