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Zhang ZN, Long L, Zhao XT, Shang SZ, Xu FC, Zhao JR, Hu GY, Mi LY, Song CP, Gao W. The dual role of GoPGF reveals that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:314-328. [PMID: 37865884 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol and the related terpenoids are stored in the pigment gland to protect cotton plants from biotic stresses, but little is known about the synthetic sites of these metabolites. Here, we showed that GoPGF, a key gene regulating gland formation, was expressed in gland cells and roots. The chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis demonstrated that GoPGF targets GhJUB1 to regulate gland morphogenesis. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) showed high accumulation of gossypol biosynthetic genes in gland cells. Moreover, integrated analysis of the ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data revealed that GoPGF binds to the promoter of several gossypol biosynthetic genes. The cotton callus overexpressing GoPGF had dramatically increased the gossypol levels, indicating that GoPGF can directly activate the biosynthesis of gossypol. In addition, the gopgf mutant analysis revealed the existence of both GoPGF-dependent and -independent regulation of gossypol production in cotton roots. Our study revealed that the pigment glands are synthetic sites of gossypol in aerial parts of cotton and that GoPGF plays a dual role in regulating gland morphogenesis and gossypol biosynthesis. The study provides new insights for exploring the complex relationship between glands and the metabolites they store in cotton and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Nan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Lu Long
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Shen-Zhai Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Fu-Chun Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, 046000, China
| | - Jing-Ruo Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Gai-Yuan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, 572024, China
| | - Ling-Yu Mi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Chun-Peng Song
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
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Huang X, Zhang W, Liao Y, Ye J, Xu F. Contemporary understanding of transcription factor regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis in plants. PLANTA 2023; 259:2. [PMID: 37971670 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This review summarized how TFs function independently or in response to environmental factors to regulate terpenoid biosynthesis via fine-tuning the expression of rate-limiting enzymes. Terpenoids are derived from various species and sources. They are essential for interacting with the environment and defense mechanisms, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties. Almost all terpenoids have high medicinal value and economic performance. Recently, the control of enzyme genes on terpenoid biosynthesis has received a great deal of attention, but transcriptional factors regulatory network on terpenoid biosynthesis and accumulation has yet to get a thorough review. Transcription factors function as activators or suppressors independently or in response to environmental stimuli, fine-tuning terpenoid accumulation through regulating rate-limiting enzyme expression. This study investigates the advancements in transcription factors related to terpenoid biosynthesis and systematically summarizes previous works on the specific mechanisms of transcription factors that regulate terpenoid biosynthesis via hormone signal-transcription regulatory networks in plants. This will help us to better comprehend the regulatory network of terpenoid biosynthesis and build the groundwork for terpenoid development and effective utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Huang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
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Breygina M, Kochkin D, Voronkov A, Ivanova T, Babushkina K, Klimenko E. Plant Hormone and Fatty Acid Screening of Nicotiana tabacum and Lilium longiflorum Stigma Exudates. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1313. [PMID: 37759713 PMCID: PMC10526190 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen germination in vivo on wet stigmas is assisted by the receptive fluid-stigma exudate. Its exact composition is still unknown because only some components have been studied. For the first time, hormonal screening was carried out, and the fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid-rich (Nicotiana tabacum) and sugar-rich (Lilium longiflorum) exudates was studied. Screening of exudate for the presence of plant hormones using HPLC-MS revealed abscisic acid (ABA) in tobacco stigma exudate at the two stages of development, at pre-maturity and in mature stigmas awaiting pollination, increasing at the fertile stage. To assess physiological significance of ABA on stigma, we tested the effect of this hormone in vitro. ABA concentration found in the exudate strongly stimulated the germination of tobacco pollen, a lower concentration had a weaker effect, increasing the concentration did not increase the effect. GC-MS analysis showed that both types of exudate are characterized by a predominance of saturated FAs. The lipids of tobacco stigma exudate contain significantly more myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids, resulting in a higher unsaturation index relative to lily stigma exudate lipids. The latter, in turn, contain more 14-hexadecenoic and arachidic acids. Both exudates were found to contain significant amounts of squalene. The possible involvement of saturated FAs, ABA, and squalene in various exudate functions, as well as their potential relationship on the stigma, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Breygina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kochkin
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Voronkov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaya St. 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Babushkina
