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Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. A Comprehensive Review of the Common Bacterial Infections in Dairy Calves and Advanced Strategies for Health Management. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:1-14. [PMID: 38288284 PMCID: PMC10822132 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s452925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Dairy farming faces a significant challenge of bacterial infections in dairy calves, which can have detrimental effects on their health and productivity. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most prevalent bacterial infections in dairy calves, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma bovis, and Haemophilus somnus. These pathogens can cause various clinical signs and symptoms, leading to diarrhea, respiratory distress, septicemia, and even mortality. Factors such as management practices, environmental conditions, and herd health influence the incidence and severity of the infections. Efficient management and prevention strategies include good colostrum and nutrient feeding, early detection, appropriate treatment, hygiene practices, and supportive care. Regular health monitoring and diagnostic tests facilitate early detection and intervention. The use of antibiotics should be judicious to prevent antimicrobial resistance and supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional support promotes recovery. Diagnostic methods, including immunological tests, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology, aid in the identification of specific pathogens. This review also explores recent advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bacterial infections in dairy calves, providing valuable insights for dairy farmers, veterinarians, and researchers. By synthesizing pertinent scientific literature, this review contributes to the development of effective strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of bacterial infections on the health, welfare, and productivity of young calves. Moreover, more research is required to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology and characterization of bacterial infections in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mossie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Hu B, Han S, He H. Effect of epidemic diseases on wild animal conservation. Integr Zool 2023; 18:963-980. [PMID: 37202360 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Under the background of global species extinction, the impact of epidemic diseases on wild animal protection is increasingly prominent. Here, we review and synthesize the literature on this topic, and discuss the relationship between diseases and biodiversity. Diseases usually reduce species diversity by decreasing or extinction of species populations, but also accelerate species evolution and promote species diversity. At the same time, species diversity can regulate disease outbreaks through dilution or amplification effects. The synergistic effect of human activities and global change is emphasized, which further aggravates the complex relationship between biodiversity and diseases. Finally, we emphasize the importance of active surveillance of wild animal diseases, which can protect wild animals from potential diseases, maintain population size and genetic variation, and reduce the damage of diseases to the balance of the whole ecosystem and human health. Therefore, we suggest that a background survey of wild animal populations and their pathogens should be carried out to assess the impact of potential outbreaks on the population or species level. The mechanism of dilution and amplification effect between species diversity and diseases of wild animals should be further studied to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for human intervention measures to change biodiversity. Most importantly, we should closely combine the protection of wild animals with the establishment of an active surveillance, prevention, and control system for wild animal epidemics, in an effort to achieve a win-win situation between wild animal protection and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Han
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Serikbayeva AT, Akimzhanov DS, Iskakova ZA, Karagoishin Z, Akoyev MT, Dauletaliyev TN, Baitanayev OA. Saiga (Saiga tatarica) conservation strategy in Kazakhstan. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275397. [PMID: 37851778 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) is a living symbol of the Eurasian steppes. Even in the recent past, its total number exceeded a million heads. As a commercial species, it was a source of inexpensive meat and skins for suede. The natural world range of saiga in Eurasia covers the steppe and desert ecosystems of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, as well as Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region in the Russian Federation. It is divided into two subspecies: (Saiga tatarica tatarica) the nominal subspecies and (S.t.mongolica) the Mongolian saiga, which is found only in Mongolia. In 2002, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (UICN) classified saiga as CR-critically endangered. The purpose of this work is to analyze the saiga population dynamics on the territory of Kazakhstan and characterize possible anthropogenic, genetic and environmental factors affecting their numbers, with the rationale for approaches to conserving these animals' population in Kazakhstan. The article highlights the saiga dynamics of number and distribution over the past decade, the reasons for decline in its number, also discusses specific measures to conserve the saiga in modern conditions, because the current critical situation with saiga in Kazakhstan requires implementing a strategy for its conservation as a species of mammals fauna of the republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Serikbayeva
- Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Faculty of Water, Land and Forest Resources, Department of Forest Resources, Game Management and Fisheries, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - D Sh Akimzhanov
- Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Faculty of Water, Land and Forest Resources, Department of Forest Resources, Game Management and Fisheries, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zh A Iskakova
- Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Faculty of Zooengineering and Food Technologies, Department of Food Safety and Technologies, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zh Karagoishin
- S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical Research University, Faculty of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Department of "Hunting and Fisheries", Astana, the Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - M T Akoyev
- Republican State Enterprise for "Huntingzooindustry" Department of the Wildlife Protection Service, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | | - O A Baitanayev
- Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Faculty of Water, Land and Forest Resources, Department of Forest Resources, Game Management and Fisheries, Almaty, the Republic of Kazakhstan
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Abdybekova AM, Zhaksylykova AA, Kushaliyev KZ, Kidiraliyev EZ, Kozhayeva AR, Kuzhebayeva UZ, Grachev A, Shevtsov A, Budke CM. A survey of the parasites of Ural saiga antelopes and Turkmenian kulans of Kazakhstan. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:232-236. [PMID: 37415922 PMCID: PMC10319641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Saiga antelope and Turkmenian kulans are considered critically endangered and near threatened, respectively, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Due to these species' fragile status, it is important to understand the pathogens infecting their remaining populations. A total of 496 faecal samples were collected from Ural saiga antelope in western Kazakhstan during June, September, and November of 2021 and May and August of 2022 and 149 faecal samples were collected from kulans in the Altyn-Emel nature reserve in south-eastern Kazakhstan from June to August of 2021. Additionally, endo- and ecto-parasites were collected from 17 saiga that were found deceased due to natural causes. Nine helminths (3 cestodes, 6 nematodes) and two protozoans were found in Ural saiga antelope. In addition to intestinal parasites, one case of cystic echinococcosis due to Echinococcus granulosus infection and one case of cerebral coenurosis due to Taenia multiceps infection was identified on necropsy. None of the collected ticks (all Hyalomma scupense) were found positive for Theileria annulate (enolase gene) or Babesia spp. (18 S ribosomal RNA gene) via PCR. Three intestinal parasites (Parascaris equorum, Strongylus sp., and Oxyuris equi) were found in kulans. All identified parasites, in both saiga and kulans, are also found in domesticated livestock, suggesting a need for better understanding of how parasites are maintained within and between regional wild and domestic ungulate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexey Grachev
- Institute of Zoology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Christine M. Budke
- Texas A&M University, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
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Domínguez-Odio A, Delgado DLC. Global commercialization and research of veterinary vaccines against Pasteurella multocida: 2015-2022 technological surveillance. Vet World 2023; 16:946-956. [PMID: 37576757 PMCID: PMC10420726 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.946-956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pasteurella multocida can infect a multitude of wild and domesticated animals, bacterial vaccines have become a crucial tool in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal production. The study aimed to evaluate the current status and scientific trends related to veterinary vaccines against Pasteurella multocida during the 2015-2022 period. Material and Methods The characteristics of globally marketed vaccines were investigated based on the official websites of 22 pharmaceutical companies. VOSviewer® 1.6.18 was used to visualize networks of coauthorship and cooccurrence of keywords from papers published in English and available in Scopus. Results Current commercial vaccines are mostly inactivated (81.7%), adjuvanted in aluminum hydroxide (57.8%), and designed to immunize cattle (33.0%). Investigational vaccines prioritize the inclusion of attenuated strains, peptide fragments, recombinant proteins, DNA as antigens, aluminum compounds as adjuvants and poultry as the target species. Conclusion Despite advances in genetic engineering and biotechnology, there will be no changes in the commercial dominance of inactivated and aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted vaccines in the short term (3-5 years). The future prospects for bacterial vaccines in animal production are promising, with advancements in vaccine formulation and genetic engineering, they have the potential to improve the sustainability of the industry. It is necessary to continue with the studies to improve the efficacy of the vaccines and their availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal Domínguez-Odio
- Dirección de Ciencia e Innovación. Grupo Empresarial LABIOFAM. Avenida Independencia km 16½, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel Leonardo Cala Delgado
