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Hao J, Xu D, Wang C, Cao Q, Zhao Q, Xie M, Zhang H, Zhang L. Phylogeny and expression patterns of ERF genes that are potential reproductive inducers in hybrid larch. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:288. [PMID: 38500084 PMCID: PMC10946173 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larch is an important component of northern forests and a major cultivated tree species in restoration of forest cover using improved seed material. In recent years, the continuous low seed production has severely affected the production of improved variety seedlings and natural regeneration. However, research on the reproductive growth of gymnosperms is extremely scarce. RESULTS In this study, based on differential transcriptome analysis of two asexual reproductive phases, namely high-yield and low-yield, we further screened 5 ERF family genes that may affect the reproductive development of larch. We analyzed their genetic relationships and predicted their physicochemical properties. The expression patterns of these genes were analyzed in different tissues, developmental stages, hormone treatments, and environmental conditions in hybrid larch. CONCLUSION The results showed that all 5 genes were induced by low temperature and ABA, and their expression patterns in different tissues suggested a suppressive role in the development of female cones in larch. Among them, LkoERF3-like1 and LkoERF071 may be involved in the flowering age pathway. This study enriches the scarce research on reproductive development in gymnosperms and provides a theoretical basis and research direction for regulating the reproductive development of larch in seed orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Daixi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Qingrong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Miaomiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China
| | - Hanguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 150040, Harbin, China.
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Ying C, Meng Z, Wenli Z, Yamin W, Hua Z, Liu Y, Longjiang Y, Chunhua F. miR5298b regulated taxol biosynthesis by acting on TcNPR3, resulting in an alleviation of the strong inhibition of the TcNPR3-TcTGA6 complex in Taxus chinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125909. [PMID: 37482165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Taxol, a valuable but rare secondary metabolite of the genus Taxus, is an effective anticancer drug. Understanding the regulation of taxol biosynthesis may provide a means to increase taxol content. The microRNA miR5298b was found to promote the accumulation of taxol and upregulate several taxol biosynthesis genes, including DBAT, TASY, and T5H, as demonstrated by experiments using the overexpression and mimicry of transient leaves. Moreover, miR5298b cleaves the mRNA sequence of TcNPR3, a homolog of the salicylic acid receptor AtNPR3/4. Overexpression and knockdown by RNA interference of TcNPR3 confirmed that it repressed taxol biosynthesis. These results indicate that miR5298b enhances taxol biosynthesis via the cleavage of TcNPR3. Yeast two-hybrid bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down assays revealed that TcTGA6, a TGA transcription factor, physically interacted with TcNPR3. Functional experiments showed that TcTGA6 negatively regulates taxol biosynthesis by directly combining with the TGACG motif in the promoters of TASY, T5H, and T10H. TcNPR3 enhances TcTGA6 inhibition Luciferase assays showed that miR5298b alleviated the repression of the TcNPR3-TcTGA6 complex. In summary, miR5298b can cleave TcNPR3, thereby alleviating the inhibition of the TcNPR3-TcTGA6 complex to upregulate taxol biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ying
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhang Meng
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhang Wenli
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Wang Yamin
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zhang Hua
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yu Longjiang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Fu Chunhua
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Food and medicine Resources Engineering Research Center, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Mohamed NZ, Shaban L, Safan S, El-Sayed ASA. Physiological and metabolic traits of Taxol biosynthesis of endophytic fungi inhabiting plants: Plant-microbial crosstalk, and epigenetic regulators. Microbiol Res 2023; 272:127385. [PMID: 37141853 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Attenuating the Taxol productivity of fungi with the subculturing and storage under axenic conditions is the challenge that halts the feasibility of fungi to be an industrial platform for Taxol production. This successive weakening of Taxol productivity by fungi could be attributed to the epigenetic down-regulation and molecular silencing of most of the gene clusters encoding Taxol biosynthetic enzymes. Thus, exploring the epigenetic regulating mechanisms controlling the molecular machinery of Taxol biosynthesis could be an alternative prospective technology to conquer the lower accessibility of Taxol by the potent fungi. The current review focuses on discussing the different molecular approaches, epigenetic regulators, transcriptional factors, metabolic manipulators, microbial communications and microbial cross-talking approaches on restoring and enhancing the Taxol biosynthetic potency of fungi to be industrial platform for Taxol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Z Mohamed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Lamis Shaban
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| | - Samia Safan
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S A El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
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Zheng H, Fu X, Shao J, Tang Y, Yu M, Li L, Huang L, Tang K. Transcriptional regulatory network of high-value active ingredients in medicinal plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:429-446. [PMID: 36621413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High-value active ingredients in medicinal plants have attracted research attention because of their benefits for human health, such as the antimalarial artemisinin, anticardiovascular disease tanshinones, and anticancer Taxol and vinblastine. Here, we review how hormones and environmental factors promote the accumulation of active ingredients, thereby providing a strategy to produce high-value drugs at a low cost. Focusing on major hormone signaling events and environmental factors, we review the transcriptional regulatory network mediating biosynthesis of representative active ingredients. In this network, many transcription factors (TFs) simultaneously control multiple synthase genes; thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms affecting transcriptional regulation of active ingredients will be crucial to developing new breeding possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin Shao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre,School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Muyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ling Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre,School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Regional Heritability Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Traits Related to Growth and Productivity in Popcorn (Zea mays L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091845. [PMID: 34579378 PMCID: PMC8466968 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The method of regional heritability mapping (RHM) has become an important tool in the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling traits of interest in plants. Here, RHM was first applied in a breeding population of popcorn, to identify the QTLs and candidate genes involved in grain yield, plant height, kernel popping expansion, and first ear height, as well as determining the heritability of each significant genomic region. The study population consisted of 98 S1 families derived from the 9th recurrent selection cycle (C-9) of the open-pollinated variety UENF-14, which were genetically evaluated in two environments (ENV1 and ENV2). Seventeen and five genomic regions were mapped by the RHM method in ENV1 and ENV2, respectively. Subsequent genome-wide analysis based on the reference genome B73 revealed associations with forty-six candidate genes within these genomic regions, some of them are considered to be biologically important due to the proteins that they encode. The results obtained by the RHM method have the potential to contribute to knowledge on the genetic architecture of the growth and yield traits of popcorn, which might be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.