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Klimenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, LeninskiyeGory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Song W, Li M, Hua X, Wang Y, Yuan J, Xue Z. Natural products of pentacyclic triterpenoids: from discovery to heterologous biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1303-1353. [PMID: 36454108 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022Pentacyclic triterpenoids are important natural bioactive substances that are widely present in plants and fungi. They have significant medicinal efficacy, play an important role in reducing blood glucose and protecting the liver, and have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Pentacyclic triterpenoids are derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, which generates common precursors of triterpenes and steroids, followed by cyclization with oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and decoration via cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) and glycosyltransferases (GTs). Many biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoid saponins have been elucidated by studying their metabolic regulation network through the use of multiomics and identifying their functional genes. Unfortunately, natural resources of pentacyclic triterpenoids are limited due to their low content in plant tissues and the long growth cycle of plants. Based on the understanding of their biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation, plant bioreactors and microbial cell factories are emerging as alternative means for the synthesis of desired triterpenoid saponins. The rapid development of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and fermentation technology has broadened channels for the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. In this review, we summarize the classification, distribution, structural characteristics, and bioactivity of pentacyclic triterpenoids. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of pentacyclic triterpenoids and involved transcriptional regulation. Moreover, the recent progress and characteristics of heterologous biosynthesis in plants and microbial cell factories are discussed comparatively. Finally, we propose potential strategies to improve the accumulation of triterpenoid saponins, thereby providing a guide for their future biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Linyong Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
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Zhao Y, Liu G, Yang F, Liang Y, Gao Q, Xiang C, Li X, Yang R, Zhang G, Jiang H, Yu L, Yang S. Multilayered regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2023; 3:11. [PMID: 37789448 PMCID: PMC10514987 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants represent a huge reservoir of secondary metabolites (SMs), substances with significant pharmaceutical and industrial potential. However, obtaining secondary metabolites remains a challenge due to their low-yield accumulation in medicinal plants; moreover, these secondary metabolites are produced through tightly coordinated pathways involving many spatiotemporally and environmentally regulated steps. The first regulatory layer involves a complex network of transcription factors; a second, more recently discovered layer of complexity in the regulation of SMs is epigenetic modification, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and small RNA-based mechanisms, which can jointly or separately influence secondary metabolites by regulating gene expression. Here, we summarize the findings in the fields of genetic and epigenetic regulation with a special emphasis on SMs in medicinal plants, providing a new perspective on the multiple layers of regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guanze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Chunfan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Run Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Agronomy, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China.
| | - Shengchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, 650201, Kunming, China.
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6
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Chowdhury AT, Hasan MN, Bhuiyan FH, Islam MQ, Nayon MRW, Rahaman MM, Hoque H, Jewel NA, Ashrafuzzaman M, Prodhan SH. Identification, characterization of Apyrase (APY) gene family in rice (Oryza sativa) and analysis of the expression pattern under various stress conditions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0273592. [PMID: 37163561 PMCID: PMC10171694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Apyrase (APY) is a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) which is a member of the superfamily of guanosine diphosphatase 1 (GDA1)-cluster of differentiation 39 (CD39) nucleoside phosphatase. Under various circumstances like stress, cell growth, the extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) level increases, causing a detrimental influence on cells such as cell growth retardation, ROS production, NO burst, and apoptosis. Apyrase hydrolyses eATP accumulated in the extracellular membrane during stress, wounds, into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and regulates the stress-responsive pathway in plants. This study was designed for the identification, characterization, and for analysis of APY gene expression in Oryza sativa. This investigation discovered nine APYs in rice, including both endo- and ecto-apyrase. According to duplication event analysis, in the evolution of OsAPYs, a significant role is performed by segmental duplication. Their role in stress control, hormonal responsiveness, and the development of cells is supported by the corresponding cis-elements present in their promoter regions. According to expression profiling by RNA-seq data, the genes were expressed in various tissues. Upon exposure to a variety of biotic as well as abiotic stimuli, including anoxia, drought, submergence, alkali, heat, dehydration, salt, and cold, they showed a differential expression pattern. The expression analysis from the RT-qPCR data also showed expression under various abiotic stress conditions, comprising cold, salinity, cadmium, drought, submergence, and especially heat stress. This finding will pave the way for future in-vivo analysis, unveil the molecular mechanisms of APY genes in stress response, and contribute to the development of stress-tolerant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniqua Tasnim Chowdhury
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmid H Bhuiyan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Qamrul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakib Wazed Nayon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mashiur Rahaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hammadul Hoque
