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Zhao T, Yu Q, Lin C, Liu H, Dong L, Feng X, Liao J. Analyzing Morphology, Metabolomics, and Transcriptomics Offers Invaluable Insights into the Mechanisms of Pigment Accumulation in the Diverse-Colored Labellum Tissues of Alpinia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3766. [PMID: 37960122 PMCID: PMC10650467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Alpinia plants are widely cherished for their vibrant and captivating flowers. The unique feature of this genus lies in their labellum, a specialized floral structure resulting from the fusion of two non-fertile staminodes. However, the intricate process of pigment formation, leading to distinct color patterns in the various labellum segments of Alpinia, remains a subject of limited understanding. In this study, labellum tissues of two Alpinia species, A. zerumbet (yellow-orange flowers) and A. oxyphylla (white-purple flowers), were sampled and analyzed through morphological structure observation, metabolite analysis, and transcriptome analyses. We found that hemispherical/spherical epidermal cells and undulate cell population morphology usually display darker flower colors, while flat epidermal cells and cell populations usually exhibit lighter flower colors. Metabolomic analysis identified a high concentration of anthocyanins, particularly peonidin derivatives, in segments with orange and purple pigments. Additionally, segments with yellow pigments showed significant accumulations of flavones, flavanols, flavanones, and xanthophylls. Furthermore, our investigation into gene expression levels through qRT-PCR revealed notable differences in several genes that participated in anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis among the four pigmented segments. Collectively, these findings offer a comprehensive understanding of pigmentation in Alpinia flowers and serve as a valuable resource for guiding future breeding efforts aimed at developing Alpinia varieties with novel flower colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Guangdong Eco-engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Qianxia Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, South China Peanut Sub-Center of National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Canjia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Huanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Limei Dong
- Guangdong Eco-engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Dongguan Botanical Garden, Dongguan 523086, China
| | - Jingping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Ai Y, Zheng QD, Wang MJ, Xiong LW, Li P, Guo LT, Wang MY, Peng DH, Lan SR, Liu ZJ. Molecular mechanism of different flower color formation of Cymbidium ensifolium. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:193-204. [PMID: 37878187 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium ensifolium is one of the national orchids in China, which has high ornamental value with changeable flower colors. To understand the formation mechanism of different flower colors of C. ensifolium, this research conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses on four different colored sepals of C. ensifolium. Metabolome analysis detected 204 flavonoid metabolites, including 17 polyphenols, 27 anthocyanins, 75 flavones, 34 flavonols, 25 flavonoids, 18 flavanones, and 8 isoflavones. Among them, purple-red and red sepals contain a lot of anthocyanins, including cyanidin, pelargonin, and paeoniflorin, while yellow-green and white sepals have less anthocyanins detected, and their metabolites are mainly flavonols, flavanones and flavonoids. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the expression levels of the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme genes in red and purple-red sepals were significantly higher than those in white and yellow-green sepals of C. ensifolium. The experimental results showed that CeF3'H2, CeDFR, CeANS, CeF3H and CeUFGT1 may be the key genes involved in anthocyanin production in C. ensifolium sepals, and CeMYB104 has been proved to play an important role in the flower color formation of C. ensifolium. The results of transformation showed that the CeMYB104 is involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins and can form a purple-red color in the white perianth of Phalaenopsis. These findings provide a theoretical reference to understand the formation mechanism of flower color in C. ensifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qing-Dong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Long-Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li-Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dong-Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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LhANS-rr1, LhDFR, and LhMYB114 Regulate Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Flower Buds of Lilium ‘Siberia’. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030559. [PMID: 36980831 PMCID: PMC10048704 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The bulb formation of Lilium is affected by many physiological and biochemical phenomena, including flower bud differentiation, starch and sucrose accumulation, photoperiod, carbon fixation, plant hormone transduction, etc. The transcriptome analysis of flower buds of Lilium hybrid ‘Siberia’ at different maturity stages showed that floral bud formation is associated with the accumulation of anthocyanins. The results of HPLC-MS showed that cyanidin is the major anthocyanin found in Lilium ‘Siberia’. Transcriptome KEGG enrichment analysis and qRT-PCR validation showed that two genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (LhANS-rr1 and LhDFR) were significantly up-regulated. The functional analysis of differential genes revealed that LhMYB114 was directly related to anthocyanin accumulation among 19 MYB transcription factors. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR results suggested that their expression patterns were very similar at different developmental stages of the lily bulbs. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that down-regulation of LhANS-rr1, LhDFR, and LhMYB114 could directly lead to a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation, turning the purple phenotype into a white color. Moreover, this is the first report to reveal that LhMYB114 can regulate anthocyanin accumulation at the mature stage of lily bulbs. The accumulation of anthocyanins is an important sign of lily maturity. Therefore, these findings have laid a solid theoretical foundation for further discussion on lily bulb development in the future.
