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Guo Z, Qin Y, Lv J, Wang X, Dong H, Dong X, Zhang T, Du N, Piao F. Luffa rootstock enhances salt tolerance and improves yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants by reducing sodium transport to the shoot. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120521. [PMID: 36309299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity severely limits crop yield and quality. Grafting onto tolerant rootstocks is known as an effective means to alleviate salt stress. The present study was planned to find out the potential roles, mechanisms and applications of luffa rootstock to improve salt tolerance of grafted cucumber plants. Here, we screened a highly salt-tolerant luffa rootstock by evaluating the growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant defense and the accumulation of Na+ and K+ under salt stress. Reciprocal grafting between cucumber and luffa showed that luffa rootstock significantly improved the salt tolerance of cucumber plants, as evidenced by higher fresh weight, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and lower relative electrical conductivity (REC), which was closely associated with the decreased accumulation of Na+ and increased the accumulation of K+ in shoots of luffa grafted cucumber seedlings, leading to a lower Na+:K+ ratio in shoot when compared with self-grafted cucumber. Furthermore, grafting with intermediate stock of luffa also sufficiently alleviated cucumber salt stress by reducing Na+ accumulation in shoot and the whole plant but increasing Na+ accumulation in interstock and root under salt stress, fully proving the salt tolerance depending on the capacity of luffa interstock to limit the transport of Na+ from the root to the shoot. More importantly, luffa rootstock improved the growth, yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants grown in pots in solar greenhouse as revealed by increased net photosynthetic rate, plant height, leaf number, yield, Vitamin C and soluble sugar but decreased titratable acid under both salinity and normal conditions. Together, these results, for the first time, clearly demonstrated that luffa,a new highly salt-tolerant rootstock, enhances salt tolerance and improves yield and quality of grafted cucumber plants by reducing sodium transport to the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Guo
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Yanping Qin
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Jingli Lv
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Han Dong
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Xiaoxing Dong
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Nanshan Du
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China
| | - Fengzhi Piao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China.
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Liao Q, Gu S, Kang S, Du T, Tong L, Wood JD, Ding R. Mild water and salt stress improve water use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance via osmotic adjustment in field maize. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150364. [PMID: 34818800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water and salt stress often occur simultaneously in heavily irrigated arid agricultural areas, yet they are usually studied in isolation. To understand the physiological bases of water use efficiency (WUE) of field-grown maize (Zea mays) at multi-scales under combined water and salt stress, we investigated the joint effects of water and salt stress on physiology, growth, yield, and WUE of two genotypes (XY335 and ZD958). We measured leaf stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis rate (A) and hydraulic traits, whole-plant growth and water use (ET), and final biomass and grain yield. Leaf osmotic adjustment was a key trait of the physiological differences between XY335 and ZD958 under water and salt stress. Although the responses of the two genotypes were different, mild water and salt stress improved intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE = A/gs) by (i) decreasing gsvia increasing osmotic adjustment and hydraulic resistance, and (ii) declining A via increasing stomatal limitations rather than reducing photosynthetic capacity. Joint water and salt stress had a synergistic effect on reproductive growth and grain formation of maize. Mild water and salt stress reduced ET, stabilized grain yield, and improved grain WUE via declining gs, maintaining photosynthetic capacity, and improving harvest index. Collectively, our study provides a novel insight into the physiological mechanisms of WUE and demonstrates an approach for the efficient management of water and salt by using a growth stage-based deficit irrigation strategy or/and selecting genotypes with strong osmotic adjustment capacity and high harvest index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liao
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Shujie Gu
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Shaozhong Kang
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Taisheng Du
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Ling Tong
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Risheng Ding
- Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Shiyanghe Experimental Station for Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education and Gansu Government, Wuwei, Gansu Province 733009, China.