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Nurnabi Azad Jewel
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ashrafuzzaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Shamsul H Prodhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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7
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Guo L, Yao H, Chen W, Wang X, Ye P, Xu Z, Zhang S, Wu H. Natural products of medicinal plants: biosynthesis and bioengineering in post-genomic era. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac223. [PMID: 36479585 PMCID: PMC9720450 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, medicinal plant natural products (PNPs) are a major source of substances used in traditional and modern medicine. As we human race face the tremendous public health challenge posed by emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance and surging drug prices etc., harnessing the healing power of medicinal plants gifted from mother nature is more urgent than ever in helping us survive future challenge in a sustainable way. PNP research efforts in the pre-genomic era focus on discovering bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical activities, and identifying individual genes responsible for biosynthesis. Critically, systemic biological, multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches integrating and interrogating all accessible data from genomics, metabolomics, structural biology, and chemical informatics are necessary to accelerate the full characterization of biosynthetic and regulatory circuitry for producing PNPs in medicinal plants. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on the current research of PNPs in medicinal plants by focusing on how different state-of-the-art biotechnologies facilitate their discovery, the molecular basis of their biosynthesis, as well as synthetic biology. Finally, we humbly provide a foresight of the research trend for understanding the biology of medicinal plants in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| | | | | | - Xumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sisheng Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
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8
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Xiang L, He P, Shu G, Yuan M, Wen M, Lan X, Liao Z, Tang Y. AabHLH112, a bHLH transcription factor, positively regulates sesquiterpenes biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:973591. [PMID: 36119570 PMCID: PMC9478121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.973591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factors play important roles in the regulation of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. β-Caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene, three kinds of sesquiterpenes mainly found in plants, are widely used as spice in the food industry and biological pesticides in agricultural production. Furthermore, they also have a significant value in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge on the function of bHLH family TFs in β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis. Here, we found that AabHLH112 transcription factor had a novel function to positively regulate β-carophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. Exogenous MeJA enhanced the expression of AabHLH112 and genes of β-caryophyllene synthase (CPS), epi-cedrol synthase (ECS), and β-farnesene synthase (BFS), as well as sesquiterpenes content. Dual-LUC assay showed the activation of AaCPS, AaECS, and AaBFS promoters were enhanced by AabHLH112. Yeast one-hybrid assay showed AabHLH112 could bind to the G-box (CANNTG) cis-element in promoters of both AaCPS and AaECS. In addition, overexpression of AabHLH112 in A. annua significantly elevated the expression levels of AaCPS, AaECS, and AaBFS as well as the contents of β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene, while suppressing AabHLH112 expression by RNAi reduced the expression of the three genes and the contents of the three sesquiterpenes. These results suggested that AabHLH112 is a positive regulator of β-caryophyllene, epi-cedrol, and β-farnesene biosynthesis in A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Xiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping He
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoping Shu
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyuan Yuan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengling Wen
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R&D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College and Southwest University (TAAHC-SWU) Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Dong Y, Zhang W, Li J, Wang D, Bai H, Li H, Shi L. The transcription factor LaMYC4 from lavender regulates volatile Terpenoid biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:289. [PMID: 35698036 PMCID: PMC9190104 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs), as one of the largest families of TFs, are essential regulators of plant terpenoid biosynthesis and response to stresses. Lavender has more than 75 volatile terpenoids, yet few TFs have been identified to be involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS Based on RNA-Seq, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and transgenic technology, this study characterized the stress-responsive transcription factor LaMYC4 regulates terpenoid biosynthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment increased volatile terpenoid emission, and the differentially expressed gene LaMYC4 was isolated. LaMYC4 expression level was higher in leaf than in other tissues. The expression of LaMYC4 decreased during flower development. The promoter of LaMYC4 contained hormone and stress-responsive regulatory elements and was responsive to various treatments, including UV, MeJA treatment, drought, low temperature, Pseudomonas syringae infection, and NaCl treatment. LaMYC4 overexpression increased the levels of sesquiterpenoids, including caryophyllenes, in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants. Furthermore, the expression of crucial node genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and glandular trichome number and size increased in transgenic tobacco. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the stress-responsive MYC TF LaMYC4 from 'Jingxun 2' lavender regulates volatile terpenoid synthesis. This study is the first to describe the cloning of LaMYC4, and the results help understand the role of LaMYC4 in terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100015 China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100015 China
| | - Jingrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093 China
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Yi X, Wang X, Wu L, Wang M, Yang L, Liu X, Chen S, Shi Y. Integrated Analysis of Basic Helix Loop Helix Transcription Factor Family and Targeted Terpenoids Reveals Candidate AarbHLH Genes Involved in Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Artemisia argyi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:811166. [PMID: 35111184 PMCID: PMC8801783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.811166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia argyi is a valuable traditional medicinal plant in Asia. The essential oil from its leaves is rich in terpenoids and has been used to enhance health and well-being. In China, the market scale of industries related to A. argyi has attained tens of billions of Chinese Yuan. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family is one of the largest transcription factors families in plants that plays crucial roles in diverse biological processes and is an essential regulatory component of terpenoid biosynthesis. However, the bHLH TFs and their regulatory roles in A. argyi remain unknown. Here, 53 AarbHLH genes were identified from the transcriptome of A. argyi and were classified into 15 subfamilies based on the classification of bHLH proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. The MEME analysis showed that the conserved motif 1 and motif 2 constituted the most conserved bHLH domain and distributed in most AarbHLH proteins. Additionally, integrated analysis of the expression profiles of AarbHLH genes and the contents of targeted terpenoids in different tissues group and JA-treated group were performed. Eleven up-regulated AarbHLHs and one down-regulated AarbHLH were screened as candidate genes that may participate in the regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis (TPS-AarbHLHs). Correlation analysis between gene expression and terpenoid contents indicated that the gene expression of these 12 TPS-AarbHLHs was significantly correlated with the content changes of 1,8-cineole or β-caryophyllene. Protein-protein interaction networks further illustrated that these TPS-AarbHLHs might be involved in terpenoid biosynthesis in A. argyi. This finding provides a basis to further investigate the regulation mechanism of AarbHLH genes in terpenoid biosynthesis, and will be helpful to improve the quality of A. argyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Yi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yang J, Chen Y, Gao M, Wu L, Xiong S, Wang S, Gao J, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Comprehensive identification of bHLH transcription factors in Litsea cubeba reveals candidate gene involved in the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081335. [PMID: 36618662 PMCID: PMC9811127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Person, an economically important aromatic plant producing essential oils, has lemon-like fragrance and 96.44-98.44% monoterpene contents. bHLH transcription factor plays an important role in plant secondary metabolism and terpene biosynthesis. In this study, we used bioinformatics to identify bHLH transcription factors in L. cubeba, 173 bHLH genes were identified from L. cubeba and divided these into 26 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. The majority of bHLHs in each subfamily shared comparable structures and motifs. While LcbHLHs were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes, 10 tandem repeats were discovered. Expression profiles of bHLH genes in different tissues demonstrated that LcbHLH78 is a potential candidate gene for regulating monoterpene biosynthesis. LcbHLH78 and the terpene synthase LcTPS42 showed comparable expression patterns in various tissues and fruit development stages of L. cubeba. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that LcbHLH78 protein localizes to the nucleus, consistent with a transcription factor function. Importantly, transient overexpression of LcbHLH78 increased geraniol and linalol contents. Our research demonstrates that LcbHLH78 enhances terpenoid biosynthesis. This finding will be beneficial for improving the quality of L. cubeba and provides helpful insights for further research into the control mechanism of LcbHLH genes over terpenoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yicun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shifa Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxiao Zhao, ; Yangdong Wang,
| | - Yangdong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, HangZhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxiao Zhao, ; Yangdong Wang,
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Singewar K, Kersten B, Moschner CR, Hartung E, Fladung M. Transcriptome analysis of North American sweet birch (Betula lenta) revealed a higher expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites than European silver birch (B. pendula). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:1253-1264. [PMID: 34499285 PMCID: PMC8514364 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The North American Betula lenta L. (sweet birch) has been used for medicinal reasons for centuries by native Americans. Although sophisticated technologies have rapidly been developed, a large information gap has been observed regarding genetic regulators of medicinally important compounds in sweet birch. Very little is known on the different genes involved in secondary metabolic biosynthesis in sweet birch. To gain a deeper insight into genetic factors, we performed a transcriptome analysis of each three biological samples from different independent trees of sweet and European silver birch (B. pendula Roth). This allowed us to precisely quantify the transcripts of about 24,000 expressed genes including 29 prominent candidate genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites like terpenoids, and aromatic benzoic acids. A total number of 597 genes were differentially expressed between B. lenta and B. pendula, while 264 and 210 genes showed upregulation in the bark and leaf of B. lenta, respectively. Moreover, we identified 39 transcriptional regulatory elements, involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, upregulated in B. lenta. Our study demonstrated the potential of RNA sequencing to identify candidate genes interacting in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in sweet birch. The candidate genes identified in this study could be subjected to genetic engineering to functionally characterize them in sweet birch. This knowledge can be beneficial to the increase of therapeutically important compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singewar
