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Choudhary A, Gavrilovici C, Ng ACH, Scantlebury MH. Protocol for continuous video-EEG/EMG recording to study brain function in neonatal rats. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:103205. [PMID: 39028620 PMCID: PMC11315175 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.103205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is crucial for real-time brain physiology research in epilepsy. However, maternal care reliance limits its use in immature rodents. Our "pup-in-cup" setup overcomes this, enabling continuous, uninterrupted video-EEG/electromyogram (EMG) recordings in neonatal rats. This protocol details the steps for video-EEG/EMG system setup, EEG headmount implantation, and recording continuous video-EEG/EMG traces from postnatal days 4-12. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Choudhary et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Choudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cezar Gavrilovici
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andy Cheuk-Him Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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2
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Krivopalov S, Yushkov B, Sarapultsev A. Wireless EEG Recording of Audiogenic Seizure Activity in Freely Moving Krushinsky-Molodkina Rats. Biomedicines 2024; 12:946. [PMID: 38790907 PMCID: PMC11117987 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates audiogenic epilepsy in Krushinsky-Molodkina (KM) rats, questioning the efficacy of conventional EEG techniques in capturing seizures during animal restraint. Using a wireless EEG system that allows unrestricted movement, our aim was to gather ecologically valid data. Nine male KM rats, prone to audiogenic seizures, received implants of wireless EEG transmitters that target specific seizure-related brain regions. These regions included the inferior colliculus (IC), pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (PnO), ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG), dorsal area of the secondary auditory cortex (AuD), and motor cortex (M1), facilitating seizure observation without movement constraints. Our findings indicate that targeted neural intervention via electrode implantation significantly reduced convulsive seizures in approximately half of the subjects, suggesting therapeutic potential. Furthermore, the amplitude of brain activity in the IC, PnO, and AuD upon audiogenic stimulus onset significantly influenced seizure severity and nature, highlighting these areas as pivotal for epileptic propagation. Severe cases exhibited dual waves of seizure generalization, indicative of intricate neural network interactions. Distinctive interplay between specific brain regions, disrupted during convulsive activity, suggests neural circuit reconfiguration in response to escalating seizure intensity. These discoveries challenge conventional methodologies, opening avenues for novel approaches in epilepsy research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Krivopalov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Boris Yushkov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- GAUZ SO Institute for Medical Cell Technologies, 620026 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
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Ndode-Ekane XE, Ali I, Santana-Gomez CE, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Andrade P, Smith G, Paananen T, Manninen E, Immonen R, Puhakka N, Ciszek R, Hämäläinen E, Brady RD, Silva J, Braine E, Hudson MR, Yamakawa G, Jones NC, Shultz SR, Wright D, Harris N, Gröhn O, Staba RJ, O'Brien TJ, Pitkänen A. Successful harmonization in EpiBioS4Rx biomarker study on post-traumatic epilepsy paves the way towards powered preclinical multicenter studies. Epilepsy Res 2024; 199:107263. [PMID: 38056191 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Project 1 of the Preclinical Multicenter Epilepsy Bioinformatics Study for Antiepileptogenic Therapy (EpiBioS4Rx) consortium aims to identify preclinical biomarkers for antiepileptogenic therapies following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The international participating centers in Finland, Australia, and the United States have made a concerted effort to ensure protocol harmonization. Here, we evaluate the success of harmonization process by assessing the timing, coverage, and performance between the study sites. METHOD We collected data on animal housing conditions, lateral fluid-percussion injury model production, postoperative care, mortality, post-TBI physiological monitoring, timing of blood sampling and quality, MR imaging timing and protocols, and duration of video-electroencephalography (EEG) follow-up using common data elements. Learning effect in harmonization was assessed by comparing procedural accuracy between the early and late stages of the project. RESULTS The animal housing conditions were comparable between the study sites but the postoperative care procedures varied. Impact pressure, duration of apnea, righting reflex, and acute mortality differed between the study sites (p < 0.001). The severity of TBI on D2 post TBI assessed using the composite neuroscore test was similar between the sites, but recovery of acute somato-motor deficits varied (p < 0.001). A total of 99% of rats included in the final cohort in UEF, 100% in Monash, and 79% in UCLA had blood samples taken at all time points. The timing of sampling differed on day (D)2 (p < 0.05) but not D9 (p > 0.05). Plasma quality was poor in 4% of the samples in UEF, 1% in Monash and 14% in UCLA. More than 97% of the final cohort were MR imaged at all timepoints in all study sites. The timing of imaging did not differ on D2 and D9 (p > 0.05), but varied at D30, 5 months, and ex vivo timepoints (p < 0.001). The percentage of rats that completed the monthly high-density video-EEG