- Animal Science Research Group, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Bucaramanga, Carrera 33 N°, 30ª-05 (4.162,49 km) 68000, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Jia J, Zhao M, Ma K, Zhang H, Gui L, Sun H, Ren H, Okabayashi T, Zhao J. The Immunoprotection of OmpH Gene Deletion Mutation of Pasteurella multocida on Hemorrhagic Sepsis in Qinghai Yak. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030221. [PMID: 36977260 PMCID: PMC10055848 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OmpH is among the most important virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida, which mediates septicemia in yaks (Bos grunniens I) after infection with the bacteria. In the present study, yaks were infected with wild-type (WT) (P0910) and OmpH-deficient (ΔOmpH) P. multocida strains. The mutant strain was generated through the reverse genetic operation system of pathogens and proteomics technology. The live-cell bacterial count and clinical manifestations of P. multocida infection in Qinghai yak tissues (thymus, lung, spleen, lymph node, liver, kidney, and heart) were analyzed. The expression of differential proteins in the yak spleen under different treatments was analyzed using the marker-free method. We found that compared with the mutant strain, the titer of wild-type strains was significantly higher in tissues. Additionally, compared with other organs, the bacteria titer was significantly higher in the spleen. Compared with the WT p0910 strain, the mutant strain generated milder pathological changes in the tissues of yak. Proteomics analysis revealed that 57 of the 773 proteins expressed in P. multocida were significantly differentially expressed between the ΔOmpH and P0910 groups. Of the 57, 14 were over-expressed, whereas 43 were under-expressed. The differentially expressed proteins in the ΔompH group regulated the ABC transporter (ATP-powered translocation of many substrates across membranes) system, the two-component system, RNA degradation, RNA transcription, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis of ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinones, oxidative phosphorylation (citrate cycle) as well as fructose and mannose metabolism. The relationship among 54 significantly regulated proteins was analyzed using STRING. We found that WT P0910 and ΔOmpH of P. multocida infection activated the expression of ropE, HSPBP1, FERH, ATP10A, ABCA13, RRP7A, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A, EGFR, and dnaJ. Overall, deletion of the OmpH gene weakened the virulence but maintained the immunogenicity of P. multocida in yak. The findings of this study provide a strong foundation for the pathogenesis of P. multocida and the management of related septicemia in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Jia
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan 250200, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Kairu Ma
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Linsheng Gui
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Huzhi Sun
- Qingdao Phagepharm Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huiying Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
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Mysterud A, Viljugrein H, Andersen R, Rauset GR, Reiten MR, Rolandsen CM, Strand O. An infectious disease outbreak and increased mortality in wild alpine reindeer. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Roy Andersen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | | | | | | | - Olav Strand
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
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Development of ELISA-based diagnostic methods for the detection of haemorrhagic septicaemia in animals. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 204:106652. [PMID: 36503053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an acute infection of cattle and buffaloes caused by the B:2 serotype of Pasteurella multocida. This disease is highly endemic in South Asia. In some peracute cases, there is 100% mortality in infected animals within a few hours of infection. Therefore, timely diagnosis of infection may contribute to its treatment and control to minimize economic losses. The current work reported the development of ELISA-based assays for the detection of anti-P. multocida antibodies and pathogen i.e. P. multocida. Owing to high immunogenicity, membrane proteins (MPs) extracted from local isolates of P. multocida serotype B:2 (PM1, PM2, and PM3) were employed as a potential diagnostic antigen for the development of indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) to detect HS antibodies in animals. MPs extracted from PM1, PM2 and PM3 isolates showed very low heterogeneity; hence MPs from the PM3 isolate were selected for the development of i-ELISA. The concentration of MPs (as coating antigen) of 3.13 μg/well and test sera dilution 1:100 was found to be optimal to perform i-ELISA. The developed method was validated through the detection of anti-P. multocida antibodies in sera of mice, immunized with MPs and formalin killed cells from the three local isolates (PM1, PM2 and PM3) of P. multocida. The significantly higher antibody titer in immunized mice was determined compared to unimmunized mice with the cut off value of 0.139. To detect P. multocida directly from the blood of infected animals, whole cell-based ELISA (cb-ELISA) assay was developed. A better detection signal was observed in the assay where bacterial cells were directly adsorbed on plate wells as compared to poly L-lysine (PLL) assisted attachment at a cell concentration of 106 CFU and 107 CFU respectively. The developed assays can be scaled up and potentially be used for the rapid detection of HS antibodies to gauge the immune status of the animal as well as vaccination efficacy and pathogen detection.
