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Sato Y, Minamikawa MF, Pratama BB, Koyama S, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Igawa T. Autonomous differentiation of transgenic cells requiring no external hormone application: the endogenous gene expression and phytohormone behaviors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1308417. [PMID: 38633452 PMCID: PMC11021773 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1308417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The ectopic overexpression of developmental regulator (DR) genes has been reported to improve the transformation in recalcitrant plant species because of the promotion of cellular differentiation during cell culture processes. In other words, the external plant growth regulator (PGR) application during the tissue and cell culture process is still required in cases utilizing DR genes for plant regeneration. Here, the effect of Arabidopsis BABY BOOM (BBM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) on the differentiation of tobacco transgenic cells was examined. We found that the SRDX fusion to WUS, when co-expressed with the BBM-VP16 fusion gene, significantly influenced the induction of autonomous differentiation under PGR-free culture conditions, with similar effects in some other plant species. Furthermore, to understand the endogenous background underlying cell differentiation toward regeneration, phytohormone and RNA-seq analyses were performed using tobacco leaf explants in which transgenic cells were autonomously differentiating. The levels of active auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and inactive gibberellins increased as cell differentiation proceeded toward organogenesis. Gene Ontology terms related to phytohormones and organogenesis were identified as differentially expressed genes, in addition to those related to polysaccharide and nitrate metabolism. The qRT-PCR four selected genes as DEGs supported the RNA-seq data. This differentiation induction system and the reported phytohormone and transcript profiles provide a foundation for the development of PGR-free tissue cultures of various plant species, facilitating future biotechnological breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mai F. Minamikawa
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Berbudi Bintang Pratama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoko Igawa
- Plant Cell Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
- Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Space Agriculture and Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Japan
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Nowak K, Wójcikowska B, Gajecka M, Elżbieciak A, Morończyk J, Wójcik AM, Żemła P, Citerne S, Kiwior-Wesołowska A, Zbieszczyk J, Gaj MD. The improvement of the in vitro plant regeneration in barley with the epigenetic modifier of histone acetylation, trichostatin A. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:13-30. [PMID: 37962803 PMCID: PMC10789698 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Genotype-limited plant regeneration is one of the main obstacles to the broader use of genetic transformation in barley breeding. Thus, developing new approaches that might improve responses of in vitro recalcitrant genotypes remains at the center of barley biotechnology. Here, we analyzed different barley genotypes, including "Golden Promise," a genotype commonly used in the genetic transformation, and four malting barley cultivars of poor regenerative potential. The expression of hormone-related transcription factor (TF) genes with documented roles in plant regeneration was analyzed in genotypes with various plant-regenerating capacities. The results indicated differential expression of auxin-related TF genes between the barley genotypes in both the explants and the derived cultures. In support of the role of auxin in barley regeneration, distinct differences in the accumulation of free and oxidized auxin were observed in explants and explant-derived callus cultures of barley genotypes. Following the assumption that modifying gene expression might improve plant regeneration in barley, we treated the barley explants with trichostatin A (TSA), which affects histone acetylation. The effects of TSA were genotype-dependent as TSA treatment improved plant regeneration in two barley cultivars. TSA-induced changes in plant regeneration were associated with the increased expression of auxin biosynthesis-involved TFs. The study demonstrated that explant treatment with chromatin modifiers such as TSA might provide a new and effective epigenetic approach to improving plant regeneration in recalcitrant barley genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nowak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Barbara Wójcikowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Gajecka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Elżbieciak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Morończyk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna M Wójcik
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Przemysław Żemła
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
- Toxicology Research Group, Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry Branch Pszczyna, Doświadczalna 27, 43-200, Pszczyna, Poland
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Agnieszka Kiwior-Wesołowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Justyna Zbieszczyk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata D Gaj