- Institute of Agricultural Process Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth- Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstraße 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstraße 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Christian R Moschner
- Institute of Agricultural Process Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth- Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eberhard Hartung
- Institute of Agricultural Process Engineering, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Max-Eyth- Str. 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thuenen-Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstraße 2, 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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Xiao JL, Sun JG, Pang B, Zhou X, Gong Y, Jiang L, Zhang L, Ding X, Yin J. Isolation and screening of stress-resistant endophytic fungus strains from wild and cultivated soybeans in cold region of China. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:755-768. [PMID: 33409608 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we firstly reported the large-scale screening and isolation of endophytic fungi from nine wild and six cultivated soybeans in the cold regions of China. We totally isolated 302 endophytic fungal strains, of which 215 strains are isolated from the wild soybeans and 87 are identified from cultivated soybeans. Among these endophytic fungal strains, in the roots, stems, and leaves, 24.17% were isolated from roots, 28.8% were isolated from stems, and 47.01% were isolated from leaves, respectively. Most endophytic fungal strains isolated from the wild soybean roots were the species of Fusarium genus, and the fungal strains in the stems were the species of ascomycetes and Fusarium fungi, whereas most strains in the leaves were Alternaria fungi. To analyze the taxonomy of the obtained samples, we sequenced and compared their rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. The data showed that 6 strains are putatively novel strains exhibiting ≤ 97% homology with the known strains. We next measured the secondary metabolites produced by the different strains and we found 11 strains exhibited high-performance synthesis of triterpenoids, phenols, and polysaccharides. Furthermore, we characterized their tolerance to abiotic stresses. The results indicated that 4 strains exhibited high tolerance to cadmium, and some strains exhibited resistance to acid, and alkali. The results of the study could facilitate the further exploration of the diversity of plant endophytic fungi and the potential applications of the fungi to practical agriculture and medicine industries. KEY POINTS: • 302 endophytic fungal strains isolated from wild soybean and cultivated soybean • 11 strains had high contents of triterpenoids, phenols, and polysaccharides • 4 strains exhibited high Cd tolerance, and a few strains with strong tolerance to acid and alkali solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jian-Guang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bo Pang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lichao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Luan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Li Q, Xu J, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Cai Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveals That Exogenous Methyl Jasmonate Regulates Galanthamine Biosynthesis in Lycoris longituba Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:713795. [PMID: 34659286 PMCID: PMC8514708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine (Gal) in Lycoris longituba is a secondary metabolite that has been used to treat Alzheimer's disease. Plant secondary metabolism is affected by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) exposure, although the regulatory mechanisms of MeJA on L. longituba seedlings remains largely unknown. In the present study, 75, 150, and 300 μM MeJA were used as treatments on L. longituba seedlings for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, while 0 μM MeJA was used as the control (MJ-0). The effect of exogenous MeJA on Gal synthesis in L. longituba was then investigated using transcriptomic sequencing and metabolite profiling via GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. Galanthamine (Gal), lycorine (Lyc), and lycoramine (Lycm) abundances were 2. 71-, 2. 01-, and 2.85-fold higher in 75 μM MeJA (MJ-75) treatment plants compared to MJ-0 treatment plants after 7 days of cultivation. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that MJ-75 treatment significantly induced the expression of norbelladine synthase (NBS) and norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase (OMT), which are involved in the Gal biosynthesis pathway. In addition, increased expression was observed in MJ-75 treatment plants for genes in the JA synthesis and JA signaling pathways including those of allene oxide cyclase (AOC), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (OPR), jasmonic acid amino acid synthase (JAR), and transcription factor MYC. The L. longituba tyrosine decarboxylase (LlTYDC) enzyme was identified and proposed to be involved in the Gal biosynthetic pathway. Metabolomics results demonstrated that the accumulation of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and especially alkaloids in the Gal biosynthesis pathway, could be induced by MJ-75 treatment. Interestingly, metabolites in the JA synthesis pathway were also affected by MeJA treatment. Overall, this multi-omics study suggests that both the JA synthesis/JA signaling and Gal biosynthesis pathways were affected by exogenous MeJA treatment. This comprehensive study of gene expression and metabolite contents can help us better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying MeJA-mediated Gal biosynthesis in L. longituba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Li