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Zhu M, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Li Z. Glycine betaine increases salt tolerance in maize ( Zea mays L.) by regulating Na + homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978304. [PMID: 36247603 PMCID: PMC9562920 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving crop salt tolerance is an adaptive measure to climate change for meeting future food demands. Previous studies have reported that glycine betaine (GB) plays critical roles as an osmolyte in enhancing plant salt resistance. However, the mechanism underlying the GB regulating plant Na+ homeostasis during response to salinity is poorly understood. In this study, hydroponically cultured maize with 125 mM NaCl for inducing salinity stress was treated with 100 μM GB. We found that treatment with GB improved the growth of maize plants under non-stressed (NS) and salinity-stressed (SS) conditions. Treatment with GB significantly maintained the properties of chlorophyll fluorescence, including Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, and ΦNPQ, and increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes for mitigating salt-induced growth inhibition. Moreover, GB decreased the Na+/K+ ratio primarily by reducing the accumulation of Na+ in plants. The results of NMT tests further confirmed that GB increased Na+ efflux from roots under SS condition, and fluorescence imaging of cellular Na+ suggested that GB reduced the cellular allocation of Na+. GB additionally increased Na+ efflux in leaf protoplasts under SS condition, and treatment with sodium orthovanadate, a plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase inhibitor, significantly alleviated the positive effects of GB on Na+ efflux under salt stress. GB significantly improved the vacuolar activity of NHX but had no significant effects on the activity of V type H+-ATPases. In addition, GB significantly upregulated the expression of the PM H+-ATPase genes, ZmMHA2 and ZmMHA4, and the Na+/H+ antiporter gene, ZmNHX1. While, the V type H+-ATPases gene, ZmVP1, was not significantly regulated by GB. Altogether these results indicate that GB regulates cellular Na+ homeostasis by enhancing PM H+-ATPases gene transcription and protein activities to improve maize salt tolerance. This study provided an extended understanding of the functions of GB in plant responses to salinity, which can help the development of supportive measures using GB for obtaining high maize yield in saline conditions.
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Rao YR, Ansari MW, Sahoo RK, Wattal RK, Tuteja N, Kumar VR. Salicylic acid modulates ACS, NHX1, sos1 and HKT1;2 expression to regulate ethylene overproduction and Na + ions toxicity that leads to improved physiological status and enhanced salinity stress tolerance in tomato plants cv. Pusa Ruby. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1950888. [PMID: 34252347 PMCID: PMC8526040 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1950888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is an important crop for its high nutritional and medicinal properties. The role of salicylic acid (SA) in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHX1), salt overly sensitive 1 (sos1) and high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT1;2) transcripts, and ACS enzyme activity and ethylene (ET) production, and growth and physiological attributes was evaluated in tomato cv. Pusa Ruby under salinity stress. Thirty days-old seedlings treated with 0 mM NaCl, 250 mM NaCl, 250 mM NaCl plus 100 µM SA were assessed for different growth and physiological parameters at 45 DAS. Results showed ACS, NHX1, sos1 and HKT1;2 transcripts were significantly changed in SA treated plants. The ACS enzyme activity and ET content were considerably decreased in SA treated plants. Shoot length (SL), root length (RL), number of leaves (NL), leaf area per plant (LA), shoot fresh weight (SFW) and root fresh weight (RFW) were also improved under SA treatment. Conversely, the electrolyte leakage and sodium ion (Na+) content were significantly reduced in SA treated plants. In addition, the endogenous proline and potassium ion (K+) content, and K+/Na+ ratio were considerably increased under SA treatment. Likewise, antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX and GR) profile were better in SA treated plant. The present findings suggest that SA reverse the negative effects of salinity stress and stress induced ET production by modulating ACS, NHX, sos1 and HKT1;2 transcript level, and improving various growth and physiological parameters, and antioxidants enzymes profile. This will contribute to a better understanding of salinity stress tolerance mechanisms of tomato plants involving SA and ET cross talk and ions homeostasis to develop more tolerant plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalaga Rama Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan University, Vadlamudi, India
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ansari
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ratnum Kaul Wattal
- Department of Botany, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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