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Pasteurellosis Vaccine Commercialization: Physiochemical Factors for Optimum Production. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella spp. are Gram-negative facultative bacteria that cause severe economic and animal losses. Pasteurella-based vaccines are the most promising solution for controlling Pasteurella spp. outbreaks. Remarkably, insufficient biomass cultivation (low cell viability and productivity) and lack of knowledge about the cultivation process have impacted the bulk production of animal vaccines. Bioprocess optimization in the shake flask and bioreactor is required to improve process efficiency while lowering production costs. However, its state of the art is limited in providing insights on its biomass upscaling, preventing a cost-effective vaccine with mass-produced bacteria from being developed. In general, in the optimum cultivation of Pasteurella spp., production factors such as pH (6.0–8.2), agitation speed (90–500 rpm), and temperature (35–40 °C) are used to improve production yield. Hence, this review discusses the production strategy of Pasteurella and Mannheimia species that can potentially be used in the vaccines for controlling pasteurellosis. The physicochemical factors related to operational parameter process conditions from a bioprocess engineering perspective that maximize yields with minimized production cost are also covered, with the expectation of facilitating the commercialization process.
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Li H, Chen Y, Machalaba CC, Tang H, Chmura AA, Fielder MD, Daszak P. Wild animal and zoonotic disease risk management and regulation in China: Examining gaps and One Health opportunities in scope, mandates, and monitoring systems. One Health 2021; 13:100301. [PMID: 34401458 PMCID: PMC8358700 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases of zoonotic origin such as COVID-19 are a continuing public health threat in China that lead to a significant socioeconomic burden. This study reviewed the current laws and regulations, government reports and policy documents, and existing literature on zoonotic disease preparedness and prevention across the forestry, agriculture, and public health authorities in China, to articulate the current landscape of potential risks, existing mandates, and gaps. A total of 55 known zoonotic diseases (59 pathogens) are routinely monitored under a multi-sectoral system among humans and domestic and wild animals in China. These diseases have been detected in wild mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish or other aquatic animals, the majority of which are transmitted between humans and animals via direct or indirect contact and vectors. However, this current monitoring system covers a limited scope of disease threats and animal host species, warranting expanded review for sources of disease and pathogen with zoonotic potential. In addition, the governance of wild animal protection and utilization and limited knowledge about wild animal trade value chains present challenges for zoonotic disease risk assessment and monitoring, and affect the completeness of mandates and enforcement. A coordinated and collaborative mechanism among different departments is required for the effective monitoring and management of disease emergence and transmission risks in the animal value chains. Moreover, pathogen surveillance among wild animal hosts and human populations outside of the routine monitoring system will fill the data gaps and improve our understanding of future emerging zoonotic threats to achieve disease prevention. The findings and recommendations will advance One Health collaboration across government and non-government stakeholders to optimize monitoring and surveillance, risk management, and emergency responses to known and novel zoonotic threats, and support COVID-19 recovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Li
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yufei Chen
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Hao Tang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Mark D. Fielder
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States of America
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Sultana S, Sultana N, Islam M, Pervin M, Khan MAI, Noor Ali Khan MAH. Zoonotic diseases appeared to be a major hurdle to successful deer farming in Bangladesh. Vet World 2021; 14:2462-2472. [PMID: 34840467 PMCID: PMC8613778 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2462-2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Due to the diversified lifestyle and fancy ecology associated with Chitra deer (Axis axis), deer farming has become popular in Bangladesh. Diseases may be the common constrain of successful deer farming. This study aims to investigate the pathological, bacteriological, and nucleic acid based technologies to identify specific causes of morbidity and mortality of captive deer. Materials and Methods Two deer farms and a park deer (designated as farm A, B, and C) entailing 87, 54, and 20 deer, respectively, showed illness and death constitute the study materials. A total of 42 deer died during this investigation. Following death, routine post-mortem examination, histopathology, impression smear staining, isolation, and identification of bacteria were carried out. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR were carried out to safeguard the etiology. Results Clinically, farm A and B showed the acute phase of illness and park deer showed chronic illness. Case fatality rates were 90%, 92%, and 100% in farms A, B, and C deer, respectively. Pasteurella multocida and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified from the visceral organs of farm A deer. Farm B deer was infected with Clostridium perfringens type A. Park deer was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and hydatid cyst. Conclusion The infectivity in farm A deer was due to stress as induced by punishing weather. The infectivity in farm B deer was due to feeding a higher volume of protein in the diet. The park C deer may optate infection from companion man and animals living around. The diseases of captive deer identified mainly were zoonotic. It needs extensive veterinary services and specialized technologies to identify these diseases, monitor the infectivity and eliminate the public health important diseases at early onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeda Sultana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmuda Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Munmun Pervin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ariful Islam Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