follow-up and the duration of video-EEG recording on the 7th post-injury month used for seizure detection for diagnosis of post-traumatic epilepsy differed between the sites (p < 0.001), yet the prevalence of PTE (UEF 21%, Monash 22%, UCLA 23%) was comparable between the sites (p > 0.05). A decrease in acute mortality and increase in plasma quality across time reflected a learning effect in the TBI production and blood sampling protocols. SIGNIFICANCE Our study is the first demonstration of the feasibility of protocol harmonization for performing powered preclinical multi-center trials for biomarker and therapy discovery of post-traumatic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cesar E Santana-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gregory Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tomi Paananen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eppu Manninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia
| | - Juliana Silva
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia
| | - Emma Braine
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia
| | - Glenn Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neil Harris
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Richard J Staba
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Mrad Y, El Jammal R, Hajjar H, Alturk S, Salah H, Chehade HD, Dandash F, Mallah Z, Kobeissy F, Habib A, Hamade E, Obeid M. Lestaurtinib (CEP-701) reduces the duration of limbic status epilepticus in periadolescent rats. Epilepsy Res 2023; 195:107198. [PMID: 37467703 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timely abortion of status epilepticus (SE) is essential to avoid brain damage and long-term neurodevelopmental sequalae. However, available anti-seizure treatments fail to abort SE in 30% of children. Given the role of the tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor in hyperexcitability, we investigated if TrkB blockade with lestaurtinib (CEP-701) enhances the response of SE to a standard treatment protocol and reduces SE-related brain injury. METHODS SE was induced with intra-amygdalar kainic acid in postnatal day 45 rats under continuous electroencephalogram (EEG). Fifteen min post-SE onset, rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) CEP-701 (KCEP group) or its vehicle (KV group). Controls received CEP-701 or its vehicle following intra-amygdalar saline. All groups received two i.p. doses of diazepam, followed by i.p. levetiracetam at 15 min intervals post-SE onset. Hippocampal TrkB dimer to monomer ratios were assessed by immunoblot 24 hr post-SE, along with neuronal densities and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) levels. RESULTS SE duration was 50% shorter in the KCEP group compared to KV (p < 0.05). Compared to controls, SE induced a 1.5-fold increase in TrkB dimerization in KV rats (p < 0.05), but not in KCEP rats which were comparable to controls (p > 0.05). The KCEP group had lower GFAP levels than KV (p < 0.05), and both were higher than controls (p < 0.05). KCEP and KV rats had comparable hippocampal neuronal densities (p > 0.05), and both were lower than controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given its established human safety, CEP-701 is a promising adjuvant drug for the timely abortion of SE and the attenuation of SE-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mrad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Reem El Jammal
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Helene Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sana Alturk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Houssein Salah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba-Douja Chehade
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Dandash
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zahraa Mallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eva Hamade
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Makram Obeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Division of Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Hu X, Liu L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Li Z, Zhou G, Yue K, Wang L, Lian B, Lu G, Li C, Sun L. The potential role of GSK-3β signaling pathway for amelioration actions of ketamine on the PTSD rodent model. Brain Res Bull 2023; 200:110697. [PMID: 37392896 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex, chronic psychiatric disorder typically triggered by life-threatening events and, as yet, lacks a specialized pharmacological treatment. The potential therapeutic role of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, in mitigating PTSD has been the subject of investigation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to elucidate alterations in the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway in response to ketamine intervention, using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD at a molecular level. METHODS PTSD-like symptoms were simulated using the SPS model. Ketamine (10mg/kg) and GSK-3β antagonist SB216763 (5mg/kg) were then administered intraperitoneally. Stress-related behavior was evaluated through the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EMPT). Additionally, brain activity was analyzed using quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Changes in protein and mRNA expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GSK-3β, phosphorylated ser-9 GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β), FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were assessed in the hypothalamus via western blot and qPCR. RESULTS SPS-exposed rats exhibited reduced distance and time spent in the center of the open arms, a pattern divergent from control rats. qEEG readings revealed SPS-induced increases in alpha power, low gamma and high gamma power. Furthermore, SPS triggered an upregulation in the protein and gene expression of GSK-3β, GR, BDNF, p-GSK-3β, and FKBP5, and downregulated CRH expression in the hypothalamus. Ketamine administration following the SPS procedure counteracted these changes by increasing the time spent in the center of the OFT, the distance traversed in the open arms of the EMPT, and mitigating SPS-induced alterations in cerebral cortex oscillations. Moreover, ketamine reduced the protein levels of GSK-3β, GR, p-GSK-3β, and altered the ratio of p-GSK-3β to GSK-3β. Gene expression of GSK-3β, GR, BDNF, and FKBP5 decreased in the SPS-Ket group compared to the SPS-Sal group. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine appeared to remediate the abnormal GSK-3β signaling pathway induced by SPS. These findings collectively suggest that ketamine could be a promising therapeutic agent for PTSD symptoms, working through the modulation of the GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Lifen Liu
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zixun Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China.
| | - Yongjing Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China.
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, PR China.
| | - Guorun Zhou
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Kuitao Yue
- Medical Imaging Center, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261035, PR China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Clinical Competency Training Center, Medical experiment and training center, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang Shandong, 261053, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Lian
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China.
| | - Guohua Lu
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Changjiang Li
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Lin Sun
- School of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotong West Street, Weifang 261053, China.
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Morrone CD, Tsang AA, Giorshev SM, Craig EE, Yu WH. Concurrent behavioral and electrophysiological longitudinal recordings for in vivo assessment of aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:952101. [PMID: 36742209 PMCID: PMC9891465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.952101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological and behavioral alterations, including sleep and cognitive impairments, are critical components of age-related decline and neurodegenerative diseases. In preclinical investigation, many refined techniques are employed to probe these phenotypes, but they are often conducted separately. Herein, we provide a protocol for one-time surgical implantation of EMG wires in the nuchal muscle and a skull-surface EEG headcap in mice, capable of 9-to-12-month recording longevity. All data acquisitions are wireless, making them compatible with simultaneous EEG recording coupled to multiple behavioral tasks, as we demonstrate with locomotion/sleep staging during home-cage video assessments, cognitive testing in the Barnes maze, and sleep disruption. Time-course EEG and EMG data can be accurately mapped to the behavioral phenotype and synchronized with neuronal frequencies for movement and the location to target in the Barnes maze. We discuss critical steps for optimizing headcap surgery and alternative approaches, including increasing the number of EEG channels or utilizing depth electrodes with the system. Combining electrophysiological and behavioral measurements in preclinical models of aging and neurodegeneration has great potential for improving mechanistic and therapeutic assessments and determining early markers of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Daniel Morrone
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Christopher Daniel Morrone,
| | - Arielle A. Tsang
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Giorshev
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily E. Craig
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Geriatric Mental Health Research Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Wai Haung Yu,
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Sibilska S, Mofleh R, Kocsis B. Development of network oscillations through adolescence in male and female rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1135154. [PMID: 37213214 PMCID: PMC10196069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1135154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this research was to study the developmental trajectory of oscillatory synchronization in neural networks of normal healthy rats during adolescence, corresponding to the vulnerable age of schizophrenia prodrome in human. To monitor the development of oscillatory networks through adolescence we used a "pseudo-longitudinal" design. Recordings were performed in terminal experiments under urethane anesthesia, every day from PN32 to PN52 using rats-siblings from the same mother, to reduce individual innate differences between subjects. We found that hippocampal theta power decreased and delta power in prefrontal cortex increased through adolescence, indicating that the oscillations in the two different frequency bands follow distinct developmental trajectories to reach the characteristic oscillatory activity found in adults. Perhaps even more importantly, theta rhythm showed age-dependent stabilization toward late adolescence. Furthermore, sex differences was found in both networks, more prominent in the prefrontal cortex compared with hippocampus. Delta increase was stronger in females and theta stabilization was completed earlier in females, in postnatal days PN41-47, while in males it was only completed in late adolescence. Our finding of a protracted maturation of theta-generating networks in late adolescence is overall consistent with the findings of longitudinal studies in human adolescents, in which oscillatory networks demonstrated a similar pattern of maturation.