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Co-Elite Agricultural Sci-Tech (Group) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Junxu Xu
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-sen, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchun Zhang
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yongchun Zhang,
| | - Youming Cai
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Youming Cai,
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Yin J, Sun L, Li Y, Xiao J, Wang S, Yang J, Qu Z, Zhan Y. Functional identification of BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 transcription factors responding to MeJA and SA in birch triterpenoid synthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:374. [PMID: 32787836 PMCID: PMC7422618 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triterpenoids from birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) exert antitumor and anti-HIV activities. Due to the complexity of plant secondary metabolic pathways, triterpene compounds in plants is not always determined by a single gene; they may be controlled by polygene quantitative traits. Secondary metabolism related to terpenoids involves tissue specificity and localisation of key biosynthetic enzymes. Terpene synthesis is influenced by light, hormones and other signals, as well as upstream transcription factor regulation. RESULTS Anchor Herein, we identified and characterised two birch MYB transcription factors (TFs) that regulate triterpenoid biosynthesis. BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 are R2R3 TFs that positively and negatively regulate responses to methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) and salicyclic acid (SA), respectively. Expression of BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 was elevated in leaves and stems more than roots during July/August in Harbin, China. BpMYB21 expression was increased by abscisic acid (ABA), MeJA, SA and gibberellins (GAs). BpMYB61 expression in leaves and BpMYB21 expression in stems was reduced by ABA, MeJA and SA, while GAs, ethylene, and injury increased BpMYB61 expression. BpMYB21 was localised in nuclei, while BpMYB61 was detected in cell membranes and nuclei. Promoters for both BpMYB21 (1302 bp) and BpMYB61 (850 bp) were active. BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 were ligated into pYES3, introduced into AnchorINVScl (yeast strain without exogenous genes), INVScl-pYES2-SSAnchorAnchor (transgenic yeast strain harbouring the SS gene from birch), and INVScl-pYES2-SE (transgenic yeast strain harbouring the SE gene from birch), and the squalene content was highest in AnchorINVScl-pYES-MYB21-SS (transgenic yeast strain harbouring SS and MYB21 genes) and INVScl-pYES3-MYB61 (transgenic yeast strain harbouring the MYB61 gene). In BpMYB21 transgenic birch key triterpenoid synthesis genes were up-regulated, and in BpMYB61 transgenic birch AnchorFPS (farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase) and SS (squalene synthase) were up-regulated, but HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase), BPWAnchor (lupeol synthase), SE (squalene epoxidase) and BPY (b-amyrin synthase) were down-regulated. Both BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 specifically activate SE and BPX (cycloartenol synthase synthesis) promoters. CONCLUSIONS These findings support further functional characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes, and illuminate the regulatory role of BpMYB21 and BpMYB61 in the synthesis of birch triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jialei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultere University, Harbin, 150010, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ziyue Qu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education (Northeast Forestry University), Harbin, 150040, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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16
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Zhang P, Liu X, Yu X, Wang F, Long J, Shen W, Jiang D, Zhao X. The MYB transcription factor CiMYB42 regulates limonoids biosynthesis in citrus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:254. [PMID: 32493275 PMCID: PMC7271526 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonoids are major bioactive compounds that are produced by the triterpenoid metabolic pathway. The detailed biochemical process of limonoid biosynthesis and the mechanism of its molecular regulation remain elusive. The identification of transcription factors that regulate limonoid biosynthetic pathways is very important for understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms. This information could also provide tools for manipulating biosynthesis genes to modulate limonoid production. RESULTS In this study, the CiMYB42 transcription factor was isolated to identify its role in limonoid biosynthesis. Multiple alignment analysis and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CiMYB42 is a typical R2R3MYB transcription factor that shares high similarity of its amino acid sequence with AtMYB42. Limonoids contents were higher in Citrus sinensis and Citrus grandis than in other species. Limonoid accumulation during leaf development also showed diverse trends in different genotypes. The expression of CiMYB42 was significantly related to the limonoid content and the expression of CiOSC in some citrus accessions. The overexpression of CiMYB42 in sweet orange resulted in significant accumulation of limonin, whereas the downregulation of CiMYB42 by RNAi resulted in a dwarf phenotype and less nomilin accumulation. Furthermore, the results of a yeast one-hybrid assay and EMSA indicated that CiMYB42 binds exclusively to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core) in the promoter of CiOSC. Together, these results suggest that CiMYB42 positively regulates limonoid biosynthesis by regulating the expression of CiOSC by binding to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core) of its promoter. CONCLUSIONS CiMYB42 is an important transcription activator involved in limonoid biosynthesis that regulates the expression of CiOSC by binding to the TTGTTG sequence (type II MYB core).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Junhong Long
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Wanxia Shen
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhao
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China.
