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Nascimento Filho EG, Vieira ML, Dias M, Mendes MA, Sanchez FB, Setubal JC, Heinemann MB, Souza GO, Pimenta DC, Nascimento ALTO. Global proteome of the saprophytic strain Leptospira biflexa and comparative analysis with pathogenic strain Leptospira interrogans uncover new pathogenesis mechanisms. J Proteomics 2024; 297:105125. [PMID: 38364905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Leptospira is a genus of bacteria that includes free-living saprophytic species found in water or soil, and pathogenic species, which are the etiologic agents of leptospirosis. Besides all the efforts, there are only a few proteins described as virulence factors in the pathogenic strain L. interrogans. This work aims to perform L. biflexa serovar Patoc1 strain Paris global proteome and to compare with the proteome database of pathogenic L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130. We identified a total of 2327 expressed proteins of L. biflexa by mass spectrometry. Using the Get Homologues software with the global proteome of L. biflexa and L. interrogans, we found orthologous proteins classified into conserved, low conserved, and specific proteins. Comparative bioinformatic analyses were performed to understand the biological functions of the proteins, subcellular localization, the presence of signal peptide, structural domains, and motifs using public softwares. These results lead to the selection of 182 low conserved within the saprophyte, and 176 specific proteins of L. interrogans. It is anticipated that these findings will indicate further studies to uncover virulence factors in the pathogenic strain. This work presents for the first time the global proteome of saprophytic strain L. biflexa serovar Patoc, strain Patoc1. SIGNIFICANCE: The comparative analysis established an array of specific proteins in pathogenic strain that will narrow down the identification of immune protective proteins that will help fight leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson G Nascimento Filho
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biotecnologia, USP-IBU-IPT, SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica L Vieira
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, MG, Brazil
| | - Meriellen Dias
- Laboratorio Dempster, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, USP, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A Mendes
- Laboratorio Dempster, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, USP, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Biotecnologia, USP-IBU-IPT, SP, Brazil.
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de Moura GS, de Carvalho E, Ramos Sanchez EM, Sellera FP, Marques MFS, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Souza FN, Mota RA. Emergence of livestock-associated Mammaliicoccus sciuri ST71 co-harbouring mecA and mecC genes in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109792. [PMID: 37269712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and tracking of antimicrobial resistance genes are essential for understanding the evolution of bacterial resistance and restraining its dispersion. Mammaliicoccus sciuri (formerly Staphylococcus sciuri) is the most probable evolutionary repository of the mecA gene, that later disseminated to S. aureus. In this study, we describe the first double mecA/mecC homologue-positive non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci (NASM) from the American continent, also representing the first report of mecC-positive NASM in Brazil. Two clonally related methicillin-resistant M. sciuri strains co-carrying mecA and mecC genes were isolated from the teat skin swab and milk sample collected from an ewe's left udder half. Both M. sciuri strains belonged to the sequence type (ST) 71. Besides mecA and mecC genes, the M. sciuri strains carried broad resistomes for clinically important antimicrobial agents, including β-lactams, tetracyclines, lincosamide, streptogramin, streptomycin, and aminoglycosides. Virulome analysis showed the presence of the clumping factor B (clfB), ATP-dependent protease ClpP (ClpP) and serine-aspartate repeat proteins (sdrC and sdrE) virulence-associated genes. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that these M. sciuri strains are part of a globally disseminated branch, associated with farm and companion animals and even with food. Our findings suggest that M. sciuri is likely to emerge as a pathogen of global interest, carrying a broad repertoire of antimicrobial resistance genes with a remarkable co-presence of mecA and mecC genes. Finally, we strongly encourage to monitor M. sciuri under the One Health umbrella since this bacterial species is spreading at the human-animal-environment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme S de Moura
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo M Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil; Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Torino Rodriguez de Mendonza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária no Ambiente Litorâneo, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Michele F S Marques
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Departamento de Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Fernando N Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Rinaldo A Mota
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Souza FN, Santos KR, Ferronatto JA, Ramos Sanchez EM, Toledo-Silva B, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Bovine-associated staphylococci and mammaliicocci trigger T-lymphocyte proliferative response and cytokine production differently. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2772-2783. [PMID: 36870844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether distinct staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal species and strains trigger B- and T-lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin (IL)-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous dairy cows. Flow cytometry was used to measure lymphocyte proliferation with the Ki67 antibody, and specific monoclonal antibodies were used to identify CD3, CD4, and CD8 T lymphocyte and CD21 B lymphocyte populations. The supernatant of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture was used to measure IL-17A and IFN-γ production. Two distinct, inactivated strains of bovine-associated Staphylococcus aureus [one causing a persistent intramammary infection (IMI) and the other from the nose], 2 inactivated Staphylococcus chromogenes strains [one causing an IMI and the other from a teat apex), as well as an inactivated Mammaliicoccus fleurettii strain originating from sawdust from a dairy farm, and the mitogens concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin M-form (both specifically to measure lymphocyte proliferation) were studied. In contrast to the "commensal" Staph. aureus strain originating from the nose, the Staph. aureus strain causing a persistent IMI triggered proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The M. fleurettii strain and the 2 Staph. chromogenes strains had no effect on T- or B-cell proliferation. Furthermore, both Staph. aureus and Staph. chromogenes strains causing persistent IMI significantly increased IL-17A and IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Overall, multiparous cows tended to have a higher B-lymphocyte and a lower T-lymphocyte proliferative response than primiparous and nulliparous cows. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiparous cows also produced significantly more IL-17A and IFN-γ. In contrast to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin M-form selectively stimulated T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Kamila R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - Bruno Toledo-Silva
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Alice M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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Oliveira TFPDE, A F Júnior A, Oliveira AMDE, Camargos MF, Heinemann MB. Constant testing for Pestivirus in cell lines reveals different routes of contamination. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220309. [PMID: 37132748 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652023202200309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestivirus can contaminate cell cultures and sera and cause serious problems that evolve the integrity of studies, confidence in diagnostic results, and safety of human and animal vaccines. Contaminations by Pestivirus and other viruses may occur at any time and regular assays of monitoring in cell cultures and your supplies are necessary. This study aimed to analyze the phylogeny of Pestivirus detected from cell cultures, calf serum, and standard strains of three laboratories in Brazil that carry out frequent tests for the monitoring of cellular contaminations. These samples were submitted to phylogenetic analysis to understand the genetic relationship between contaminants occurring in these facilities. As result, the Pestivirus found in samples were Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), Hobi-like viruses (often named BVDV-3), and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and the phylogenetic analysis help us to infer at three possible routes of contamination in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana F P DE Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular/Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, s/n, 33600-000 Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio A F Júnior
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular/Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, s/n, 33600-000 Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Av. Marechal Castelo Branco, 2765, Santo Antonio, 35701-242 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil
| | - Anapolino M DE Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular/Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, s/n, 33600-000 Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Camargos
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular/Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Doenças Virais, Avenida Rômulo Joviano, s/n, 33600-000 Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária e Saúde Animal, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Butantã, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Soares TC, Santos KR, Lima DM, Maia RBM, Ramos-Sanchez EM, Reis LC, Gidlund M, da Cunha AF, Ordinola-Ramirez CM, Cerqueira MM, Heinemann MB, Della Libera AM, Goto H, Souza FN. Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation in vaccinated dairy cows with different histories of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 253:110508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Braz GF, Heinemann MB, Reis JKP, Teixeira BM, Cruz JCM, Rajão DS, Oliveira FG, Alves F, Castro RS, Leite RC, Valas S. Genetic and antigenic characterization of Brazilian SRLV strains: Natural small ruminant interspecies transmission from mixed herds. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 103:105322. [PMID: 35753623 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission events and mixed infection of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) were studied in seven goats and two sheep from three small ruminant mixed flocks from Northeast and Southeast Brazil. Genetic and antigenic analyses with gag/env genes and ELISA multiepitope SU1/SU5 recombinant antigens were carried out, respectively. The genetic analysis of gag and env sequences showed high viral diversity in both species, MVV-like (subtype A1) and CAEV-like B1 in goats, and CAEV-like (subtype B1) in sheep, revealing SRLV interspecies transmission from sheep to goats and vice versa in Brazilian farms. Two Brazilian caprine lentiviruses were segregated in two new genetic clades based on gag analyses, which suggests a new classification into heterogenic genotype A. Furthermore, goat isolates were grouped into subtype A1 and B1 clusters. Cross-reactive antibodies were detected in goats using ELISA with a recombinant antigen carrying SU1 and SU5 immunodominant epitopes; the results showed anti-CAEV and MVV antibodies in goats and anti-CAEV antibodies in sheep. This result can be associated with the high divergence in the V4 region due to SRLV variability. All results confirm cross-species infection of SRLV in Brazilian mixed herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Braz
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil.