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Cao H, Li H, Chen X, Zhang Y, Lu L, Li S, Tao X, Zhu W, Wang J, Ma L. Insight into the molecular mechanisms of leaf coloration in Cymbidium ensifolium. Front Genet 2022; 13:923082. [PMID: 36035180 PMCID: PMC9413228 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.923082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbidiumensifolium L. is a significant ornamental plant in Orchidaceae. Aside from its attractive flowers, its leaf coloration is also an important ornamental trait. However, there is an apparent lack of studies concerning the intricate mechanism of leaf coloration in C. ensifolium. In this study, we report a systematic evaluation of leaf coloration utilizing transcriptome and metabolome profiles of purple, yellow, and green leaves. In total, 40 anthocyanins and 67 flavonoids were quantified along with chlorophyll content. The tissue–transcriptome profile identified 26,499 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The highest chlorophyll contents were identified in green leaves, followed by yellow and purple leaves. We identified key anthocyanins and flavonoids associated with leaf coloration, including cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, and quercetin, diosmetin, sinensetin, and naringenin chalcone. Moreover, genes encoding UDP-glucoronosyl, UDP-glucosyl transferase, chalcone synthesis, flavodoxin, cytochrome P450, and AMP-binding enzyme were identified as key structural genes affecting leaf coloration in C. ensifolium. In summary, copigmentation resulting from several key metabolites modulated by structural genes was identified as governing leaf coloration in C. ensifolium. Further functional verification of the identified DEGs and co-accumulation of metabolites can provide a tool to modify leaf color and improve the aesthetic value of C. ensifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cao
- Flower Research Institute Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
| | - Han Li
- Flower Research Institute Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Fujian Forestry Science and Technology Experimental Center, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Yunnan Agricultural University College of Horticulture and Landscape, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Flower Research Institute Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
| | - Shenchong Li
- Flower Research Institute Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
| | - WeiYin Zhu
- Fujian Forestry Science and Technology Experimental Center, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Lulin Ma, ; Jihua Wang,
| | - Lulin Ma
- Flower Research Institute Yunnan Agriculture Academy Science, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Lulin Ma, ; Jihua Wang,
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Sun Y, Liu L, Sun S, Han W, Irfan M, Zhang X, Zhang L, Chen L. AnDHN, a Dehydrin Protein From Ammopiptanthus nanus, Mitigates the Negative Effects of Drought Stress in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788938. [PMID: 35003177 PMCID: PMC8739915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrins (DHNs) play crucial roles in a broad spectrum of abiotic stresses in model plants. However, the evolutionary role of DHNs has not been explored, and the function of DHN proteins is largely unknown in Ammopiptanthus nanus (A. nanus), an ancient and endangered legume species from the deserts of northwestern China. In this study, we isolated a drought-response gene (c195333_g1_i1) from a drought-induced RNA-seq library of A. nanus. Evolutionary bioinformatics showed that c195333_g1_i1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis DHN, and we renamed it AnDHN. Moreover, DHN proteins may define a class of proteins that are evolutionarily conserved in all angiosperms that have experienced a contraction during the evolution of legumes. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AnDHN exhibited morpho-physiological changes, such as an increased germination rate, higher relative water content (RWC), higher proline (PRO) content, increased peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, lower contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2 and O2 -, and longer root length. Our results showed that the transgenic lines had improved drought resistance with deep root system architecture, excellent water retention, increased osmotic adjustment, and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Furthermore, the transgenic lines also had enhanced salt and cold tolerance. Our findings demonstrate that AnDHN may be a good candidate gene for improving abiotic stress tolerance in crops. Key Message: Using transcriptome analysis in Ammopiptanthus nanus, we isolated a drought-responsive gene, AnDHN, that plays a key role in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants, with strong functional diversification in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linghao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaokun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wangzhen Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Yin X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang B, Zhao Y, Irfan M, Chen L, Feng Y. Regulation of MYB Transcription Factors of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Lily Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:761668. [PMID: 34925411 PMCID: PMC8672200 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.761668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the decisive factor that affects the commercial value of ornamental flowers. Therefore, it is important to study the regulation of flower color formation in lily to discover the positive and negative factors that regulate this important trait. In this study, MYB transcription factors (TFs) were characterized to understand the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily. Two R2R3-MYB TFs, LvMYB5, and LvMYB1, were found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily flowers. LvMYB5, which has an activation motif, belongs to the SG6 MYB protein subgroup of Arabidopsis thaliana. Transient expression of LvMYB5 indicated that LvMYB5 can promote coloration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and that expression of LvMYB5 increases the expression levels of NbCHS, NbDFR, and NbANS. VIGS experiments in lily petals showed that the accumulation of anthocyanins was reduced when LvMYB5 was silenced. Luciferase assays showed that LvMYB5 can promote anthocyanin synthesis by activating the ANS gene promoter. Therefore, LvMYB5 plays an important role in flower coloration in lily. In addition, the transient expression experiment provided preliminary evidence that LvMYB1 (an R2R3-MYB TF) inhibits anthocyanin synthesis in lily flowers. The discovery of activating and inhibitory factors related to anthocyanin biosynthesis in lily provides a theoretical basis for improving flower color through genetic engineering. The results of our study provide a new direction for the further study of the mechanisms of flower color formation in lilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yin
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Lijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lijing Chen, ;
| | - Yulong Feng
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Yulong Feng, ;
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