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PRAJAPATI A, CHANDA MM, YOGISHARADHYA R, PARVEEN A, UMMER J, DHAYALAN A, MOHANTY NN, SHIVACHANDRA SB. Conservation of ptfA gene encoded Type IV fimbrial protein among circulating Pasteurella multocida serogroup A strains causing pneumonia in sheep. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i10.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are most common in small ruminants. Differentiation of homogenous bacterial strains originated from similar clinical forms (acute or chronic) of infections in a particular or diverse host origin and regions posses a greater challenge for rapid epidemiological studies. Pasteurella multocida, being a multi-host pathogen with wide range of infections among small ruminants especially sheep, is of greater economical concern among small and marginal farmers. In our study, we report ptfA gene sequence based analysis of circulating P. multocida strains recovered from clinically ailing sheep either with pneumonia or septicaemia belonging to different geographical regions of Karnataka. All the 29 P. multocida strains were characterized by conventional methods as well as molecular methods which indicated homogeneity as they belonged to serogroup A and possessed highly conserved ptfA gene by phylogenetic analysis. The study highlighted the conservation of ptfA gene/fimbrial protein among P. multocida strains from identical/diverse clinical conditions and could be employed in rapid epidemiological studies in routine surveillance of circulating pathogenic bacterial strains as well as pasteurellosis outbreak investigations among animals and birds.
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13
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Kutzer P, Szentiks CA, Bock S, Fritsch G, Magyar T, Schulze C, Semmler T, Ewers C. Re-Emergence and Spread of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia in Germany: The Wolf as a Vector? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091999. [PMID: 34576894 PMCID: PMC8465458 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, outbreaks of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella (P.) multocida capsular type B (PmB) emerged in Germany. In 2017, we noticed a close spatiotemporal relationship between HS outbreak sites and wolf (Canis lupus) territories. Thus, the main objectives of our study were to investigate the molecular epidemiology of German PmB-HS-isolates and to assess the role of wolves as putative vectors of this pathogen. We collected 83 PmB isolates from HS outbreaks that occurred between 2010 and 2019 and sampled 150 wolves, which were found dead in the years 2017 to 2019, revealing another three PmB isolates. A maximum-likelihood-based phylogeny of the core genomes of 65 PmB-HS-isolates and the three PmB-wolf-isolates showed high relatedness. Furthermore, all belonged to capsular:LPS:MLST genotype B:L2:ST122RIRDC and showed highly similar virulence gene profiles, but clustered separately from 35 global ST122RIRDC strains. Our data revealed that German HS outbreaks were caused by a distinct genomic lineage of PmB-ST122 strains, hinting towards an independent, ongoing epidemiologic event. We demonstrated for the first time, that carnivores, i.e., wolves, might harbour PmB as a part of their oropharyngeal microbiota. Furthermore, the results of our study imply that wolves can carry the pathogen over long distances, indicating a major role of that animal species in the ongoing epidemiological event of HS in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kutzer
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (S.B.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-335-5217-2118
| | - Claudia A. Szentiks
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Sabine Bock
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (S.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Guido Fritsch
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Lóránd Research Network (ELKH), 1143 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Christoph Schulze
- Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany; (S.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Microbial Genomics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Christa Ewers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
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14
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Sweeny AR, Albery GF, Becker DJ, Eskew EA, Carlson CJ. Synzootics. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2744-2754. [PMID: 34546566 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists increasingly recognise coinfection as an important component of emergent epidemiological patterns, connecting aspects of ecoimmunology, behaviour, ecosystem function and even extinction risk. Building on syndemic theory in medical anthropology, we propose the term 'synzootics' to describe co-occurring enzootic or epizootic processes that produce worse health outcomes in wild animals. Using framing from syndemic theory, we describe how the synzootic concept offers new insights into the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases. We then recommend a set of empirical criteria and lines of evidence that can be used to identify synzootics in nature. We conclude by exploring how synzootics could indirectly drive the emergence of novel pathogens in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Sweeny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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15
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Draft Genome Sequences of Three Pasteurella multocida Strains Isolated from Domestic Animals in Kazakhstan. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/32/e00487-20. [PMID: 32763927 PMCID: PMC7409844 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00487-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the draft genome sequences of three strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated in Kazakhstan from domestic animals that died due to hemorrhagic septicemia. We report here the draft genome sequences of three strains of Pasteurella multocida isolated in Kazakhstan from domestic animals that died due to hemorrhagic septicemia.