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Brazil.
| | - J K P Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, UFMG, Brazil.
| | - B M Teixeira
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil
| | - J C M Cruz
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro Universitário INTA-UNINTA, Brazil
| | - D S Rajão
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, United States.
| | | | - F Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica - ICB, UFMG, Brazil.
| | - R S Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, UFRPE, Brazil.
| | - R C Leite
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, UFMG, Brazil
| | - S Valas
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments - ANSES, Niort Laboratory, France
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Freu G, Tomazi T, Filho AFS, Heinemann MB, dos Santos MV. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Cows with Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Herds from Southeastern Brazil. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040424. [PMID: 35453176 PMCID: PMC9024692 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious pathogen frequently associated with bovine mastitis in Brazil. Molecular characterization of Staph. aureus isolated from affected mammary quarters of cows with clinical mastitis (CM) can provide data on epidemiological behavior of this pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) assessment at the genotypic level. This study genotypically characterized Staph. aureus isolates recovered from cows with CM and determined the association of genotypes and AMS. A total of 84 Staph. aureus strains identified from affected mammary quarters of cows with CM in 13 dairy herds from Southeastern Brazil were submitted for susceptibility testing to 10 antimicrobials using the technique of minimal inhibitory concentration. The same isolates were also genotyped using the spa-typing methodology. Results showed a high genotypic similarity between the Staph. aureus isolates within and between herds, which were categorized as resistant to most antimicrobials, especially to β-lactam antibiotics. In addition, differences in AMS were observed among genotypic clusters, which may affect the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat CM in different dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Freu
- Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Tiago Tomazi
- Technical Services, Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Antonio F. S. Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (A.F.S.F.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (A.F.S.F.); (M.B.H.)
| | - Marcos V. dos Santos
- Milk Quality Research Laboratory (Qualileite), Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo 13635-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3545-4240
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Campos CL, Gomes LR, Covarrubias AE, Kato EE, Souza GG, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Martins EAL, Ho PL, Da Costa RMA, Da Silva JB. A Three-Dimensional Lung Cell Model to Leptospira Virulence Investigations. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:57. [PMID: 34982247 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis and a serious public health threat in tropical and subtropical areas. The etiologic agents of leptospirosis are pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. In severe cases, patients develop a pulmonary hemorrhage that is associated with high fatality rates. Several animal models were established for leptospirosis studies, such as rodents, dogs, and monkeys. Although useful to study the relationship among Leptospira and its hosts, the animal models still exhibit economic and ethical limitation reasons and do not fully represent the human infection. As an attempt to bridge the gap between animal studies and clinical information from patients, we established a three-dimensional (3-D) human lung cell culture for Leptospira infection. We show that Leptospira is able to efficiently infect the cell lung spheroids and also to infiltrate in deeper areas of the cell aggregates. The ability to infect the 3-D lung cell aggregates was time-dependent. The 3-D spheroids infection occurred up to 120 h in studies with two serovars, Canicola and Copenhageni. We standardized the number of bacteria in the initial inoculum for infection of the spheroids and we also propose two alternative culture media conditions. This new approach was validated by assessing the expression of three genes of Leptospira related to virulence and motility. The transcripts of these genes increased in both culture conditions, however, in higher rates and earlier times in the 3-D culture. We also assessed the production of chemokines by the 3-D spheroids before and after Leptospira infection, confirming induction of two of them, mainly in the 3-D spheroids. Chemokine CCL2 was expressed only in the 3-D cell culture. Increasing of this chemokine was observed previously in infected animal models. This new approach provides an opportunity to study the interaction of Leptospira with the human lung epithelium in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila L Campos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Gomes
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular-Center for Research on Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ambart E Covarrubias
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ellen E Kato
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele G Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo L Ho
- Divisão BioIndustrial, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata M A Da Costa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Global Antibiotics Research and Development Partnership (GARDP), Chemin Louis-Dunant 15, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Josefa B Da Silva
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Souza RM, Souza FN, Batista CF, Piepers S, De Visscher A, Santos KR, Molinari PC, Ferronatto JA, Franca da Cunha A, Blagitz MG, da Silva GG, Rennó FP, Cerqueira MMOP, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Distinct behavior of bovine-associated staphylococci species in their ability to resist phagocytosis and trigger respiratory burst activity by blood and milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1625-1637. [PMID: 34802732 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis affects a high proportion of dairy cows and is still one of the greatest challenges faced by the dairy industry. Staphylococcal bacteria remain the most important cause of mastitis worldwide. We investigated how distinct staphylococcal species evade some critical host defense mechanisms, which may dictate the establishment, severity, and persistence of infection and the outcome of possible therapeutic and prevention interventions. Thus, the present study investigated variations among distinct bovine-associated staphylococci in their capability to resist phagocytosis and to trigger respiratory burst activity of blood and milk polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMNL) in dairy cows. To do so, PMNL of 6 primiparous and 6 multiparous dairy cows were used. A collection of 38 non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) and 12 Staphylococcus aureus were included. The phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by blood and milk PMNL were analyzed by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis, by both blood and milk PMNL, did not differ between S. aureus and NAS as a group, although within-NAS species differences were observed. Staphylococcus chromogenes (a so-called milk-adapted NAS species) better resisted phagocytosis by blood PMNL than the so-called environmental (i.e., Staphylococcus fleurettii) and opportunistic (i.e., Staphylococcus haemolyticus) NAS species. Otherwise, S. haemolyticus was better phagocytosed by blood PMNL than S. aureus, S. fleurettii, and S. chromogenes. No influence of the origin of the isolates within the staphylococci species in the resistance to phagocytosis by blood and milk PMNL was found. Overall, both S. aureus and NAS did not inhibit intracellular ROS production in blood and milk PMNL. Non-aureus staphylococci induced fewer ROS by milk PMNL than S. aureus, which was not true for blood PMNL, although species-specific differences in the intensity of ROS production were observed. Staphylococcus chromogenes induced more blood PMNL ROS than S. fleurettii and S. haemolyticus, and as much as S. aureus. Conversely, S. chromogenes induced fewer milk PMNL ROS than S. aureus. The origin of the isolates within the staphylococci species did not affect the ROS production by blood and milk PMNL. In conclusion, our study showed differences in staphylococci species in evading phagocytosis and triggering ROS production, which may explain the ability of some staphylococci species (i.e., S. aureus and S. chromogenes) to cause persistent infection and induce inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernando N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - Camila F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sofie Piepers
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Anneleen De Visscher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Kamila R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Paula C Molinari
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - José A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Adriano Franca da Cunha
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Maiara G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Curso de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Campus Realeza, Realeza 85770-000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G da Silva
- Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco P Rennó
- Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Sarne De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Alice M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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10
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Oliveira PN, Courrol DS, Chura-Chambi RM, Morganti L, Souza GO, Franzolin MR, Wunder EA, Heinemann MB, Barbosa AS. Inactivation of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by pathogenic Leptospira. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104704. [PMID: 33347965 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospires are aerobic, Gram-negative spirochetes with a high invasive capacity. Pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases that inactivate a variety of host's proteins including molecules of the extracellular matrix and of the human complement system. This strategy, used by several pathogens of medical importance, contributes to bacterial invasion and immune evasion. In the current work we present evidence that Leptospira proteases also target human cathelicidin (LL-37), an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in the innate immune response. By using six Leptospira strains, four pathogenic and two saprophytic, we demonstrated that proteases present in the supernatants of pathogenic strains were capable of degrading LL-37 in a time-dependent manner, whereas proteolytic degradation was not observed with the supernatants of the two saprophytic strains. Inactivation of LL-37 was prevented by using the 1,10-phenanthroline inhibitor, thus suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases in this process. In addition, the antibacterial activity of LL-37 against two Leptospira strains was evaluated. Compared to the saprophytic strain, a greater resistance of the pathogenic strain to the action of the peptide was observed. Our data suggest that the capacity to inactivate the host defense peptide LL-37 may be part of the virulence arsenal of pathogenic Leptospira, and we hypothesize that its inactivation by the bacteria may influence the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila N Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, Centro de Biotecnologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elsio A Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.
