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Ashok PP, Dasgupta D, Ray A, Suman SK. Challenges and prospects of microbial α-amylases for industrial application: a review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:44. [PMID: 38114825 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylases are essential biocatalysts representing a billion-dollar market with significant long-term global demand. They have varied applications ranging from detergent, textile, and food sectors such as bakery to, more recently, biofuel industries. Microbial α-amylases have distinct advantages over their plant and animal counterparts owing to generally good activities and better stability at temperature and pH extremes. With the scope of applications expanding, the need for new and improved α-amylases is ever-growing. However, scaling up microbial α-amylase technology from the laboratory to industry for practical applications is impeded by several issues, ranging from mass transfer limitations, low enzyme yields, and energy-intensive product recovery that adds to high production costs. This review highlights the major challenges and prospects for the production of microbial α-amylases, considering the various avenues of industrial bioprocessing such as culture-independent approaches, nutrient optimization, bioreactor operations with design improvements, and product down-streaming approaches towards developing efficient α-amylases with high activity and recyclability. Since the sequence and structure of the enzyme play a crucial role in modulating its functional properties, we have also tried to analyze the structural composition of microbial α-amylase as a guide to its thermodynamic properties to identify the areas that can be targeted for enhancing the catalytic activity and thermostability of the enzyme through varied immobilization or selective enzyme engineering approaches. Also, the utilization of inexpensive and renewable substrates for enzyme production to isolate α-amylases with non-conventional applications has been briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Pratima Ashok
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India.
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Anjan Ray
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sunil K Suman
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Area, Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Pengproh R, Thanyasiriwat T, Sangdee K, Saengprajak J, Kawicha P, Sangdee A. Evaluation and Genome Mining of Bacillus stercoris Isolate B.PNR1 as Potential Agent for Fusarium Wilt Control and Growth Promotion of Tomato. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 39:430-448. [PMID: 37817491 PMCID: PMC10580056 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.01.2023.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, strategies for controlling Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol), the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato, focus on using effective biocontrol agents. In this study, an analysis of the biocontrol and plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes of 11 isolates of loamy soil Bacillus spp. has been conducted. Among them, the isolates B.PNR1 and B.PNR2 inhibited the mycelial growth of Fol by inducing abnormal fungal cell wall structures and cell wall collapse. Moreover, broad-spectrum activity against four other plant pathogenic fungi, F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 (Foc), Sclerotium rolfsii, Colletotrichum musae, and C. gloeosporioides were noted for these isolates. These two Bacillus isolates produced indole acetic acid, phosphate solubilization enzymes, and amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. In the pot experiment, the culture filtrate from B.PNR1 showed greater inhibition of the fungal pathogens and significantly promoted the growth of tomato plants more than those of the other treatments. Isolate B.PNR1, the best biocontrol and PGP, was identified as Bacillus stercoris by its 16S rRNA gene sequence and whole genome sequencing analysis (WGS). The WGS, through genome mining, confirmed that the B.PNR1 genome contained genes/gene cluster of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase, such as fengycin, surfactin, bacillaene, subtilosin A, bacilysin, and bacillibactin, which are involved in antagonistic and PGP activities. Therefore, our finding demonstrates the effectiveness of B. stercoris strain B.PNR1 as an antagonist and for plant growth promotion, highlighting the use of this microorganism as a biocontrol agent against the Fusarium wilt pathogen and PGP abilities in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattana Pengproh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Thanwanit Thanyasiriwat
- Plant Genome and Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Kusavadee Sangdee
- Preclinical Group, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang District, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Juthaporn Saengprajak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Praphat Kawicha
- Plant Genome and Disease Research Unit, Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Aphidech Sangdee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
- Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
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Young J, Oakley WRM, Fox G. Humulus lupulus and microbes: Exploring biotic causes for hop creep. Food Microbiol 2023; 114:104298. [PMID: 37290874 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hop creep continues to present an unresolved issue for the brewing industry, specifically stemming from those hops added to beer during fermentation. Hops have been found to contain four dextrin-degrading enzymes: alpha amylase, beta amylase, limit dextrinase, and an amyloglucosidase. One recent hypothesis predicts that these dextrin-degrading enzymes could originate from microbes rather than the hop plant itself. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review begins by describing how hops are processed and used in the brewing industry. It will then discuss hop creep's origins with a new beer style, antimicrobial factors from hops and resistance mechanisms that bacteria use to counter them, and finally microbial communities that inhabit hops, focusing on whether they can produce the starch degrading enzymes which drive hop creep. After initial identification, microbes with possible links to hop creep were then run through several databases to search the genomes (if available) and for those specific enzymes. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Several bacteria and fungi contain alpha amylase as well as unspecified glycosyl hydrolases, but only one contains beta amylase. Finally, this paper closes with a short summary of how abundant these organisms typically are in other flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Young
- University of California, Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology Davis, California, USA.