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Beibei, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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The bHLH gene family and its response to saline stress in Jilin ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:877-890. [PMID: 32239329 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene family is a gene family of transcription factors that plays essential roles in plant growth and development, secondary metabolism and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of the bHLH gene family is paramount to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes and develop advanced technologies to manipulate the processes efficiently. Ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is a well-known medicinal herb; however, little is known about the bHLH genes (PgbHLH) in the species. Here, we identified 137 PgbHLH genes from Jilin ginseng cultivar, Damaya, widely cultivated in Jilin, China, of which 50 are newly identified by pan-genome analysis. These 137 PgbHLH genes were phylogenetically classified into 26 subfamilies, suggesting their sequence diversification. They are alternatively spliced into 366 transcripts in a 4-year-old plant and involved in 11 functional subcategories of the gene ontology, indicating their functional differentiation in ginseng. The expressions of the PgbHLH genes dramatically vary spatio-temporally and across 42 genotypes, but they are still somehow functionally correlated. Moreover, the PgbHLH gene family, at least some of its genes, is shown to have roles in plant response to the abiotic stress of saline. These results provide a new insight into the evolution and functional differentiation of the bHLH gene family in plants, new bHLH genes to the PgbHLH gene family, and saline stress-responsive genes for genetic improvement in ginseng and other plant species.
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Li Q, Xu J, Yang L, Zhou X, Cai Y, Zhang Y. Transcriptome Analysis of Different Tissues Reveals Key Genes Associated With Galanthamine Biosynthesis in Lycoris longituba. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:519752. [PMID: 33042169 PMCID: PMC7525064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.519752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
L ycoris longituba is a traditional medicinal plant containing the bioactive compound galanthamine (Gal), a type of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid and can be used to treat Alzheimer's disease. However, research on its genome or transcriptome and associated genes in the biosynthetic pathway is incomplete. In this study, we estimated the nuclear genome size of this species to be 29.33 Gb by flow cytometry. Then, RNA sequencing of the leaves, roots, and bulbs of L. longituba was carried out. After de novo assembly, 474,589 all-transcripts and 333,440 all-unigenes were finally generated. In addition, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and genes involved in the galanthamine metabolic pathway encoding tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), norbelladine synthase (NBS), norbelladine 4'-O-methyltransferase (OMT), and noroxomaritidine synthase (CYP96T1) were detected and validated by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. One candidate gene, Lycoris longituba O-Methyltransferase (LlOMT), was identified in the proposed galanthamine biosynthetic pathway. Sequence analysis showed that LlOMT is a class I OMT. LlOMT is localized in the cytoplasm, and biochemical analysis indicated that the recombinant LlOMT catalyzes norbelladine to generate 4'-O-methylnorbelladine. The protoplast transformation result showed that the overexpression of LlOMT could increase the Gal content. Our results indicate that LlOMT may play a role in galanthamine biosynthesis in L. longituba. This work provides a useful resource for the metabolic engineering of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Youming Cai
- *Correspondence: Youming Cai, ; Yongchun Zhang,
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Luo Y, Bai R, Li J, Yang W, Li R, Wang Q, Zhao G, Duan D. The transcription factor MYB15 is essential for basal immunity (PTI) in Chinese wild grape. PLANTA 2019; 249:1889-1902. [PMID: 30864013 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