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11
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Kochi LT, Fernandes LGV, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Romero EC, Kirchgatter K, Nascimento ALTO. The interaction of two novel putative proteins of Leptospira interrogans with E-cadherin, plasminogen and complement components with potential role in bacterial infection. Virulence 2020; 10:734-753. [PMID: 31422744 PMCID: PMC6735628 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1650613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of Leptospira. Leptospires are able to adhere to exposed extracellular matrix in injured tissues and, once in the bloodstream, can survive the attack of the immune system and spread to colonize target organs. In this work, we report that two novel putative proteins, coded by the genes LIC11711 and LIC12587 of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni are conserved among pathogenic strains, and probably exposed in the bacterial surface. Soluble recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and characterized. Both recombinant proteins bound to laminin and E-cadherin, suggesting an initial adhesion function in host epithelial cells. The recombinant protein LIC11711 (rLIC11711) was able to capture plasminogen (PLG) from normal human serum and convert to enzymatically active plasmin (PLA), in the presence of PLG activator. rLIC12587 (recombinant protein LIC12587) displayed a dose dependent and saturable interaction with components C7, C8, and C9 of the complement system, reducing the bactericidal effect of the complement. Binding to C9 may have consequences such as C9 polymerization inhibition, interfering with the membrane attack complex formation. Blocking LIC11711 and LIC12587 on bacterial cells by the respective antiserum reduced leptospiral cell viability when exposed to normal human serum (NHS). Both recombinant proteins could be recognized by serum samples of confirmed leptospirosis, but not of unrelated diseases, suggesting that the native proteins are immunogenic and expressed during leptospirosis. Taken together, our data suggest that these proteins may have a role in leptospiral pathogenesis, participating in immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro T Kochi
- a Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luis G V Fernandes
- a Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- c Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- c Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- c Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eliete C Romero
- d Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- e Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias -SUCEN/IMT-SP, USP , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- a Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan , São Paulo , Brazil
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12
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Guedes IB, de Souza GO, de Oliveira LAR, Castro JFDP, de Souza Filho AF, Maia ALP, Heinemann MB. Prevalence of Leptospira serogroups in buffaloes from the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:433-440. [PMID: 32319231 PMCID: PMC7397922 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Brazil has one of the largest buffalo populations in the Americas, buffalo leptospirosis is still poorly explored when compared to that in bovines; thus, the aim of this research was to carry out a large serological study for leptospirosis in this species in the Brazilian Amazon. For this, we collected 1,405 serum samples from buffaloes raised in the Amazon delta region, which is considered a major area of buffalo production in Brazil. The test used was a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) adopting 34 Leptospira antigens, some of which have never been tested for buffaloes in Brazil, including autochthonous strains; in total, 20 serogroups were evaluated. From the total of 1,405 serum samples, 894 (63.6%) reacted in the MAT to at least one of the 20 serogroups, and 511 (36.4%) did not react. The serogroups Sejroe, Autumnalis and Pomona were the most prevalent, with titres ranging from 100 to 12,800, and the autochthonous strains used were not significant in relation to the reference serovars. Leptospirosis in buffaloes seems to have a serological profile similar to leptospirosis in cattle, mainly due to the prevalence of the Sejroe serogroup; however, the results of this study suggested that in the Brazilian Amazon, Leptospira strains that are serologically distinct from the autochthonous strains isolated in the southeastern region of Brazil may be circulating in these animals. Other serovars could also be inserted into the panel of antigens used in MAT for serological studies on buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel B Guedes
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian A R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana F de P Castro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio F de Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson L P Maia
- Médico Veterinário, Auditor Fiscal Agropecuário, Agência de Defesa e Inspeção Agropecuária do Estado do Amapá, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Souza FN, Blagitz MG, Batista CF, Takano PV, Gargano RG, Diniz SA, Silva MX, Ferronatto JA, Santos KR, Heinemann MB, De Vliegher S, Della Libera AMMP. Immune response in nonspecific mastitis: What can it tell us? J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5376-5386. [PMID: 32229113 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed a large number of immune response parameters from quarter milk samples with distinct bacteriological and quarter somatic cell count (qSCC) statuses. Furthermore, we sought to explore and identify displayed immune response patterns in milk samples from mammary glands with nonspecific mastitis. Thus, 92 quarter milk samples from 28 cows were stratified into 4 groups, as follows: (1) 49 culture-negative control quarters with a low qSCC (<1 × 105 cells/mL) from 19 dairy cows (so-called healthy quarters); (2) 15 culture-negative quarters with high qSCC (>2 × 105 cells/mL; so-called quarters with nonspecific mastitis) from 10 dairy cows; (3) 8 culture-positive quarters with low qSCC (noninflammatory quarters with low qSCC) from 5 dairy cows; and (4) 20 culture-positive quarters with high qSCC (so-called truly infected quarters) from 8 dairy cows. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, phagocytosis, and the expression of CD62L, CD11b, and CD44 for each of the 4 quarter strata. Furthermore, the percentage of monocyte/macrophages, B cells, and T lymphocyte subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Milk samples from bacteriologically negative quarters (both with a low and elevated qSCC) had a lower qSCC than those with bacteriologically positive outcomes (both with a low and elevated qSCC). As expected, the healthy quarters showed the lowest percentage of neutrophils and also showed a higher percentage of milk monocytes/macrophages and lower percentage of T lymphocytes than truly infected quarters. The most prominent result of the present study is that quarters with nonspecific mastitis showed the highest percentage of milk CD4+ T lymphocytes. The healthy quarters had a lower percentage of apoptotic neutrophils than noninflammatory and truly infected quarters, although it did not differ from those from the quarters with nonspecific mastitis. Our study supports the role of differential cell counting in the diagnosis of mastitis, as the milk leukocyte populations markedly fluctuate under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, an increase in milk CD4+ T cells was associated with nonspecific mastitis, suggesting an increase in this leukocyte subpopulation is correlated with low bacterial shedding. Our study allows us to go further in our understanding of mammary gland immunity, providing further insights on potential protective mammary gland immunity, which we hypothesize can open new avenues for the development of novel targets that can promote bovine udder health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil.
| | - M G Blagitz
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza 85770-000, Brazil
| | - C F Batista
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - P V Takano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - R G Gargano
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil
| | - J A Ferronatto
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - K R Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S De Vliegher
- M-team and Mastitis and Milk Quality Research Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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14
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Cunha AF, Andrade HM, Souza FN, Fialho Júnior LC, Rosa DLSO, Ramos Sanchez EM, Gidlund M, Goto H, Brito MAVP, Guimarães AS, Lage AP, Reis LC, Della Libera AMMP, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP. Comparison of antibody repertories against Staphylococcus aureus in healthy and infected dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4588-4605. [PMID: 32113759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from cases of mastitis worldwide. To decrease the effect of S. aureus mastitis in dairy farming, alternative strategies for controlling mastitis are needed that depend on a better knowledge of cow-to-cow variations in S. aureus antibody production. The present study sought to explore the diversity of S. aureus antibodies produced by dairy cows with a distinct mastitis history and vaccinated with a polyvalent mastitis vaccine. We obtained protein extracts from S. aureus isolates derived from persistent subclinical mastitis. Proteins were fractionated using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Western blotting. Then, Western blotting membranes were exposed to sera from 24 dairy cows that had been divided into the following groups: vaccinated dairy cows that were infected with S. aureus, further subdivided according to whether they (a) remained infected by S. aureus or (b) recovered from the intramammary infection; unvaccinated dairy cows infected with S. aureus; and vaccinated healthy dairy cows with no history of S. aureus mastitis. Proteins found to be reactive by Western blot were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-TOF). Our most important finding was that F0F1 ATP synthase subunit α, succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase, and cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase were potential candidate proteins for the prevention of S. aureus mastitis. This study strengthens the notion that variations among animals should not be ignored and shows that the heterogeneity of antibody production against anti-staphylococcal antigens in animals may enable the identification of new immunotherapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Cunha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil.
| | - H M Andrade
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F N Souza
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
| | - L C Fialho Júnior
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - D L S O Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil; Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - E M Ramos Sanchez
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil; Departamento de Salud Publica, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01000, Peru
| | - M Gidlund
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - H Goto
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - M A V P Brito
- EMBRAPA-Gado de Leite, Avenida Eugênio do Nascimento, 610, Juiz de Fora 36038-330, Brazil
| | - A S Guimarães
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil
| | - A P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L C Reis
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
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15