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Smets H, Stumpp L, Chavez J, Cury J, Vande Perre L, Doguet P, Vanhoestenberghe A, Delbeke J, El Tahry R, Nonclercq A. Chronic recording of the vagus nerve to analyze modulations by the light-dark cycle. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35764074 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7c8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vagus nerve is considered to play a key role in the circadian rhythm. Chronic continuous analysis of the vagus nerve activity could contribute to a better understanding of the role of the vagus nerve in light-dark modulations. This paper presents a continuous analysis of spontaneous vagus nerve activity performed in four rats. APPROACH We analyzed the vagus electroneurogram (VENG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) over a recording period of 28 days. Spike activity and heart rate estimation were derived from the VENG, and slow-wave activity was derived from the EEG. The presence of repetitive patterns was investigated with periodograms, cosinor fitting, autocorrelation, and statistical tests. The light-dark variations derived from the VENG spikes were compared with EEG slow waves, an established metric in circadian studies. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that light-dark variations can be detected in long-term vagus nerve activity monitoring. A recording period of about seven days is required to characterize accurately the VENG light-dark variations. SIGNIFICANCE As a major outcome of this study, vagus nerve recordings hold the promise to help understand circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Smets
- BEAMS, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté des sciences appliquées/Ecole polytechnique, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/56, Bruxelles, 1050, BELGIUM
| | - Lars Stumpp
- IONS, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53/B1.53.05, Brussels, 1200, BELGIUM
| | - Javier Chavez
- BEAMS, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté des sciences appliquées/Ecole polytechnique, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/56, Bruxelles, 1050, BELGIUM
| | - Joaquin Cury
- BEAMS, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté des sciences appliquées/Ecole polytechnique, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/56, Bruxelles, 1050, BELGIUM
| | - Louis Vande Perre
- BEAMS, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté des sciences appliquées/Ecole polytechnique, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/56, Bruxelles, 1050, BELGIUM
| | - Pascal Doguet
- Synergia Medical SA, Rue Emile Francqui 6, Mont-Saint-Guibert, 1435, BELGIUM
| | - Anne Vanhoestenberghe
- Aspire Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology, University College London, Brockley Hill, Aspire Create - IOMS BUilding, RNOH campus, London, HA74LP, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Jean Delbeke
- Private Address - Belgium, Seringenstraat 27, Kraainem, B-1950, BELGIUM
| | - Riëm El Tahry
- IONS, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53/B1.53.05, Brussels, 1200, BELGIUM
| | - Antoine Nonclercq
- BEAMS, Université Libre de Bruxelles Faculté des sciences appliquées/Ecole polytechnique, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 50, CP 165/56, Bruxelles, 1050, BELGIUM
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Hippocampal injury and learning deficits following non-convulsive status epilepticus in periadolescent rats. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108415. [PMID: 34788732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) on the developing brain remain largely elusive. Here we investigated potential hippocampal injury and learning deficits following one or two episodes of NCSE in periadolescent rats. Non-convulsive status epilepticus was induced with subconvulsive doses of intrahippocampal kainic acid (KA) under continuous EEG monitoring in postnatal day 43 (P43) rats. The RKA group (repeated KA) received intrahippocampal KA at P43 and P44, the SKA group (single KA injection) received KA at P43 and an intrahippocampal saline injection at P44. Controls were sham-treated with saline. The modified two-way active avoidance (MAAV) test was conducted between P45 and P52 to assess learning of context-cued and tone-signaled electrical foot-shock avoidance. Histological analyses were performed at P52 to assess hippocampal neuronal densities, as well as potential reactive astrocytosis and synaptic dysfunction with GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and synaptophysin (Syp) staining, respectively. Kainic acid injections resulted in electroclinical seizures characterized by behavioral arrest, oromotor automatisms and salivation, without tonic-clonic activity. Compared to controls, both the SKA and RKA groups had lower rates of tone-signaled shock avoidance (p < 0.05). In contextual testing, SKA rats were comparable to controls (p > 0.05), but the RKA group had learning deficits (p < 0.05). Hippocampal neuronal densities were comparable in all groups. Compared to controls, both the SKA and RKA groups had higher hippocampal GFAP levels (p < 0.05). The RKA group also had lower hippocampal Syp levels compared to the SKA and control groups (p < 0.05), which were comparable (p > 0.05). We show that hippocampal NCSE in periadolescent rats results in a seizure burden-dependent hippocampal injury accompanied by cognitive deficits. Our data suggest that the diagnosis and treatment of NCSE should be prompt.
