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Jiang S, Lin J, Zhang R, Wu Q, Li H, Zhang Q, Wang M, Dai L, Xie D, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Han B. In situ mass spectrometry imaging reveals pesticide residues and key metabolic pathways throughout the entire cowpea growth process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134534. [PMID: 38733786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cowpea plants, renowned for their high edibility, pose a significant risk of pesticide residue contamination. Elucidating the behavior of pesticide residues and their key metabolic pathways is critical for ensuring cowpea safety and human health. This study investigated the migration of pesticide residues and their key metabolic pathways in pods throughout the growth process of cowpea plants via in situ mass spectrometry. To this end, four pesticides--including systemic (thiram), and nonsystemic (fluopyram, pyriproxyfen, and cyromazine) pesticides--were selected. The results indicate the direct upward and downward transmission of pesticides in cowpea stems and pods. Systemic pesticides gradually migrate to the core of cowpea plants, whereas nonsystemic pesticides remain on the surface of cowpea peels. The migration rate is influenced by the cowpea maturity, logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) value, and molecular weight of the pesticide. Further, 20 types of key metabolites related to glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and flavonoid synthesis were found in cowpea pods after pesticide treatment. These findings afford insights into improving cowpea quality and ensuring the safe use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Jiang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Jingling Lin
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Longjun Dai
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Defang Xie
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Bingjun Han
- Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables; Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Health Benefits of Tropical Agricultural Products of Haikou City, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
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Metabolic Study of Cucumber Seeds and Seedlings in the Light of the New, Controversial Trend of Preventive Use of Systemic Fungicides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065554. [PMID: 36982626 PMCID: PMC10057123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber is one of the most commonly produced vegetable crops. The greatest economic losses in the yields of these crops have resulted from fungal infections—powdery mildew and downy mildew. The action of fungicides not only affects the fungi, but can also lead to metabolic disorders in plants. However, some fungicides have been reported to have positive physiological effects. Our research focused on the action of two commercially available fungicides, Scorpion 325 SC and Magnicur Finito 687,5 SC, on plant metabolism. Two approaches were used to check the effect of the fungicides at the early stage of plant development when metabolic changes occur most dynamically: spraying on the leaves of cucumber seedlings and presowing seed treatment. The application of the fungicide formulation as a presowing seed treatment caused perturbations in the phytase activity, leading to disorders in the energetic status of the germinating seeds. In addition, the tested preparations changed the morphology of the germinating seeds, limiting the growth of the stem. Furthermore, the application of the tested fungicides on seedlings also showed a disruption in the energetic status and in the antioxidative system. Therefore, the use of pesticides as agents causes a “green effect” and requires a much deeper understanding of plant metabolism.
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Ji T, Ma S, Liang M, Wang X, Gao L, Tian Y. Reference genes identification for qRT-PCR normalization of gene expression analysis in Cucumis sativus under Meloidogyne incognita infection and Pseudomonas treatment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1061921. [PMID: 36589116 PMCID: PMC9799720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1061921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
qRT-PCR is a common and key technical means to study gene expression in biological research. However, reliability and accuracy of quantification by qRT-PCR is entirely dependent on the identification of appropriate reference genes. Cucumber as an economical vegetable is widely cultivated worldwide and is subject to serious nematode infection, especially from M. incognita. Plant could employ beneficial soil bacteria in the rhizosphere to enhance plant adaptability to various stresses. In this study, the optimal reference genes in cucumber under M. incognita stress and Pseudomonas treatment were calculated and confirmed. A total of thirteen candidate reference genes were identified across three different treatments. Of these, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper programs combined RefFinder software identified EF1 and UBI are the most suitable reference gene in the root knot and whole root of cucumber infected M. incognita, respectively, and CACS is the most suitable reference gene in the whole root of cucumber treated by Pseudomonas. The work first validated the most suitable reference genes for the normalization gene expression in cucumber by nematode infected or Pseudomonas inoculated, and these results would facilitate the further research on M. incognita or Pseudomonas soil rhizosphere microbe interaction with cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lihong Gao
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Tian, ; Lihong Gao,
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Biological Control of the Cucumber Downy Mildew Pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber downy mildew (CDM) is a destructive plant disease caused by the air-borne oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis. CDM causes severe yield reduction of cucumber and significant economic losses. Biocontrol is a promising method to control CDM with the advantage of being beneficial to sustainable agricultural development. However, until now, no reviews of biocontrol of CDM have been reported. The objective of this review is to more comprehensively understand the biocontrol of CDM. In this review, the biological characteristics of P. cubensis are introduced, and strategies for screening biocontrol agents to suppress CDM are recommended. Then the current biocontrol agents, including fungi such as Trichoderma and biocontrol bacteria such as Bacillus, which possess the ability to control CDM, and their control characteristics and ability against CDM are also summarized. The potential mechanisms by which these biocontrol agents prevent CDM are discussed. Finally, several suggestions for future research on the biocontrol of CDM are provided.
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Li S, Xin M, Luan J, Liu D, Wang C, Liu C, Zhang W, Zhou X, Qin Z. Overexpression of CsHMGB Alleviates Phytotoxicity and Propamocarb Residues in Cucumber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:738. [PMID: 32595667 PMCID: PMC7304447 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the most economically important fruits of the Cucurbitaceae family, therefore consideration of potential pesticide residues in the fruit in the context of cucumber breeding and production programs is important. Propamocarb (a pesticide commonly used to prevent downy mildew) is widely used in cucumber cultivation, but the molecular mechanism underlying the degradation and metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber is not well understood. We screened a candidate CsHMGB gene (CsaV3-5G28190) for response to propamocarb exposure using transcriptome data. The coding region of CsHMGB was 624 bp in length and encoded the conserved HMB-box region. CsHMGB expression differed significantly between the "D0351" genotype, which accumulated low levels of propamocarb, and the "D9320" genotype, which accumulated high levels of propamocarb. CsHMGB expression was positively correlated with propamocarb levels in the cucumber peel. CsHMGB expression was upregulated in the fruit peels of the "D0351" genotype following exposure to propamocarb stress for 3-120 h, but no difference was observed in expression between propamocarb treatment and control for the "D9320" genotype. For the "D0351" genotype, CsHMGB expression was higher in the fruit peels and leaves than that in female flowers; expression was moderate in the stems and fruit pulps, and weak in male flowers and roots. The CsHMGB protein was targeted to the nucleus in Arabidopsis protoplasts and in the epidermis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. We measured MDA, O2 -, and H2O2 levels in cucumber plants and found that they were likely to accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to propamocarb stress. Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX, GST, and GR) and the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system showed that the resistance of the plants was reduced and the levels of propamocarb residue was increased in CsHMGB-silenced plants in response to propamocarb stress. Conversely, overexpression of CsHMGB promoted glutathione-dependent detoxification by AsA-GSH system and improved the antioxidant potential, reduced the accumulation of ROS. Ultimately, the metabolism of propamocarb in cucumber was increased via increase in the wax levels and the stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Xin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Luan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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