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Silva-Pereira TT, Ikuta CY, Zimpel CK, Camargo NCS, de Souza Filho AF, Ferreira Neto JS, Heinemann MB, Guimarães AMS. Genome sequencing of Mycobacterium pinnipedii strains: genetic characterization and evidence of superinfection in a South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1030. [PMID: 31888476 PMCID: PMC6937676 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium pinnipedii, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), is capable of infecting several host species, including humans. Recently, ancient DNA from this organism was recovered from pre-Columbian mummies of Peru, sparking debate over the origin and frequency of tuberculosis in the Americas prior to European colonization. RESULTS We present the first comparative genomic study of this bacterial species, starting from the genome sequencing of two M. pinnipedii isolates (MP1 and MP2) obtained from different organs of a stranded South American sea lion. Our results indicate that MP1 and MP2 differ by 113 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and 46 indels, constituting the first report of a mixed-strain infection in a sea lion. SNP annotation analyses indicate that genes of the VapBC family, a toxin-antitoxin system, and genes related to cell wall remodeling are under evolutionary pressure for protein sequence change in these strains. OrthoMCL analysis with seven modern isolates of M. pinnipedii shows that these strains have highly similar proteomes. Gene variations were only marginally associated with hypothetical proteins and PE/PPE (proline-glutamate and proline-proline-glutamate, respectively) gene families. We also detected large deletions in ancient and modern M. pinnipedii strains, including a few occurring only in modern strains, indicating a process of genome reduction occurring over the past one thousand years. Our phylogenomic analyses suggest the existence of two modern clusters of M. pinnipedii associated with geographic location, and possibly host species, and one basal node associated with the ancient M. pinnipedii strains. Previously described MiD3 and MiD4 deletions may have occurred independently, twice, over the evolutionary course of the MTBC. CONCLUSION The presence of superinfection (i.e. mixed-strain infection) in this sea lion suggests that M. pinnipedii is highly endemic in this population. Mycobacterium pinnipedii proteomes of the studied isolates showed a high degree of conservation, despite being under genomic decay when compared to M. tuberculosis. This finding indicates that further genomes need to be sequenced and analyzed to increase the chances of finding variably present genes among strains or that M. pinnipedii genome remodeling occurred prior to bacterial speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiana T Silva-Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia Y Ikuta
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina K Zimpel
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naila C S Camargo
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio F de Souza Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José S Ferreira Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Applied Research in Mycobacteria, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Souza FN, Sanchez EM, Della Libera AM, Heinemann MB. Letters to the editor: A comment on “Control of bovine mastitis in the 21st century: Immunize or tolerate?”. Res Vet Sci 2019; 126:20-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Aizawa J, Souza-Filho AF, Guimarães AS, Vasconcelos CG, Brito MAV, Sellera FP, Cortez A, Heinemann MB. Retrospective multicenter study reveals absence of MRSA-associated bovine mastitis in Brazil (1994 to 2016). J Infect Dev Ctries 2019; 13:581-583. [PMID: 32058994 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.11406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Aizawa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio F Souza-Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro S Guimarães
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Aparecida Vp Brito
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Molina CV, Heinemann MB, Kierulff C, Pissinatti A, da Silva TF, de Freitas DG, de Souza GO, Miotto BA, Cortez A, Semensato BDP, Moreno LZ, Catão-Dias JL, Bueno MG. Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22961. [PMID: 30828830 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V Molina
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo G de Freitas
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Miotto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica (VCM), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Laboratório de Sanidade Suína, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Presidência, Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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19
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Acosta ICL, Souza-Filho AF, Muñoz-Leal S, Soares HS, Heinemann MB, Moreno L, González-Acuña D, Gennari SM. Evaluation of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) on Magdalena Island, Chile. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2019; 16:100282. [PMID: 31027597 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis has been reported in many avian species, but little information is available from wild penguin populations. Leptospira can infects domestic and wild animals. Spheniscus magellanicus belong to the order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae, and are colonial birds. These seabirds live in temperate waters along the Atlantic shores of South America, and their total population has been estimated to be 1,300,000 breeding pairs. Magdalena Island (Chile) hosts an important breeding colony but, over recent decades, a marked decline in the number of birds has been seen. The objective of this study was to determine occurrences of antibodies against T. gondii and Leptospira spp. in penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) on Magdalena Island, from where no previous data on these agents were available. Serum samples were collected from 132 penguins on Magdalena Island. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were detected using the modified agglutination test (Titer ≥20), and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were detected using the microscopic agglutination test (Titer ≥100). T. gondii antibodies were detected in 57 (43.18%) of the 132 serum samples, with titers that ranged from 20 to 320. None of the penguins in this study was reactive to anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies. This is the first report of T. gondii seropositivity in free-living Magellanic penguins in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C L Acosta
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - A F Souza-Filho
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S Muñoz-Leal
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - H S Soares
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - L Moreno
- Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Oceanography Sciences, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - D González-Acuña
- Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Natural and Oceanography Sciences, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario S/N, Concepción, Chile
| | - S M Gennari
- Dept. of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, SP, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-270, Brazil; Master's Program in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Fernandes LGV, Guaman LP, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Picardeau M, Nascimento ALTO. Gene silencing based on RNA-guided catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9): a new tool for genetic engineering in Leptospira. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1839. [PMID: 30755626 PMCID: PMC6372684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira, which also includes free-living saprophyte strains. Many aspects of leptospiral basic biology and virulence mechanisms remain unexplored mainly due to the lack of effective genetic tools available for these bacteria. Recently, the type II CRISPR/Cas system from Streptococcus pyogenes has been widely used as an efficient genome engineering tool in bacteria by inducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the desired genomic targets caused by an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease called Cas9, and the DSB repair associated machinery. In the present work, plasmids expressing heterologous S. pyogenes Cas9 in L. biflexa cells were generated, and the enzyme could be expressed with no apparent toxicity to leptospiral cells. However, L. biflexa cells were unable to repair RNA-guided Cas9-induced DSBs. Thus, we used a catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) to obtain gene silencing rather than disruption, in a strategy called CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). We demonstrated complete gene silencing in L. biflexa cells when both dCas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting the coding strand of the β-galactosidase gene were expressed simultaneously. Furthermore, when the system was applied for silencing the dnaK gene, no colonies were recovered, indicating that DnaK protein is essential in Leptospira. In addition, flagellar motor switch FliG gene silencing resulted in reduced bacterial motility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work applying the CRISPRi system in Leptospira and spirochetes in general, expanding the tools available for understanding leptospiral biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G V Fernandes
- Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - L P Guaman
- Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Avenida Mariscal Sucre y Mariana de Jesús. Campus Occidental, 170105, Quito, Ecuador
| | - S A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Spirochetes Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75723, Paris, France
| | - A L T O Nascimento
- Laboratório Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Rossini AD, Teixeira AF, Souza Filho A, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Romero EC, Nascimento ALTO. Identification of a novel protein in the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans with the ability to interact with host's components. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2019; 53:163-175. [PMID: 30713004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an infectious disease that affects humans and animals worldwide. The etiological agents of this disease are the pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. The mechanisms involved in the leptospiral pathogenesis are not full understood. The elucidation of novel mediators of host-pathogen interaction is important in the detection of virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis. OBJECTIVE This work focused on identification and characterization of a hypothetical protein of Leptospira encoded by the gene LIC10920. METHODS The protein of unknown function was predicted to be surface exposed. Therefore, the LIC10920 gene was cloned and the protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Star pLysS strain. The recombinant protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and evaluated with leptospirosis human serum samples. The interaction with host components was also performed. RESULTS The recombinant protein was recognized by antibodies present in leptopsirosis human serum, suggesting its expression during infection. Immunofluorescence and intact bacteria assays indicated that the bacterial protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein interacted with human laminin, in a dose-dependent and saturable manner and was named Lsa24.9, for Leptospiral surface adhesin, followed by its molecular mass. Lsa24.9 also binds plasminogen (PLG) in a dose-dependent and saturable fashion, fulfilling receptor ligand interaction. Moreover, Lsa24.9 has the ability to acquire PLG from normal human serum, exhibiting similar profile as observed with the human purified component. PLG bound Lsa24.9 was able of generating plasmin, which could increase the proteolytic power of the bacteria. CONCLUSIONS This novel leptospiral protein may function as an adhesin at the colonization steps and may help the invasion process by plasmin generation at the bacterial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Rossini
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, ICB, USP, Avenida Prof. LineuPrestes, 1730, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A F Teixeira
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Souza Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - G O Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Romero
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-902, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L T O Nascimento
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas-Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Cavenague MF, Teixeira AF, Filho AS, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Nascimento ALTO. Characterization of a novel protein of Leptospira interrogans exhibiting plasminogen, vitronectin and complement binding properties. Int J Med Microbiol 2019; 309:116-129. [PMID: 30638770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a severe zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. This work focuses on a hypothetical protein of unknown function, encoded by the gene LIC13259, and predicted to be a surface protein, widely distributed among pathogenic leptospiral strain. The gene was amplified from L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni, strain Fiocruz L1-130, cloned and the protein expressed using Escherichia coli as a host system. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the protein is surface-exposed. The recombinant protein LIC13259 (rLIC13259) has the ability to interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) laminin, in a dose-dependent manner but saturation was not reach. The rLIC13259 protein is a plasminogen (PLG)-binding protein, generating plasmin, in the presence of urokinase PLG-activator uPA. The recombinant protein is able to mediate the binding to human purified terminal complement route vitronectin, C7, C8 and C9, and to recruit and interact with these components from normal human serum (NHS). These interactions are dose-dependent on NHS increased concentration. The binding of rLIC13259 to C8 and vitronectin was slight and pronounced inhibited in the presence of increasing heparin concentration, respectively, suggesting that the interaction with vitronectin occurs via heparin domain. Most interesting, the interaction of rLIC13259 with C9 protein was capable of preventing C9 polymerization, suggesting that the membrane attack complex (MAC) formation was inhibited. Thus, we tentatively assign the coding sequence (CDS) LIC13259, previously annotated as unknown function, as a novel protein that may play an important role in the host's invasion and immune evasion processes, contributing to the establishment of the leptospiral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Cavenague
