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Dreiseitl A. Rare Virulences and Great Pathotype Diversity of a Central European Blumeria hordei Population. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1045. [PMID: 37998851 PMCID: PMC10672294 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is an important crop grown on almost 49 Mha worldwide in 2021 and is particularly significant in Europe where powdery mildew is the most frequent disease on susceptible varieties. The most suitable way to protect crops is by exploiting genetic resistance. However, the causal agent Blumeria hordei is an extremely adaptable pathogen. The aims of this research were to increase our knowledge of the rapidly changing pathogen population and detect rare virulences. Random samples of the pathogen were obtained from the air by means of a mobile spore sampler. Spores were collected by driving across the Czech Republic in 2019, 2021 and 2023, and 299 isolates were analyzed on 121 host varieties. No infection occurred on 35 differentials, rare virulence was recorded on 31 varieties and a higher virulence frequency was found on 55 differentials. A core set of differentials along with four additional varieties distinguishes 295 pathotypes (Simple Index = 0.987) and the virulence complexity of isolates varied from 4 to 19 with an average of 10.39. The detection of new virulences, the increasing frequency of previously rare virulences and high pathotype diversity as well as high virulence complexity confirm that using nonspecific durable resistance is crucial for successfully breeding commercial varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Dreiseitl
- Department of Integrated Plant Protection, Agrotest Fyto Ltd., 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
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Crean EE, Bilstein-Schloemer M, Maekawa T, Schulze-Lefert P, Saur IML. A dominant-negative avirulence effector of the barley powdery mildew fungus provides mechanistic insight into barley MLA immune receptor activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5854-5869. [PMID: 37474129 PMCID: PMC10540733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors to mediate plant disease resistance often involving host cell death. Effectors escape NLR recognition through polymorphisms, allowing the pathogen to proliferate on previously resistant host plants. The powdery mildew effector AVRA13-1 is recognized by the barley NLR MLA13 and activates host cell death. We demonstrate here that a virulent form of AVRA13, called AVRA13-V2, escapes MLA13 recognition by substituting a serine for a leucine residue at the C-terminus. Counterintuitively, this substitution in AVRA13-V2 resulted in an enhanced MLA13 association and prevented the detection of AVRA13-1 by MLA13. Therefore, AVRA13-V2 is a dominant-negative form of AVRA13 and has probably contributed to the breakdown of Mla13 resistance. Despite this dominant-negative activity, AVRA13-V2 failed to suppress host cell death mediated by the MLA13 autoactive MHD variant. Neither AVRA13-1 nor AVRA13-V2 interacted with the MLA13 autoactive variant, implying that the binding moiety in MLA13 that mediates association with AVRA13-1 is altered after receptor activation. We also show that mutations in the MLA13 coiled-coil domain, which were thought to impair Ca2+ channel activity and NLR function, instead resulted in MLA13 autoactive cell death. Our results constitute an important step to define intermediate receptor conformations during NLR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Crean
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Takaki Maekawa
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Paul Schulze-Lefert
- Department for Plant Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Germany
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Genievskaya Y, Zatybekov A, Abugalieva S, Turuspekov Y. Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Powdery Mildew Resistance in Spring Barley under Conditions of Southeastern Kazakhstan. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2375. [PMID: 37376001 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most produced cereal crops in the world. It has traditionally been used for the production of animal feed and for malting, as well as for human consumption. However, its production is highly affected by biotic stress factors, particularly the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. hordei (Bgh), which causes powdery mildew (PM). In this study, a collection of 406 barley accessions from the USA, Kazakhstan, Europe, and Africa were assessed for resistance to PM over a 3-year period in southeastern Kazakhstan. The collection was grown in the field in 2020, 2021, and 2022 and was genotyped using the 9K SNP Illumina chip. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with PM resistance. As a result, seven QTLs for PM resistance were detected on chromosomes 4H, 5H, and 7H (FDR p-values < 0.05). Genetic positions of two QTLs were similar to those of PM resistance QTLs previously reported in the scientific literature, suggesting that the five remaining QTLs are novel putative genetic factors for the studied trait. Haplotype analysis for seven QTLs revealed three haplotypes which were associated with total PM resistance and one haplotype associated with the high PM severity in the barley collection. Identified QTLs and haplotypes associated with the PM resistance of barley may be used for further analysis, trait pyramiding, and marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Genievskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Alibek Zatybekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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Wang Y, Zhang G, Wang F, Lang X, Zhao X, Zhu J, Hu C, Hu J, Zhang Y, Yao X, Liu H, Ma T, Niu Y, Wang Z, Feng J, Lin R. Virulence Variability and Genetic Diversity in Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in Southeastern and Southwestern China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:809-819. [PMID: 35949187 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-22-0944-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a key airborne foliar disease of barley in southeastern and southwestern China. Barley varieties usually partially or wholly lose resistance to the pathogen Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. hordei 3 to 5 years after release due to the frequent acquirements of new virulences in the pathogen population. However, no B. graminis f. sp. hordei virulence detection has been carried out in the recent decade and, thus, no information is available on the present virulence components and major pathotypes in epidemic regions. Twenty-one near-isogenic lines of Pallas were selected to detect B. graminis f. sp. hordei virulence variation, with 97 pathotypes identified from the isolates collected from 2015 to 2019. The virulence complexities ranged from 1 to 12, with 1.5 isolates on average assigned per pathotype, suggesting a natural trait of high pathotype diversity and low virulence complexity in the Chinese B. graminis f. sp. hordei populations. Eleven high-virulence pathotypes were detected in the traditional barley-growing regions in Yunnan and Zhejiang. Six virulent pathotypes to resistance gene mlo-5 were detected only in the two traditional epidemic regions, with a virulence frequency (VF) of 4.8% (7 of 147). Compared with the results from a decade ago, VFs for resistance alleles Mla3, mlo-5, Mla6 + Mla14, Mla7 + Mlk, Mlg + MlCP, and Mla13 + MlRu3 + MlaRu4 increased from 0 to 0.7 to 25.8%. Isolates from Yunnan and Zhejiang had similar virulence profiles, which differed from those identified in Tibet. In addition, genetic diversities differed in the isolate groups collected from Tibet, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
- Linqing Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaocheng 252600, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaowei Lang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinghuan Zhu
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chaoyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinghuang Hu
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Institute for Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Research of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Haibei 810299, China
| | - Xiaobo Yao
- Agricultural Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaodi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiming Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Occurrence of Spot Blotch in Spring Barley Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem. in South-Eastern Kazakhstan. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:3602996. [PMID: 36065336 PMCID: PMC9440638 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3602996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Kazakhstan, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the second most important cereal crop after wheat, with an annual production of approximately 1.9 million tons. The study aimed to characterize Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates obtained from barley fields surveyed. A total of 21 diseased leaves showing spot blotch symptoms were collected from experimental plots located close to the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Crop Production, where the spring barley Arna cultivar was planted in June 2020. The overall strategy for control of spring barley blotch in the Almaty region of Kazakhstan should include the determination of the aggressiveness of the pathogen isolates to better understand the biology of the diseases and ultimately proper control strategy. Pathogenicity of B. sorokiniana isolates was made on barley seedlings in vitro. Inoculated seedlings showed clear symptoms of B. sorokiniana, and therefore, Koch's postulates were fulfilled by reisolating the pathogen from artificially inoculated seedlings and identifying it based on standard morphology criteria. Further investigation is needed to understand the impact of B. sorokiniana on barley production in Kazakhstan.
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