MYB15 promoter of Vitis quinquangularis has potential as a target for disease resistance breeding, and its involvement in PTI is associated with a range of defense mechanisms. China is a center of origin for Vitis and is home to diverse wild Vitis genotypes, some of which show superior pathogen resistance, although the underlying molecular basis for this has not yet been elucidated. In the current study, we identified a transcription factor, MYB15, from the Chinese wild grape, Vitis quinquangularis, whose promoter region (pVqMYB15) was shown to be induced by basal immunity (also called PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI) triggered by flg22, following heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and homologous expression in grapevine. By analyzing the promoter structure and activity, we identified a unique 283 bp sequence that plays a key role in the activation of basal immunity. In addition, we showed that activation of the MYB15 promoter correlates with differences in the expression of MYB15 and RESVERATROL SYNTHASE (RS) induced by the flg22 elicitor. We further tested whether the MYB15 induction triggered by flg22 was consistent with MYB15 and RS expression following inoculation with Plasmopara viticola in grape (V. quinquangularis and Vitis vinifera) leaves. Mapping upstream signals, we found that calcium influx, an RboH-dependent oxidative burst, an MAPK cascade, and jasmonate and salicylic acid co-contributed to flg22-triggered pVqMYB15 activation. Our data suggest that the MYB15 promoter has potential as a target for disease resistance breeding, and its involvement in PTI is associated with a range of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ru Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhou C, Li X, Zhou Z, Li C, Zhang Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Genes Involved in Diosgenin Biosynthesis in Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010140. [PMID: 30609669 PMCID: PMC6337231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is a valuable resource of producing diosgenin which serves as a substrate for synthesizing more than two hundred kinds of steroidal drugs. Phytochemical analysis indicated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) efficiently induced diosgenin biosynthesis in fenugreek seedlings. Though early steps up to cholesterol have recently been elucidated in plants, cytochrome P450 (CYP)- and glycosyltransferase (GT)-encoding genes involved in the late steps from cholesterol to diosgenin remain unknown. This study established comparative fenugreek transcriptome datasets from the MeJA-treated seedlings and the corresponding control lines. Differential gene expression analysis identified a number of MeJA-induced CYP and GT candidate genes. Further gene expression pattern analysis across a different MeJA-treating time points, together with a phylogenetic analysis, suggested specific family members of CYPs and GTs that may participate in the late steps during diosgenin biosynthesis. MeJA-induced transcription factors (TFs) that may play regulatory roles in diosgenin biosynthesis were also discussed. This study provided a valuable genetic resource to functionally characterize the genes involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, which will push forward the production of diosgenin in microbial organisms using a promising synthetic biology strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zilin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Changfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, Research Center for Natural Products, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Xu J, van Herwijnen ZO, Dräger DB, Sui C, Haring MA, Schuurink RC. SlMYC1 Regulates Type VI Glandular Trichome Formation and Terpene Biosynthesis in Tomato Glandular Cells. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2988-3005. [PMID: 30518626 PMCID: PMC6354261 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) glandular trichomes function as biochemical factories that synthesize a diverse array of specialized metabolites. Terpenoids are the most diverse class of plant specialized metabolites, with volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes playing important roles in plant defense. Although the biosynthetic pathways of volatile terpenes in tomato glandular trichomes have been well described, little is known about their regulation. Here, we demonstrate that SlMYC1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, differentially regulates mono- and sesquiterpene biosynthesis in the type VI glandular trichomes of tomato leaves and stems. SlMYC1 functions as a positive regulator of monoterpene biosynthesis in both leaf and stem trichomes but as a negative regulator of sesquiterpene biosynthesis in stem trichomes. SlMYC1 is also essential for type VI glandular trichome development, as knocking down SlMYC1 led to the production of smaller type VI glandular trichomes at lower densities, and knocking out this gene led to their absence. Our findings reveal a role for SlMYC1 not only in type VI glandular trichome development but also in the regulation of terpene biosynthesis in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesen Xu
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zeger O van Herwijnen
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, 2678 ZG De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Dörthe B Dräger
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V., Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, 2678 ZG De Lier, The Netherlands
| | - Chun Sui
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Michel A Haring
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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