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline F Teixeira
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio S Filho
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Laboratorio Especial de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas - Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Botoni LS, Torres SMF, Koch SN, Heinemann MB, Costa‐Val AP. Comparison of demographic data, disease severity and response to treatment, between dogs with atopic dermatitis and atopic‐like dermatitis: a retrospective study. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:10-e4. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S. Botoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Sandra N. Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences University of Minnesota 1365 Gortner Avenue Saint Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Universidade de São Paulo 87 Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva Ave São Paulo 05508‐270 Brazil
| | - Adriane P. Costa‐Val
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Surgery Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 6627 Antônio Carlos Ave Belo Horizonte 31270‐901 Brazil
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24
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Dorneles EMS, Fonseca MDAM, Abreu JAP, Lage AP, Brito MAVP, Pereira CR, Brandão HM, Guimarães AS, Heinemann MB. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from bovine mastitis in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00736. [PMID: 30298561 PMCID: PMC6528566 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dairy cows in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to assess the relationship among the isolates’ susceptibility profiles and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes. Seventy‐nine isolates were used, including S. aureus (n = 71) and coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS) (n = 8). Susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was performed. All Staphylococcus spp. were subjected to PFGE. Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS isolates exhibited full susceptibility only to cephalothin. The greatest percentages of resistance among Staphylococcus spp. were observed to penicillins, folate pathway inhibitors, and tetracyclines. Twelve S. aureus and four CoNS were classified as multidrug resistance strains. Percentage of MRSA was also higher among CoNS (75%), compared to S. aureus isolates (2.81%). Adopting 100% of similarity, 34 different genotypes were identified. Association of minimum‐spanning tree (MST) analysis with data from municipalities, herds, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and resistance patterns for all isolates did not show any clustering. However, a clustering pattern of bacterial species was observed. Results from this study indicate a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance, especially among CoNS, and a high genetic diversity among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dairy cows with mastitis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M S Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana D A M Fonseca
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana A P Abreu
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria A V P Brito
- Núcleo de Saúde Animal e Qualidade do Leite, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carine R Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Brandão
- Núcleo de Saúde Animal e Qualidade do Leite, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S Guimarães
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Núcleo de Saúde Animal e Qualidade do Leite, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Jardim JC, Amaral BP, Martins M, Sebastian P, Heinemann MB, Cortez A, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Respiratory signs, fever and lymphopenia in calves inoculated with Brazilian HoBi-like pestiviruses. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:264-268. [PMID: 30040999 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hobi-like viruses (HobiPeV) comprise a novel, recently classified species of bovine pestiviruses, originally identified in commercial fetal bovine serum of Brazilian origin and, subsequently, isolated from diseased animals in several countries. Although frequently isolated from clinical cases, most HobiPeV isolates failed to reproduce overt disease in cattle upon experimental inoculation. Herein, we describe the outcome of experimental infection of four to six months-old seronegative calves with two Brazilian HobiPeV isolates. Calves inoculated intranasally with isolate SV478/07 developed viremia between days 2 and 9 post-inoculation (pi) and shed virus in nasal secretions up to day 11pi. These animals presented hyperthermia (day 7 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia from days 4 to 8pi. Clinically, all four calves developed varied degrees of apathy, anorexia, mild to moderate respiratory signs (nasal secretion, hyperemia), ocular discharge and pasty diarrhea in the days following virus inoculation. In contrast, calves inoculated with isolate SV757/15 presented only hyperthermia (days 3 to 10-11 pi) and lymphopenia (days 4-8 pi), without other apparent clinical signs. In these animals, viremia was detected up to day 9 pi and virus shedding in nasal secretions lasted up to day 12-14 pi. Both groups seroconverted to the inoculated viruses, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 320 to 5120 at day 28pi. These results extend previous findings that experimental infections of calves with HobiPeV are predominantly mild, yet they also indicate that field isolates may differ in their ability to cause disease in susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jardim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - B P Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - P Sebastian
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Brazil
| | - A Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Weiblen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária e Setor de Virologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, prédio 63A, Centro de Eventos, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Tomazi T, Coura FM, Gonçalves JL, Heinemann MB, Santos MV. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9406-9418. [PMID: 30031577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) of Escherichia coli causing clinical mastitis (CM) according to the phylogenetic groups and its association with descriptors at the cow and herd level may help improve specific strategies for treatment and control of this pathogen in dairy herds. The aims of the present study were to (a) determine the frequency of phylogenetic groups of E. coli isolated from CM in dairy cows, and its association with cow-level descriptors (parity, lactation stage, CM severity, and affected quarter position), housing system, and season; and (b) determine and compare AMS among E. coli phylogenetic groups. A quadruplex PCR method was used to classify E. coli isolates into 1 of the 7 phylogenetic groups. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined for 10 antimicrobials, and survival analysis was performed to evaluate the AMS differences among E. coli phylogroups. Most E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroups A (52%) and B1 (38%). None of the cow- and herd-level descriptors were associated with the E. coli phylogenetic groups. Overall, E. coli isolates were mostly susceptible to ceftiofur (96.8%), sulfadimethoxine (75.5%), and cephalothin (74.5%). Based on the survival analysis, differences in AMS between phylogenetic groups of E. coli was observed only for cephalothin, in which strains of phylogroup A were inhibited at lower minimum inhibitory concentration than strains of phylogroup B1. Results of this study indicated low susceptibility of E. coli isolates identified from CM to most antimicrobials. In addition, differences in AMS can occur among E. coli phylogenetic groups, although they may be uncommon as they were limited to only one antimicrobial (i.e., cephalothin).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomazi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - F M Coura
- Departament of Agricultural Science, Federal Institute of Minas Gerais, Campus Bambuí, Fazenda Varginha, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Km 05, Caixa Postal 05, Bambuí, MG, 38.900-000, Brazil
| | - J L Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - M V Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
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27
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da Silva LB, Menezes MC, Kitano ES, Oliveira AK, Abreu AG, Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Isaac L, Fraga TR, Serrano SMT, Barbosa AS. Leptospira interrogans Secreted Proteases Degrade Extracellular Matrix and Plasma Proteins From the Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:92. [PMID: 29637048 PMCID: PMC5881292 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospires are highly motile spirochetes equipped with strategies for efficient invasion and dissemination within the host. Our group previously demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires secrete proteases capable of cleaving and inactivating key molecules of the complement system, allowing these bacteria to circumvent host's innate immune defense mechanisms. Given the successful dissemination of leptospires during infection, we wondered if such proteases would target a broader range of host molecules. In the present study, the proteolytic activity of secreted leptospiral proteases against a panel of extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma proteins was assessed. The culture supernatant of the virulent L. interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain Fromm (LPF) degraded human fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, gelatin, and the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, and lumican. Interestingly, human plasminogen was not cleaved by proteases present in the supernatants. Proteolytic activity was inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the participation of metalloproteases. Moreover, production of proteases might be an important virulence determinant since culture-attenuated or saprophytic Leptospira did not display proteolytic activity against ECM or plasma components. Exoproteomic analysis allowed the identification of three metalloproteases that could be involved in the degradation of host components. The ability to cleave conjunctive tissue molecules and coagulation cascade proteins may certainly contribute to invasion and tissue destruction observed upon infection with Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milene C Menezes
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Kitano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana K Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afonso G Abreu
- Postgraduation Program in Parasitic Biology, CEUMA University, São Luís, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Gisele O Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Isaac
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana R Fraga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solange M T Serrano
- Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Moreno LZ, Miraglia F, Loureiro AP, Kremer FS, Eslabao MR, Dellagostin OA, Lilenbaum W, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Moreno AM. Genomic characterisation of Leptospira inadai serogroup Lyme isolated from captured rat in Brazil and comparative analysis with human reference strain. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018. [PMID: 29538491 PMCID: PMC5851024 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira inadai is classified as a species of the Leptospira intermediate group that has been poorly studied due to its apparent insignificance to human and animal health. Nevertheless, over the last two decades the species has been described in human cases in India and in carrier animals in Ecuador. Here, we present the first identification and genomic characterisation of L. inadai serogroup Lyme isolated from captured rodent in Brazil. Even though the M34/99 strain was not pathogenic for hamsters, it was able to establish renal colonisation. The M34/99 strain presented high similarity with L. inadai serogroup Lyme human reference indicating that animal strain could also infect humans, although it does not represent high risk of severe disease. An extrachromosomal sequence was also identified in M34/99 strain and presented high identity with previously described L. inadai phage LinZ_10, suggesting that phage-like extrachromosomal sequence may be another feature of this understudied species.