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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Park JS, Choi Y, Jeong MG, Jeong YI, Han JH, Choi HK. Uncovering transcriptional reprogramming during callus development in soybean: insights and implications. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1239917. [PMID: 37600197 PMCID: PMC10436568 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1239917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Callus, a valuable tool in plant genetic engineering, originates from dedifferentiated cells. While transcriptional reprogramming during callus formation has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, our knowledge of this process in other species, such as Glycine max, remains limited. To bridge this gap, our study focused on conducting a time-series transcriptome analysis of soybean callus cultured for various durations (0, 1, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days) on a callus induction medium following wounding with the attempt of identifying genes that play key roles during callus formation. As the result, we detected a total of 27,639 alterations in gene expression during callus formation, which could be categorized into eight distinct clusters. Gene ontology analysis revealed that genes associated with hormones, cell wall modification, and cell cycle underwent transcriptional reprogramming throughout callus formation. Furthermore, by scrutinizing the expression patterns of genes related to hormones, cell cycle, cell wall, and transcription factors, we discovered that auxin, cytokinin, and brassinosteroid signaling pathways activate genes involved in both root and shoot meristem development during callus formation. In summary, our transcriptome analysis provides significant insights into the molecular mechanisms governing callus formation in soybean. The information obtained from this study contributes to a deeper understanding of this intricate process and paves the way for further investigation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Seok Park
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoram Choi
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyun Jeong
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Il Jeong
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Han
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Liu X, Bie XM, Lin X, Li M, Wang H, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhang XS, Xiao J. Uncovering the transcriptional regulatory network involved in boosting wheat regeneration and transformation. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:908-925. [PMID: 37142750 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation is important for gene functional study and crop improvement. However, it is less effective in wheat. Here we employed a multi-omic analysis strategy to uncover the transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) responsible for wheat regeneration. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and CUT&Tag techniques were utilized to profile the transcriptional and chromatin dynamics during early regeneration from the scutellum of immature embryos in the wheat variety Fielder. Our results demonstrate that the sequential expression of genes mediating cell fate transition during regeneration is induced by auxin, in coordination with changes in chromatin accessibility, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 status. The built-up TRN driving wheat regeneration was found to be dominated by 446 key transcription factors (TFs). Further comparisons between wheat and Arabidopsis revealed distinct patterns of DNA binding with one finger (DOF) TFs in the two species. Experimental validations highlighted TaDOF5.6 (TraesCS6A02G274000) and TaDOF3.4 (TraesCS2B02G592600) as potential enhancers of transformation efficiency in different wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Min Bie
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xuelei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Menglu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiman Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS, Beijing, China.
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Purwestri YA, Lee YS, Meehan C, Mose W, Susanto FA, Wijayanti P, Fauzia AN, Nuringtyas TR, Hussain N, Putra HL, Gutierrez-Marcos J. RWP-RK Domain 3 (OsRKD3) induces somatic embryogenesis in black rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:202. [PMID: 37076789 PMCID: PMC10114336 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have the unique capability to form embryos from both gametes and somatic cells, with the latter process known as somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) can be induced by exposing plant tissues to exogenous growth regulators or by the ectopic activation of embryogenic transcription factors. Recent studies have revealed that a discrete group of RWP-RK DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN (RKD) transcription factors act as key regulators of germ cell differentiation and embryo development in land plants. The ectopic overexpression of reproductive RKDs is associated with increased cellular proliferation and the formation of somatic embryo-like structures that bypass the need for exogenous growth regulators. However, the precise molecular mechanisms implicated in the induction of somatic embryogenesis by RKD transcription factors remains unknown. RESULTS In silico analyses have identified a rice RWP-RK transcription factor, named Oryza sativa RKD3 (OsRKD3), which is closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana RKD4 (AtRKD4) and Marchantia polymorpha RKD (MpRKD) proteins. Our study demonstrates that the ectopic overexpression of OsRKD3, which is expressed preferentially in reproductive tissues, can trigger the formation of somatic embryos in an Indonesian black rice landrace (Cempo Ireng) that is normally resistant to somatic embryogenesis. By analyzing the transcriptome of induced tissue, we identified 5,991 genes that exhibit differential expression in response to OsRKD3 induction. Among these genes, 50% were up-regulated while the other half were down-regulated. Notably, approximately 37.5% of the up-regulated genes contained a sequence motif in their promoter region, which was also observed in RKD targets from Arabidopsis. Furthermore, OsRKD3 was shown to mediate the transcriptional activation of a discrete gene network, which includes several transcription factors such as APETALA 2-like (AP2-like)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF), MYB and CONSTANS-like (COL), and chromatin remodeling factors associated with hormone signal transduction, stress responses and post-embryonic pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that OsRKD3 modulates an extensive gene network and its activation is associated with the initiation of a somatic embryonic program that facilitates genetic transformation in black rice. These findings hold substantial promise for improving crop productivity and advancing agricultural practices in black rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekti Asih Purwestri
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281.