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10
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Yousef Yengej DN, Ferando I, Kechechyan G, Nwaobi SE, Raman S, Charles A, Faas GC. Continuous long-term recording and triggering of brain neurovascular activity and behaviour in freely moving rodents. J Physiol 2021; 599:4545-4559. [PMID: 34438476 DOI: 10.1113/jp281514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A minimally invasive, microchip-based approach enables continuous long-term recording of brain neurovascular activity, heart rate, and head movement in freely behaving rodents. This approach can also be used for transcranial optical triggering of cortical activity in mice expressing channelrhodopsin. The system uses optical intrinsic signal recording to measure cerebral blood volume, which under baseline conditions is correlated with spontaneous neuronal activity. The arterial pulse and breathing can be quantified as a component of the optical intrinsic signal. Multi-directional head movement is measured simultaneously with a movement sensor. A separate movement tracking element through a camera enables precise mapping of overall movement within an enclosure. Data is processed by a dedicated single board computer, and streamed from multiple enclosures to a central server, enabling simultaneous remote monitoring and triggering in many subjects. One application of this system described here is the characterization of changes in of cerebral blood volume, heart rate and behaviour that occur with the sleep-wake cycle over weeks. Another application is optical triggering and recording of cortical spreading depression (CSD), the slowly propagated wave of neurovascular activity that occurs in the setting of brain injury and migraine aura. The neurovascular features of CSD are remarkably different in the awake vs. anaesthetized state in the same mouse. With its capacity to continuously and synchronously record multiple types of physiological and behavioural data over extended time periods in combination with intermittent triggering of brain activity, this inexpensive method has the potential for widespread practical application in rodent research. KEY POINTS: Recording and triggering of brain activity in mice and rats has typically required breaching the skull, and experiments are often performed under anaesthesia A minimally invasive microchip system enables continuous recording and triggering of neurovascular activity, and analysis of heart rate and behaviour in freely behaving rodents over weeks This system can be used to characterize physiological and behavioural changes associated with the sleep-wake cycle over extended time periods This approach can also be used with mice expressing channelrhodopsin to trigger and record cortical spreading depression (CSD) in freely behaving subjects. The neurovascular responses to CSD are remarkably different under anaesthesia compared with the awake state. The method is inexpensive and straightforward to employ at a relatively large scale. It enables translational investigation of a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions in rodent models of neurological and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri N Yousef Yengej
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA
| | - Isabella Ferando
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami, 1150 NW 14th street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gayane Kechechyan
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA.,University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0657, USA
| | - Sinifunanya E Nwaobi
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA
| | - Shrayes Raman
- School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, 1309 Murphy Hall Box 951413, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1413, USA
| | - Andrew Charles
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA
| | - Guido C Faas
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 635 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-733522, USA
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11
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Jalloul D, Hajjar H, Asdikian R, Maawie M, Nasrallah L, Medlej Y, Darwich M, Karnib N, Lawand N, Abdel Rassoul R, Wang KKW, Kobeissy F, Darwish H, Obeid M. Potentiating Hemorrhage in a Periadolescent Rat Model of Closed-Head Traumatic Brain Injury Worsens Hyperexcitability but Not Behavioral Deficits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6456. [PMID: 34208666 PMCID: PMC8234967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and neurocognitive deficits are devastating sequelae of head injuries that are common in adolescents. Investigating desperately needed treatments is hindered by the difficulties in inducing PTE in rodents and the lack of established immature rat models of pediatric PTE. Hemorrhage is a significant risk factor for PTE, but compared to humans, rats are less prone to bleeding because of their rapid blood coagulation system. In this study, we promoted bleeding in the controlled cortical impact (CCI) closed-head injury model with a 20 min pre-impact 600 IU/kg intraperitoneal heparin injection in postnatal day 35 (P35) periadolescent rats, given the preponderance of such injuries in this age group. Temporo-parietal CCI was performed post-heparin (HTBI group) or post-saline (TBI group). Controls were subjected to sham procedures following heparin or saline administration. Continuous long-term EEG monitoring was performed for 3 months post-CCI. Sensorimotor testing, the Morris water maze, and a modified active avoidance test were conducted between P80 and P100. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels and neuronal damage were also assessed. Compared to TBI rats, HTBI rats had persistently higher EEG spiking and increased hippocampal GFAP levels (p < 0.05). No sensorimotor deficits were detected in any group. Compared to controls, both HTBI and TBI groups had a long-term hippocampal neuronal loss (p < 0.05), as well as contextual and visuospatial learning deficits (p < 0.05). The hippocampal astrogliosis and EEG spiking detected in all rats subjected to our hemorrhage-promoting procedure suggest the emergence of hyperexcitable networks and pave the way to a periadolescent PTE rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounya Jalloul
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Helene Hajjar
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Rita Asdikian
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Mariam Maawie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (M.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Leila Nasrallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Yasser Medlej
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Mouhamad Darwich
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Nabil Karnib
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
| | - Nada Lawand
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ronza Abdel Rassoul
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon; (M.M.); (R.A.R.)
| | - Kevin K. W. Wang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Hala Darwish
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Rafic Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Makram Obeid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.J.); (H.H.); (R.A.); (Y.M.); (N.K.); (N.L.)
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
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12
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Stumpp L, Smets H, Vespa S, Cury J, Doguet P, Delbeke J, Nonclercq A, El Tahry R. Vagus Nerve Electroneurogram-Based Detection of Acute Pentylenetetrazol Induced Seizures in Rats. Int J Neural Syst 2021; 31:2150024. [PMID: 34030610 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065721500246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
On-demand stimulation improves the efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in refractory epilepsy. The vagus nerve is the main peripheral parasympathetic connection and seizures are known to exhibit autonomic symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesized that seizure detection is possible through vagus nerve electroneurogram (VENG) recording. We developed a metric able to measure abrupt changes in amplitude and frequency of spontaneous vagus nerve action potentials. A classifier was trained using a "leave-one-out" method on a set of 6 seizures and 3 control recordings to utilize the VENG spike feature-based metric for seizure detection. We were able to detect pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced acute seizures in 6/6 animals during different stages of the seizure with no false detection. The classifier detected the seizure during an early stage in 3/6 animals and at the onset of tonic clonic stage of the seizure in 3/6 animals. EMG and motion artefacts often accompany epileptic activity. We showed the "epileptic" neural signal to be independent from EMG and motion artefacts. We confirmed the existence of seizure related signals in the VENG recording and proved their applicability for seizure detection. This detection might be a promising tool to improve efficacy of VNS treatment by developing new responsive stimulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stumpp
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Smets
- BEAMS Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Vespa
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joaquin Cury
- BEAMS Department, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jean Delbeke
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Riem El Tahry
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Center for Refractory Epilepsy, Brussels, Belgium