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29
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Moreno LZ, Miraglia F, Kremer FS, Eslabao MR, Dellagostin OA, Lilenbaum W, Freitas JC, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Moreno AM. Comparative genomics of pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola isolated from swine and human in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:126-129. [PMID: 29236931 PMCID: PMC5722268 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola is one of the most important pathogenic serovars for the maintenance of urban leptospirosis. Even though it is considered highly adapted to dogs, serovar Canicola infection has already been described in other animals and even a few human cases. Here, we present the genomic characterisation of two Brazilian L. interrogans serovar Canicola strains isolated from slaughtered sows (L0-3 and L0-4) and their comparison with human strain Fiocruz LV133. It was observed that the porcine serovar Canicola strains present the genetic machinery to cause human infection and, therefore, represent a higher risk to public health. Both human and porcine serovar Canicola isolates also presented sequences with high identity to the Chinese serovar Canicola published plasmids pGui1 and pGui2. The plasmids identification in the Brazilian and Chinese serovar Canicola strains suggest that extra-chromosomal elements are one more feature of this serovar that was previously unnoticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Z Moreno
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Resistência a Antimicrobianos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Miraglia
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Frederico S Kremer
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcus R Eslabao
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Odir A Dellagostin
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Julio C Freitas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Resistência a Antimicrobianos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Resistência a Antimicrobianos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrea M Moreno
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular e Resistência a Antimicrobianos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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30
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Ferronatto JA, Ferronatto TC, Schneider M, Pessoa LF, Blagitz MG, Heinemann MB, Della Libera AMMP, Souza FN. Diagnosing mastitis in early lactation: use of Somaticell®, California mastitis test and somatic cell count. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1426394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Ferronatto
- University of Western Santa Catarina, Xanxere Campus, Xanxere, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marla Schneider
- Federal University of Parana – Palotina Campus, Palotina, Brazil
| | | | - Maiara G. Blagitz
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Southern Border – Realeza Campus, Realeza, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando N. Souza
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Figueredo JM, Siqueira GH, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Vasconcellos SA, Chapola EGB, Nascimento ALTO. Characterization of two new putative adhesins of Leptospira interrogans. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:37-51. [PMID: 28198346 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We here report the characterization of two novel proteins encoded by the genes LIC11122 and LIC12287, identified in the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans, annotated, respectively, as a putative sigma factor and a hypothetical protein. The CDSs LIC11122 and LIC12287 have signal peptide SPII and SPI and are predicted to be located mainly at the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria. The genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using Escherichia coli. Proteinase K digestion showed that both proteins are surface exposed. Evaluation of interaction of recombinant proteins with extracellular matrix components revealed that they are laminin binding and they were called Lsa19 (LIC11122) and Lsa14 (LIC12287), for Leptospiral-surface adhesin of 19 and 14 kDa, respectively. The bindings were dose-dependent on protein concentration, reaching saturation, fulfilling the ligand-binding criteria. Reactivity of the recombinant proteins with leptospirosis human sera has shown that Lsa19 and, to a lesser extent, Lsa14, are recognized by antibodies, suggesting that, most probably, Lsa19 is expressed during infection. The proteins interact with plasminogen and generate plasmin in the presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Plasmin generation in Leptospira has been associated with tissue penetration and immune evasion strategies. The presence of a sigma factor on the cell surface playing a secondary role, probably mediating host -pathogen interaction, suggests that LIC11122 is a moonlighting protein candidate. Although the biological significance of these putative adhesins will require the generation of mutants, our data suggest that Lsa19 is a potential candidate for future evaluation of its role in adhesion/colonization activities during L. interrogans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jupciana M Figueredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela H Siqueira
- Present address: Laboratorios de Investigação Medica, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Erica G B Chapola
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, R. Santa Eulália, 86 Santana, São Paulo, SP 02031-020, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
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32
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Siqueira GH, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Vasconcellos SA, Nascimento ALTO. The role of Lsa23 to mediate the interaction of Leptospira interrogans with the terminal complement components pathway. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:182-189. [PMID: 28963011 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a severe worldwide zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. It has been demonstrated that pathogenic leptospires are resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum while saprophytic strains are susceptible. Pathogenic strains have the ability to bind soluble complement regulators and these activities are thought to contribute to bacterial immune evasion. One strategy used by some pathogens to evade the complement cascade, which is not well explored, is to block the terminal pathway. We have, thus, examined whether leptospires are able to interact with components of the terminal complement pathway. ELISA screening using anti-leptospires serum has shown that the pathogenic, virulent strain L. interrogans L1-130 can bind to immobilized human C8 (1 μg). However, virulent and saprophyte L. biflexa strains showed the ability to interact with C8 and C9, when these components were employed at physiological concentration (50 μg/mL), but the virulent strain seemed more competent. Lsa23, a putative leptospiral adhesin only present in pathogenic strains, interacts with C8 and C9 in a dose-dependent mode, suggesting that this protein could mediate the binding of virulent Leptospira with these components. To our knowledge, this is the first work reporting the binding of Leptospira to C8 and C9 terminal complement components, suggesting that the inhibition of this pathway is part of the strategy used by leptospires to evade the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela H Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Fernandes LG, Teixeira AF, Filho AF, Souza GO, Vasconcellos SA, Heinemann MB, Romero EC, Nascimento AL. Immune response and protective profile elicited by a multi-epitope chimeric protein derived from Leptospira interrogans. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 57:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Souto MSM, Coura FM, Dorneles EMS, Stynen APR, Alves TM, Santana JA, Pauletti RB, Guedes RMC, Viott AM, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phylotyping profile of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates from calves and pigs in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:13-23. [PMID: 27709395 PMCID: PMC7089450 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine (i) the profiles of phylogroup and (ii) the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves, and of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from calves and pigs in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Sixty-one pathogenic E. coli strains and Salmonella spp. (n = 24) strains isolated from fecal samples of calves and Salmonella spp. (n = 39) strains previously isolated from fecal samples of growing/finishing pigs were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the agar dilution method was determined for nalidixic acid, amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin. Tetracycline was the antimicrobial that presented the higher frequency of resistance among E. coli strains, followed by ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and cefoxitin. E. coli (n = 61) strains isolated from calves belonged to different phylogroup namely, phylogroup A (n = 26), phylogroup B1 (n = 31), phylogroup E (n = 3), and phylogroup F (n = 1). Phylogroups B2, C, and D were not identified among the E. coli in the present study. All Salmonella spp. (n = 24) strains isolated from fecal samples of calves were susceptible to amikacin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to nalidixic acid and cefoxitin was detected in 16.66 and 8.33 % of the Salmonella spp. strains, respectively. Among the Salmonella spp. (n = 39) strains isolated from fecal samples of pigs, the higher frequency of resistance was observed to tetracycline, followed by amoxicillin, gentamicin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, cefoxitin, and norfloxacin. All strains were susceptible to amikacin. Forty-eight (78.68 %) of the E. coli strains were classified as multidrug-resistant, whereas among Salmonella spp. strains, the percentage of multidrug resistance was 57.14 %, being all multidrug-resistant strains isolated from pigs (92.30 %). The results from the present study indicate a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic E. coli strains isolated from calves and Salmonella spp. strains isolated from pigs and a high rate of susceptibility to most antimicrobials tested among Salmonella spp. strains isolated from calves. Our study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from food-producing animals in Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa S M Souto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Coura
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine M S Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula R Stynen
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Telma M Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rebeca B Pauletti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto M C Guedes
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline M Viott
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Campus Palotina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Haas DJ, Dorneles EMS, Spier SJ, Carroll SP, Edman J, Azevedo VA, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Molecular epidemiology of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from horses in California. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 49:186-194. [PMID: 27979735 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar Equi is an important pathogen of horses. It is increasing in frequency in the United States, and is responsible for various clinical forms of infection, including external abscesses, internal abscesses of the abdominal or thoracic cavities, and ulcerative lymphangitis. The host/pathogen factors dictating the form or severity of infection are currently unknown. Our recent investigations have shown that genotyping C. pseudotuberculosis isolates using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR is useful for understanding the evolutionary genetics of the species as well for molecular epidemiology studies. The aims of the present study were to assess (i) the genetic diversity of C. pseudotuberculosis strains isolated from horses in California, United States and (ii) the epidemiologic relationships among isolates. One hundred and seven C. pseudotuberculosis biovar Equi isolates from ninety-five horses, and two C. pseudotuberculosis biovar Ovis strains, C. pseudotuberculosis ATCC 19410T type strain and C. pseudotuberculosis 1002 vaccine strain, were fingerprinted using the ERIC 1+2-PCR. C. pseudotuberculosis isolated from horses showed a high genetic diversity, clustering in twenty-seven genotypes with a diversity index of 0.91. Minimal spanning tree showed four major clonal complexes with a pattern of temporal clustering. Strains isolated from the same horse showed identical ERIC 1+2-PCR genotype, with the exception of two strains isolated from the same animal that showed distinct genotypes, suggesting a co-infection. We found no strong genetic signals related to clinical form (including internal versus external infections). However, temporal clustering of genotypes was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionei J Haas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine M S Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sharon J Spier
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott P Carroll
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Judy Edman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Vasco A Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey P Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Botoni LS, Scherer CB, Silva RO, Coura FM, Heinemann MB, Paes-Leme FO, Costa-Val AP. Prevalence and in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from skin and nostrils of dogs with superficial pyoderma. Pesq Vet Bras 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016001200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: In order to assess the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from skin and nostrils of dogs with pyoderma, to determine its in vitro susceptibility, and to correlate these data with the presence of the mecA gene, 43 dogs were selected. Samples were collected from secretion of their skin lesions and right nostril, cultured, and analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the bacteria studied. In 62 samples (91%) the microorganism was classified as S. pseudintermedius. The rate of resistance against antibiotics ranged from 7% (amikacin; 4/62) to 77% (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim; 48/62). Resistance against oxacillin was found in 34% of the samples (21/62). Twenty-five samples (37%) were strains that carried the mecA gene. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was found between presence of the mecA gene and oxacillin resistance. Seventeen dogs were mecA gene carriers, and 8 (47%) of them had the gene in the skin lesions and nostril. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was also observed between the presence of mecA gene in the skin lesions and nostrils. Oxacillin resistance in vitro can be safely used to indicate the presence of mecA gene in MRSP samples. The nostrils can be a reservoir of MRSP in dogs.
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Monteiro K, Allendorf SD, Vicente AF, Appolinário CM, Peres MG, Cortez A, Heinemann MB, Megid J. Viral type characterization and clinical aspects of canine parvovirus in naturally infected dogs in São Paulo State, Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016001200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Since the first isolation of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) in late 70’s new virus types as CPV-2a and CPV-2b have been emerged and becoming prevalent in natural canine population and more recently, a third subtype was identified , CPV-2c. The main purpose of this study was to detect and characterize canine parvovirus currently present in Central-West region of São Paulo state, in Brazil. Fecal samples were collected of vaccinated and non-vaccinated dogs, clinically suspected of having CPV infection brought to the Infectious Diseases Service, Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-UNESP. All samples (n=30) were screening for canine parvovirus through hemagglutination test and those resulting as positive (n=20) were submitted to PCR and the products were subsequently sequenced for subtype characterization. Results were tested for association with age, hematological values, viral hemagglutination titers in the feces, vaccination status and survival. Leukopenia was found in all animals, death occurred in 30% of unvaccinated dogs and in 42% of vaccinated ones. In a total of 20 positive sequenced samples, 18 were classified as CPV-2b, one as CPV-2c, and one as CPV-2a, being CPV2a and CPV2c detected in unvaccinated puppies. Compared to the reference samples amino acid change at position 426 in those circling virus was identified. The study results demonstrate the predominance of CPV-2b and the presence of CPV-2a and CPV-2c in naturally infected, vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs in in São Paulo region.