| | | | - Glen Fox
- University of California, Davis, Department of Food Science and Technology Davis, California, USA
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Rosazza T, Eigentler L, Earl C, Davidson FA, Stanley‐Wall NR. Bacillus subtilis extracellular protease production incurs a context-dependent cost. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:105-121. [PMID: 37380434 PMCID: PMC10952608 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Microbes encounter a wide range of polymeric nutrient sources in various environmental settings, which require processing to facilitate growth. Bacillus subtilis, a bacterium found in the rhizosphere and broader soil environment, is highly adaptable and resilient due to its ability to utilise diverse sources of carbon and nitrogen. Here, we explore the role of extracellular proteases in supporting growth and assess the cost associated with their production. We provide evidence of the essentiality of extracellular proteases when B. subtilis is provided with an abundant, but polymeric nutrient source and demonstrate the extracellular proteases as a shared public good that can operate over a distance. We show that B. subtilis is subjected to a public good dilemma, specifically in the context of growth sustained by the digestion of a polymeric food source. Furthermore, using mathematical simulations, we uncover that this selectively enforced dilemma is driven by the relative cost of producing the public good. Collectively, our findings reveal how bacteria can survive in environments that vary in terms of immediate nutrient accessibility and the consequent impact on the population composition. These findings enhance our fundamental understanding of how bacteria respond to diverse environments, which has importance to contexts ranging from survival in the soil to infection and pathogenesis scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Rosazza
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life ScienceUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
| | - Lukas Eigentler
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life ScienceUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Mathematics, School of Science and EngineeringUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Present address:
Evolutionary Biology DepartmentUniversität BielefeldKonsequenz 45Bielefeld33615Germany
| | - Chris Earl
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life ScienceUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
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Abiala M, Sadhukhan A, Sahoo L. Isolation and Characterization of Stress-Tolerant Priestia Species from Cowpea Rhizosphere Under Drought and Nutrient Deficit Conditions. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:140. [PMID: 36928438 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate stress-tolerant phytobeneficial bacteria as bio-inoculants for cowpea's sustainable growth under drought and nutrient deficiency conditions. However, the application successful of phytobeneficial bacteria is subject to effective in vitro screening under different physiological conditions. We isolated several Priestia species from cowpea rhizosphere that tolerates polyethylene glycol (PEG6000)-induced drought and nutrient deficiency. Of them, C8 (Priestia filamentosa; basonym: Bacillus filamentosus), followed by C29 (Priestia aryabhattai; basonym: Bacillus aryabhattai), tolerated up to 20% PEG in a low-nutrient medium. In the presence of PEG, Priestia filamentosa and Bacillus aryabhattai exhibited optimal growth in different temperatures and pH but failed to survive at extreme temperatures of 45 °C and pH 11. Priestia filamentosa preferred L-proline and L-glutamate, while L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine were the least utilized. Interestingly, Priestia filamentosa and Bacillus aryabhattai used more complex nitrogen sources, peptone, and yeast extract, than inorganic nitrogen for growth. Most importantly, under drought and nutrient deficiency, Priestia filamentosa exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits and more amylase and protease production than C29. Our results indicate that Priestia filamentosa is a potential bacterium to enhance the growth of cowpea plants under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Abiala
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Ayan Sadhukhan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
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