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Marshall GF, Gonzalez-Sulser A, Abbott CM. Modelling epilepsy in the mouse: challenges and solutions. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.047449. [PMID: 33619078 PMCID: PMC7938804 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mouse models of disease, the outward manifestation of a disorder can be measured easily, can be assessed with a trivial test such as hind limb clasping, or can even be observed simply by comparing the gross morphological characteristics of mutant and wild-type littermates. But what if we are trying to model a disorder with a phenotype that appears only sporadically and briefly, like epileptic seizures? The purpose of this Review is to highlight the challenges of modelling epilepsy, in which the most obvious manifestation of the disorder, seizures, occurs only intermittently, possibly very rarely and often at times when the mice are not under direct observation. Over time, researchers have developed a number of ways in which to overcome these challenges, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this Review, we describe the genetics of epilepsy and the ways in which genetically altered mouse models have been used. We also discuss the use of induced models in which seizures are brought about by artificial stimulation to the brain of wild-type animals, and conclude with the ways these different approaches could be used to develop a wider range of anti-seizure medications that could benefit larger patient populations. Summary: This Review discusses the challenges of modelling epilepsy in mice, a condition in which the outward manifestation of the disorder appears only sporadically, and reviews possible solutions encompassing both genetic and induced models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant F Marshall
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alfredo Gonzalez-Sulser
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK .,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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14
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OSERR: an open-source standalone electrophysiology recording system for rodents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16996. [PMID: 33046761 PMCID: PMC7552399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral assessment of rodents is critical for investigation of brain function in health and disease. In vivo neurophysiological recordings are powerful tools to mechanistically dissect neural pathways that underlie behavioral changes, and serve as markers for dynamics, efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic approaches. However, most in vivo recording systems require tethers or telemetry receivers, limiting their compatibility with some behavioral tests. Here, we developed an open-source standalone electrophysiology recording system for rodents (OSERR). It is a tether-free, standalone recording device with two channels, a reference and a ground, that acquires, amplifies, filters and stores data all in itself. Thus, it does not require any cable or receiver. It is also compact and light-weight, and compatible with juvenile mice, as well as multiple recording modalities and standard electrode implantation methods. In addition, we provide the complete design of hardware, and software for operation. As an example, we demonstrated that this standalone system, when configured with a bandwidth of 1–120 Hz and gain of 1000, successfully collected EEG signals during induced seizure, extended recording, anesthesia, and social interactions in mice. The design of this system is practical, economical, and freely available. Thus, this system could enable recording of brain activity during diverse behavioral assays in a variety of arenas and settings, and allow simultaneous recordings from multiple subjects to examine social behaviors. Importantly, with the open-source documentation, researchers could customize the design of the system to their specific needs.
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15
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Methods in Electrode Implantation and Wiring for Long-Term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Rodent Models of Epilepsy and Behavioral Disturbances. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2011:429-439. [PMID: 31273714 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Rodent seizure models that pathologically and behaviorally recapitulate age-tailored epileptic disorders are used by us and others to advance our understanding of the chronobiology and mechanisms of epileptic seizure emergence and their comorbidities and to investigate potential novel treatment strategies. Obtaining prolonged continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings over months is essential in this line of translational research, particularly to assess the relation between electrographic changes and the development of seizures and their various psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities in models where seizures gradually emerge over weeks following brain insults. Here we describe our approach to electrode implantation and wiring in order to successfully obtain high-quality continuous EEG tracings in rats for prolonged periods. A detailed stepwise methodological description is provided with a special focus on the details that help most in avoiding notorious pitfalls such as premature EEG cable disconnections and a poor signal to noise ratio.
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