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Souza FN, Cunha AF, Rosa DL, Brito MAV, Guimarães AS, Mendonça LC, Souza GN, Lage AP, Blagitz MG, Libera AMD, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MM. Somatic cell count and mastitis pathogen detection in composite and single or duplicate quarter milk samples. Pesq Vet Bras 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2016000900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The most acceptable criteria for diagnosing bovine intramammary infections include results of bacteriological culture and measures of inflammation. Therefore, information on the diagnostic characteristics of the procedures used to identify infected quarters is required. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate a set of criteria to classify the infectious status of an udder at the quarter (single and duplicate milk samples) and cow (composite milk sample) levels, and to compare the infectious status with somatic cell counts (SCCs) of the samples. Here, the SCC thresholds determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis had a higher Youden index using mammary quarter duplicate milk samples as the gold standard for testing compared with single quarter and composite milk samples, especially for samples for which at least one of the duplicates was microbiologically positive, regardless of the mastitis pathogen isolated. The kappa coefficient for bacteriological results of the single quarter milk samples (single S1 and S2) was 0.85±0.019, indicating that single quarter milk sampling can be useful in mastitis control programs. Therefore, the use of composite milk samples to detect mastitis pathogens may be limited to the detection of major pathogens, given their predictive values. Thus, our findings suggest that the milk SCCs and microbiological examinations, although regarded as the most reliable indicators of ongoing mastitis, should be used in an integrated manner in mastitis control programs. Furthermore, the accuracy of single, duplicate and composite microbiological analyses to diagnosis mastitis should be considered for its implications in mastitis control strategies.
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Ribeiro MG, Lima MCF, Franco MMJ, Megid J, Soares LM, Machado LHA, Miyata M, Pavan FR, Heinemann MB, Souza Filho AF, Lara GHB, Sanches OC, Sanches CDC, Listoni FJP, Paes AC. Pre-Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Causing Fatal Enteric Disease in a Dog from a Family with History of Human Tuberculosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:e4-e7. [PMID: 27357532 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a fatal case of a pet dog with major enteric signs owned by a family that has experienced cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the household. Clinical and epidemiological aspects, imaging data, microbiological, haematological and histopathological examinations were assessed to diagnosis of disease. gyrB-RFLP, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR allowed molecular detection of M. tuberculosis strain from S family. The resazurin microtiter assay indicated that all isolates were resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, streptomycin and amikacin. The public health concerns related to canine tuberculosis and risk of the dissemination by pets of M. tuberculosis pre-multidrug-resistant (PMD) to isoniazid, ethambutol and other first-line drugs used in human therapy of TB are discussed. We believe this to be the first report of PMD M. tuberculosis infection in a dog presenting mainly enteric manifestation, confirmed as S lineage by molecular methods, owned by a family in which TB has spread in the household for generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Ribeiro
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C F Lima
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M M J Franco
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Megid
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L M Soares
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L H A Machado
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Miyata
- Laboratory of Micobacteriology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UNESP, Araraquara, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F R Pavan
- Laboratory of Micobacteriology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UNESP, Araraquara, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Souza Filho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G H B Lara
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O C Sanches
- UNISA, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C D C Sanches
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F J P Listoni
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Paes
- UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil
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Silva LP, Fernandes LGV, Vieira ML, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Vasconcellos SA, Romero EC, Nascimento ALTO. Evaluation of two novel leptospiral proteins for their interaction with human host components. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw040. [PMID: 27129366 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonosis. Mechanisms involved in leptospiral pathogenesis are not well understood. By data mining the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans we have identified two proteins predicted to be surface exposed, LIC10821 and LIC10064. Immunofluorescence and proteinase K assays confirmed that the proteins are exposed. Reactivity of the recombinant proteins with human sera has shown that rLIC10821, but not rLIC10064, is recognized by antibodies in confirmed leptospirosis serum samples, suggesting its expression during infection. The rLIC10821 was able to bind laminin, in a dose-dependent fashion, and was called Lsa37 (leptospiral surface adhesin of 37 kDa). Studies with human plasma components demonstrated that rLIC10821 interacts with plasminogen (PLG) and fibrinogen (Fg). The binding of Lsa37 with PLG generates plasmin when PLG activator was added. Fibrin clotting reduction was observed in a thrombin-catalyzed reaction, when Fg was incubated with Lsa37, suggesting that this protein may interfere in the coagulation cascade during the disease. Although LIC10064 protein is more abundant than the corresponding Lsa37, binding activity with all the components tested was not detected. Thus, Lsa37 is a novel versatile adhesin that may mediate Leptospira-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis G V Fernandes
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica L Vieira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliete C Romero
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 355, CEP 01246-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Hirsch C, Camargos MF, Barbosa-Stancioli EF, Fonseca Júnior AA, Rajão DS, Heinemann MB, Reis JKP, Leite RC. Genetic variability and phylogeny of the 5' long terminal repeat from Brazilian bovine leukemia virus. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:14530-8. [PMID: 26600512 DOI: 10.4238/2015.november.18.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 22 strains of bovine leukemia virus obtained by polymerase chain reaction to amplify a 582-base pair fragment of the transcriptional regulatory region 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). Twenty-two samples of proviral DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells containing bovine leukemia virus from naturally infected bovine from 4 distinct geographic regions in Brazil were investigated. The products obtained by polymerase chain reaction were subjected to direct sequencing and sequence alignment. Fragments of 422 nucleotides were obtained, located between positions -118 and +303 base pairs of the 5'LTR. These fragments corresponded to 80% of the LTR region and included 56% of sub-region U3, 100% of R, and 82.5% of U5. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed a high conservation degree in the 5'LTR region, with 5 well defined groups. However, a hotspot occurrence in the R-U5 region was also observed, which contained 40% of all nucleotide variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hirsch
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - M F Camargos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - E F Barbosa-Stancioli
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - A A Fonseca Júnior
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - D S Rajão
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - J K P Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - R C Leite
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Rocha SM, de Oliveira SV, Heinemann MB, Gonçalves VSP. Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012). Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:624-633. [PMID: 26423323 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonosis in the world with high impact on public health. Studies report the presence of Lyssavirus in reservoirs of the wild cycle, highlighting the role of wild canines, marmosets, and vampire and non-vampire bats as potential vectors of the disease to domestic animals and human beings. Therefore, the reintroduction of rabies in urban environments from reservoirs of the wild cycle is a matter of concern. This study describes the profile of rabies cases documented in Brazil from 2002 to 2012, with emphasis on the wild transmission cycle of the disease. We carried out a descriptive study using records with information on the time of infection, persons with infection and location of confirmed cases of rabies in humans and animals, as well as data on anti-rabies treatments obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) database. Within the study period, 82 cases of rabies transmitted by wild animals to humans were reported, predominantly in rural areas of the northern and north-eastern regions. Of the cases in humans, 72% did not receive post-exposure prophylaxis. Among wild mammals, vampire bats were the most frequent vectors of the disease. In the north-east region, 460 terrestrial wild mammals were reported with confirmed rabies. Over the study period, 1703 bats were reported to carry the rabies virus. In the south-east region, the most frequently reported carriers of the virus were non-vampire bats. The midwest and northern regions presented a lower number of records of rabies cases among terrestrial wild mammals. However, the high number of rabies cases among bovines reflects the role of the vampire bat as a maintainer of the rabies virus in the rural cycle. The present results are key to adjust the planning of rabies control in Brazil to the current epidemiological trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rocha
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - S V de Oliveira
- Unidade Técnica de Vigilância de Zoonoses da Coordenação Geral de Doenças Transmissíveis, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - V S P Gonçalves
- EpiPlan, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brasil
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Dorneles EMS, Lima GK, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Araújo MSS, Martins-Filho OA, Sriranganathan N, Al Qublan H, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Immune Response of Calves Vaccinated with Brucella abortus S19 or RB51 and Revaccinated with RB51. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136696. [PMID: 26352261 PMCID: PMC4564183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 strains have been successfully used to control bovine brucellosis worldwide; however, currently, most of our understanding of the protective immune response induced by vaccination comes from studies in mice. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the immune responses induced in cattle prime-immunized with B. abortus S19 or RB51 and revaccinated with RB51. Female calves, aged 4 to 8 months, were vaccinated with either vaccine S19 (0.6-1.2 x 1011 CFU) or RB51 (1.3 x 1010 CFU) on day 0, and revaccinated with RB51 (1.3 x 1010 CFU) on day 365 of the experiment. Characterization of the immune response was performed using serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 28, 210, 365, 393 and 575 post-immunization. Results showed that S19 and RB51 vaccination induced an immune response characterized by proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells; IFN-ɣ and IL-17A production by CD4+ T-cells; cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells; IL-6 secretion; CD4+ and CD8+ memory cells; antibodies of IgG1 class; and expression of the phenotypes of activation in T-cells. However, the immune response stimulated by S19 compared to RB51 showed higher persistency of IFN-ɣ and CD4+ memory cells, induction of CD21+ memory cells and higher secretion of IL-6. After RB51 revaccination, the immune response was chiefly characterized by increase in IFN-ɣ expression, proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells and decrease of IL-6 production in both groups. Nevertheless, a different polarization of the immune response, CD4+- or CD8+-dominant, was observed after the booster with RB51 for S19 and RB51 prime-vaccinated animals, respectively. Our results indicate that after prime vaccination both vaccine strains induce a strong and complex Th1 immune response, although after RB51 revaccination the differences between immune profiles induced by prime-vaccination become accentuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. S. Dorneles