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Ma JJ, Chen X, Song YT, Zhang GF, Zhou XQ, Que SP, Mao F, Pervaiz T, Lin JX, Li Y, Li W, Wu HX, Niu SH. MADS-box transcription factors MADS11 and DAL1 interact to mediate the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in pine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:247-262. [PMID: 34618133 PMCID: PMC8418398 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive transition is an important event that is crucial for plant survival and reproduction. Relative to the thorough understanding of the vegetative phase transition in angiosperms, a little is known about this process in perennial conifers. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the regulatory mechanism in conifers, we used temporal dynamic transcriptome analysis with samples from seven different ages of Pinus tabuliformis to identify a gene module substantially associated with aging. The results first demonstrated that the phase change in P. tabuliformis occurred as an unexpectedly rapid transition rather than a slow, gradual progression. The age-related gene module contains 33 transcription factors and was enriched in genes that belong to the MADS (MCMl, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENS, SRF)-box family, including six SOC1-like genes and DAL1 and DAL10. Expression analysis in P. tabuliformis and a late-cone-setting P. bungeana mutant showed a tight association between PtMADS11 and reproductive competence. We then confirmed that MADS11 and DAL1 coordinate the aging pathway through physical interaction. Overexpression of PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 partially rescued the flowering of 35S::miR156A and spl1,2,3,4,5,6 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but only PtMADS11 could rescue the flowering of the ft-10 mutant, suggesting PtMADS11 and PtDAL1 play different roles in flowering regulatory networks in Arabidopsis. The PtMADS11 could not alter the flowering phenotype of soc1-1-2, indicating it may function differently from AtSOC1 in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified the MADS11 gene in pine as a regulatory mediator of the juvenile-to-adult transition with functions differentiated from the angiosperm SOC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yi-Tong Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Gui-Fang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xian-Qing Zhou
- Qigou State-Owned Forest Farm, Pingquan, Hebei Province 067509, PR China
| | - Shu-Peng Que
- Beijing Ming Tombs Forest Farm, Beijing 102200, PR China, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Fei Mao
- Beijing Ming Tombs Forest Farm, Beijing 102200, PR China, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jin-Xing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Harry X. Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Shi-Hui Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Liu J, Deng Z, Liang C, Sun H, Li D, Song J, Zhang S, Wang R. Genome-Wide Analysis of RAV Transcription Factors and Functional Characterization of Anthocyanin-Biosynthesis-Related RAV Genes in Pear. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115567. [PMID: 34070296 PMCID: PMC8197526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Related to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (ABI3/VP1, RAV), transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) TF family play critical roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. In this study, 11 novel RAV TFs were identified in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd). A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TFs clustered into three groups with 10 conserved motifs, some of which were group- or subgroup-specific, implying that they are important for the functions of the RAVs in these clades. RAVs in Pyrus and Malus were closely related, and the former showed a collinear relationship. Analysis of their expression patterns in different tissues and at various growth stages and their responses to abiotic and biotic stress suggested that PbRAV6 and PbRAV7 play important roles in drought stress and salt stress, respectively. We investigated the function of RAVs in pear peel coloration using two red pear varieties with different color patterns and applying data from transcriptome analyses. We found that PbRAV6 participates in the regulation of pericarp color. These findings provide insight into a new TF family in pear and a basis for further studies on the response to drought stress and fruit coloration in this commercially important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, China;
| | - Hongwei Sun
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiankun Song
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (J.L.); (Z.D.); (H.S.); (D.L.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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