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281.
| | - Yang-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Cathal Meehan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Windi Mose
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Febri Adi Susanto
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Putri Wijayanti
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Anisa Nazera Fauzia
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Tri Rini Nuringtyas
- Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Utara, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl. Teknika Selatan, Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281
| | - Nosheen Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hadi Lanang Putra
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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Liu X, Zhu K, Xiao J. Recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic regulation of plant regeneration. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:31-46. [PMID: 37220541 PMCID: PMC10199984 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-022-00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the concept of "plant cell totipotency" was first proposed in the early twentieth century, plant regeneration has been a major focus of study. Regeneration-mediated organogenesis and genetic transformation are important topics in both basic research and modern agriculture. Recent studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and other species have expanded our understanding of the molecular regulation of plant regeneration. The hierarchy of transcriptional regulation driven by phytohormone signaling during regeneration is associated with changes in chromatin dynamics and DNA methylation. Here, we summarize how various aspects of epigenetic regulation, including histone modifications and variants, chromatin accessibility dynamics, DNA methylation, and microRNAs, modulate plant regeneration. As the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation are conserved in many plants, research in this field has potential applications in boosting crop breeding, especially if coupled with emerging single-cell omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Kehui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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Function, Mechanism, and Application of Plant Melatonin: An Update with a Focus on the Cereal Crop, Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040634. [PMID: 35453319 PMCID: PMC9028855 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a multiple-function molecule that was first identified in animals and later in plants. Plant melatonin regulates versatile processes involved in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root architecture, flowering time, leaf senescence, fruit ripening, and biomass production. Published reviews on plant melatonin have been focused on two model plants: (1) Arabidopsis and (2) rice, in which the natural melatonin contents are quite low. Efforts to integrate the function and the mechanism of plant melatonin and to determine how plant melatonin benefits human health are also lacking. Barley is a unique cereal crop used for food, feed, and malt. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis to identify the genes required for barley melatonin biosynthesis was first performed, after which the effects of exogenous melatonin on barley growth and development were reviewed. Three integrated mechanisms of melatonin on plant cells were found: (1) serving as an antioxidant, (2) modulating plant hormone crosstalk, and (3) signaling through a putative plant melatonin receptor. Reliable approaches for characterizing the function of barley melatonin biosynthetic genes and to modulate the melatonin contents in barley grains are discussed. The present paper should be helpful for the improvement of barley production under hostile environments and for the reduction of pesticide and fungicide usage in barley cultivation. This study is also beneficial for the enhancement of the nutritional values and healthcare functions of barley in the food industry.
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Li Y, Guo G, Xu H, He T, Zong Y, Zhang S, Faheem M, Lu R, Zhou L, Liu C. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals compatible and recalcitrant genotypic response of barley microspore-derived embryogenic callus toward Agrobacterium infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:579. [PMID: 34876002 PMCID: PMC8650547 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Agrobacterium mediated transformation has been routinely used in lots of plant species as a powerful tool to deliver genes of interest into a host plant. However, the transformation of elite and commercially valuable cultivar is still limited by the genotype-dependency, and the efficiency of Agrobacterium infection efficiency is crucial for the success of transformation. RESULTS In this study, the microspore-derived embryogenic calli (MDEC) of barley elite cultivars and breeding lines were employed as unique subjects to characterize the genotypic response during Agrobacterium infection process. Our results identified compatible barley genotypes (GanPi 6 and L07, assigned as GP6-L07 group) and one recalcitrant genotype (Hong 99, assigned as H99) for the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 infection using GUS assay. The accumulation trend of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was similar among genotypes across the time course. The results of RNA-seq depicted that the average expressional intensity of whole genomic genes was similar among barley genotypes during Agrobacterium infection. However, the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited significant expressional variation between GP6-L07 and H99 groups from 6 to 12 h post-inoculation (hpi). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed different regulation patterns for the predicted biological processes between the early (up-regulated DEGs overrepresented at 2 hpi) and late stages (down-regulated DEGs overrepresented from 6 to 24 hpi) of infection. KEGG analysis predicted 12 pathways during Agrobacterium infection. Among which one pathway related to pyruvate metabolism was enriched in GP6 and L07 at 6 hpi. Two pathways related to plant hormone signal transduction and DNA replication showed expressional variation between GP6-L07 and H99 at 24 hpi. It was further validated by qRT-PCR assay for seven candidate genes (Aldehyde dehydrogenase, SAUR, SAUR50, ARG7, Replication protein A, DNA helicase and DNA replication licensing factor) involved in the three pathways, which are all up-regulated in compatible while down-regulated in recalcitrant genotypes, suggesting the potential compatibility achieved at later stage for the growth of Agrobacterium infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated the similarity and difference between compatible and recalcitrant genotypes of barley MDEC upon Agrobacterium infection. Seven candidate genes involved in pyruvate metabolism, hormonal signal transduction and DNA replication were identified, which advocates the genotypic dependency during Agrobacterium infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Li
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei Guo
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting He
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Zong
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ruiju Lu
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China
| | - Longhua Zhou
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Biotech Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, China.
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