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Graciela K. Lima
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio S. S. Araújo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo A. Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hamzeh Al Qublan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrey P. Lage
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Aplicada, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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44
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Blagitz MG, Souza FN, Batista CF, Diniz SA, Azevedo LFF, Silva MX, Haddad JPA, Heinemann MB, Cerqueira MMOP, Della Libera AMMP. Flow cytometric analysis: Interdependence of healthy and infected udder quarters. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2401-8. [PMID: 25682144 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important question about intramammary infections that is still debated in the literature is the independence or interdependence of the quarters of dairy cows. The present study sought to explore milk neutrophil function and the milk lymphocyte profile of uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected (one infected quarter per cow) udders to evaluate interdependence of the quarters. Thus, 32 (8 cows) and 18 (6 cows) uninfected quarters from uninfected and infected udders were used, respectively. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the percentage of milk neutrophils and their expression of adhesion molecules L-selectin (CD62L), β2-integrin (CD11b), and an endothelial-selectin ligand (CD44); levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS); phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by milk neutrophils; and neutrophil viability. Furthermore, we assessed the percentage of B-cell (CD21(+)) and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD8(-), CD3(+)/CD8(+)/CD4(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(-), CD3(+)/CD4(+)/CD25(+), and CD3(+)/CD4(-)/CD25(-)) using flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. The infected quarter did not affect somatic cell count or the percentage of neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters. Furthermore, the infected quarter did not influence neutrophil viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species production, or phagocytosis of S. aureus by milk neutrophils. Conversely, the expression of adhesion molecules CD11b, CD62L, and CD44 by milk neutrophils differed between uninfected quarters from infected versus uninfected udders. The lymphocyte subsets did not differ between groups, except for a higher percentage of B cells in uninfected quarters from infected udders than in those from uninfected udders. Thus, our study strongly supports the hypothesis of interdependence of quarters based on the influence of infection on both the percentage of B cells and the expression of adhesion molecules by milk neutrophils in the neighboring uninfected quarters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Blagitz
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - F N Souza
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - C F Batista
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - S A Diniz
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - L F F Azevedo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
| | - M X Silva
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - J P A Haddad
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-010, Brazil
| | - A M M P Della Libera
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil
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45
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Flatschart RB, Almeida DO, Heinemann MB, Medeiros MN, Granjeiro JM, Folgueras-Flatschart AV. Absolute quantification of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) RNA by the digital PCR technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/575/1/012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
A diarreia é uma das doenças mais frequentes de bezerros com até 30 dias de idade e é uma importante causa de perdas econômicas. Sua etiologia é complexa e envolve a interação de diversos fatores infecciosos, nutricionais, imunológicos, gerenciais e ambientais. Os principais sinais clínicos são a diarreia, desidratação progressiva, acidose metabólica, desequilíbrio de eletrólitos e balanço energético negativo com ou sem hipoglicemia, que se não tratados, levam à morte do animal. Escherichia coli se destaca como um importante enteropatógeno envolvido na síndrome diarreica. Cepas de E. coli patogênicas são classificadas em grupos ou patotipos, de acordo com a produção de fatores de virulência e mecanismos pelos quais causam doença. Já foram identificados cinco patotipos de E. coli associados à diarreia em bezerros: E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e E. coli necrotoxigênica (NTEC). Nesse artigo apresentamos as principais características e os atuais conhecimentos sobre os patotipos de E. coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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47
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Sales ML, Fonseca AA, Orzil L, Alencar AP, Hodon MA, Issa MA, Soares Filho PM, Silva MR, Lage AP, Heinemann MB. Validation of two real-time PCRs targeting the PE-PGRS 20 gene and the region of difference 4 for the characterization of Mycobacterium bovis isolates. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:4607-16. [PMID: 25036510 DOI: 10.4238/2014.june.18.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate real-time PCR for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates. Two hundred and seventy-four M. bovis isolates and 156 M. tuberculosis isolates were tested. Both qPCRs amplified all of the 274 M. bovis samples, but none of the 156 M. tuberculosis samples. The qPCR for PE-PGRS 20 had 91% efficiency and a detection limit of 0.32 ng (sensitivity and specificity for qPCR "Mbovis.100" were 99.64 and 100%, respectively). The qPCR for RD4 had 100% efficiency, and a detection limit of 4 pg (diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 100%. The qPCR tests were performed using 4 extraction sets, 3 qPCR kits, and with a range of equipment; yet, all combinations produced similar results in a diagnostic test, demonstrating the robustness of this method. The techniques proved to be efficient, robust, sensitive, and specific for the diagnosis of M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sales
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - A A Fonseca
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - L Orzil
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - A P Alencar
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Hodon
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Issa
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - P M Soares Filho
- Lanagro/MG, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - M R Silva
- EMBRAPA Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - A P Lage
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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48
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Dorneles EMS, Santana JA, Ribeiro D, Dorella FA, Guimarães AS, Moawad MS, Selim SA, Garaldi ALM, Miyoshi A, Ribeiro MG, Gouveia AMG, Azevedo V, Heinemann MB, Lage AP. Evaluation of ERIC-PCR as genotyping method for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98758. [PMID: 24901343 PMCID: PMC4046986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR) as a tool for molecular typing of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates from eight different hosts in twelve countries. Ninety-nine C. pseudotuberculosis field strains, one type strain (ATCC 19410T) and one vaccine strain (1002) were fingerprinted using the ERIC-1R and ERIC-2 primers, and the ERIC-1R+ERIC-2 primer pair. Twenty-nine different genotypes were generated by ERIC 1-PCR, 28 by ERIC 2-PCR and 35 by ERIC 1+2-PCR. The discriminatory index calculated for ERIC 1, ERIC 2, and ERIC 1+2-PCR was 0.89, 0.86, and 0.92, respectively. Epidemiological concordance was established for all ERIC-PCR assays. ERIC 1+2-PCR was defined as the best method based on suitability of the amplification patterns and discriminatory index. Minimal spanning tree for ERIC 1+2-PCR revealed three major clonal complexes and clustering around nitrate-positive (biovar Equi) and nitrate-negative (biovar Ovis) strains. Therefore, ERIC 1+2-PCR proved to be the best technique evaluated in this study for genotyping C. pseudotuberculosis strains, due to its usefulness for molecular epidemiology investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. S. Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jordana A. Santana
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dayana Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandro S. Guimarães
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mohamed S. Moawad
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salah A. Selim
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ana Luiza M. Garaldi
- Centro Biomédico, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Miyoshi
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Márcio G. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Higiene Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade, Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Aurora M. G. Gouveia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrey P. Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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49
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Camargos MF, Rajão DS, Leite RC, Stancek D, Heinemann MB, Reis JKP. Genetic variation of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) after replication in cell culture and experimental animals. Genet Mol Res 2014; 13:1717-23. [PMID: 24535910 DOI: 10.4238/2014.january.22.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the selection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) variants after continuous passage in cell lines or experimental animals. Two wild BLV strains isolated from 2 naturally infected Holstein dairy cows in Brazil (cow codes: 485 and 141) were used for the experimental infection of 1 sheep and FLK cells, and 1 rabbit and CC81 cells. Viral DNA was isolated several months after infection, and env gene nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the "passaged" variants were compared against the 2 original infecting wild strains. The sequences of the original infecting wild strains were not recovered after their replication in the cell lines or experimental animals. These results indicate that genetic variation occurred after BLV replication in vivo and in vitro, with new variants being selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Camargos
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil
| | - D S Rajão
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - R C Leite
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - D Stancek
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - M B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - J K P Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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50
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Paixão TA, Malta MCC, Soave SA, Tinoco HP, Costa ME, Pessanha AT, Silva RO, Coura FM, Costa LF, Turchetti AP, Lobato FC, Melo MM, Heinemann MB, Santos RL. Hemorrhagic colitis associated with Salmonella enterica
serotype Infantis infection in a captive western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla
) in Brazil. J Med Primatol 2013; 43:118-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane A. Paixão
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. C. Malta
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Semíramis A. Soave
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Herlandes P. Tinoco
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Maria E.L.T. Costa
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Angela T. Pessanha
- Departamento de Jardim Zoológico da; Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O.S. Silva
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Coura
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Luciana F. Costa
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Andreia P. Turchetti
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | | | - Marilia M. Melo
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Marcos B. Heinemann
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Renato L. Santos
- Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
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