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16
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Pasteurella Endocarditis: A Case Report and Statistical Analysis of the Literature. Case Rep Infect Dis 2020; 2020:8890211. [PMID: 32765917 PMCID: PMC7387957 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8890211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella is a genus of commensal bacteria of the oral cavity of several domesticated animals and a common cause of cellulitis after animal bites. Pasteurella has also been reported as a rare cause of endocarditis, with only 35 prior cases of definite Pasteurella endocarditis in the literature. Here, we present a case of Pasteurella multocida endocarditis treated successfully with surgery and antibiosis, as well as a review of the literature with statistical analysis of correlations between risk factors and clinical outcomes, as well as between treatment choices and clinical outcomes. Despite the small sample size, our analysis indicates a statistically significant correlation between comorbid liver disease and mortality, as well as a significant negative correlation between surgical treatment and mortality. This analysis implies a need for surgical management of endocarditis due to Pasteurella species and for more aggressive management of Pasteurella endocarditis in the setting of comorbid liver disease.
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17
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Fereidouni S, Freimanis GL, Orynbayev M, Ribeca P, Flannery J, King DP, Zuther S, Beer M, Höper D, Kydyrmanov A, Karamendin K, Kock R. Mass Die-Off of Saiga Antelopes, Kazakhstan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1169-1176. [PMID: 31107235 PMCID: PMC6537709 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.180990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, a mass die-off of ≈200,000 saiga antelopes in central Kazakhstan was caused by hemorrhagic septicemia attributable to the bacterium Pasteurella multocida serotype B. Previous analyses have indicated that environmental triggers associated with weather conditions, specifically air moisture and temperature in the region of the saiga antelope calving during the 10-day period running up to the event, were critical to the proliferation of latent bacteria and were comparable to conditions accompanying historically similar die-offs in the same areas. We investigated whether additional viral or bacterial pathogens could be detected in samples from affected animals using 3 different high-throughput sequencing approaches. We did not identify pathogens associated with commensal bacterial opportunisms in blood, kidney, or lung samples and thus concluded that P. multocida serotype B was the primary cause of the disease.
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18
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Robinson S, Milner‐Gulland EJ, Grachev Y, Salemgareyev A, Orynbayev M, Lushchekina A, Morgan E, Beauvais W, Singh N, Khomenko S, Cammack R, Kock R. Opportunistic bacteria and mass mortality in ungulates: lessons from an extreme event. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robinson
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX2 6GG UK
| | | | - Yuri Grachev
- Institute of Zoology 93 Al Farabi Street, Akademgorodok Almaty 480060 Kazakhstan
| | - Albert Salemgareyev
- Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan 18 Beibitshilik Street Astana 020000 Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhit Orynbayev
- Laboratory for Monitoring of Bacterial and Viral Infections Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems 2‐13 Pionerskaya Street Gvardeiskiy Kordaiskiy Rayon, Zhambylskaya Oblast 080409 Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Lushchekina
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Laboratory for Biodiversity Conservation 33 Lenin Prospekt Moscow 119071 Russia
| | - Eric Morgan
- Institute for Global Food Security Queen's University Belfast University Road Belfast BT7 1NN UK
| | - Wendy Beauvais
- Ivanek Laboratory Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine 602 Tower Road Ithaca New York 14853‐6401 USA
| | - Navinder Singh
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Almas Allé 8 Umea Västerbotten SE‐901 83 Sweden
| | - Sergei Khomenko
- Animal Production and Health Division Food and Agriculture Organisation Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00153 Italy
| | - Rosie Cammack
- University of Oxford, Saint Hilda's College Oxford OX4 1DY UK
| | - Richard Kock
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences Royal Veterinary College 4 Royal College Street London NW1 0TU UK
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