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Jiang H, Zhang M, Yu F, Li X, Jin J, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Jing T, Wan X, Schwab W, Song C. A geraniol synthase regulates plant defense via alternative splicing in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad184. [PMID: 37885816 PMCID: PMC10599320 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol is an important contributor to the pleasant floral scent of tea products and one of the most abundant aroma compounds in tea plants; however, its biosynthesis and physiological function in response to stress in tea plants remain unclear. The proteins encoded by the full-length terpene synthase (CsTPS1) and its alternative splicing isoform (CsTPS1-AS) could catalyze the formation of geraniol when GPP was used as a substrate in vitro, whereas the expression of CsTPS1-AS was only significantly induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Neopestalotiopsis sp. infection. Silencing of CsTPS1 and CsTPS1-AS resulted in a significant decrease of geraniol content in tea plants. The geraniol content and disease resistance of tea plants were compared when CsTPS1 and CsTPS1-AS were silenced. Down-regulation of the expression of CsTPS1-AS reduced the accumulation of geraniol, and the silenced tea plants exhibited greater susceptibility to pathogen infection than control plants. However, there was no significant difference observed in the geraniol content and pathogen resistance between CsTPS1-silenced plants and control plants in the tea plants infected with two pathogens. Further analysis showed that silencing of CsTPS1-AS led to a decrease in the expression of the defense-related genes PR1 and PR2 and SA pathway-related genes in tea plants, which increased the susceptibility of tea plants to pathogens infections. Both in vitro and in vivo results indicated that CsTPS1 is involved in the regulation of geraniol formation and plant defense via alternative splicing in tea plants. The results of this study provide new insights into geraniol biosynthesis and highlight the role of monoterpene synthases in modulating plant disease resistance via alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xuehui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Youjia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biolog and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, China
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Zhu C, Zhang S, Zhou C, Tian C, Shi B, Xu K, Huang L, Sun Y, Lin Y, Lai Z, Guo Y. RNA Methylome Reveals the m 6A-mediated Regulation of Flavor Metabolites in Tea Leaves under Solar-withering. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:769-787. [PMID: 36791953 PMCID: PMC10787128 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The epitranscriptomic mark N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is the predominant internal modification in RNA, is important for plant responses to diverse stresses. Multiple environmental stresses caused by the tea-withering process can greatly influence the accumulation of specialized metabolites and the formation of tea flavor. However, the effects of the m6A-mediated regulatory mechanism on flavor-related metabolic pathways in tea leaves remain relatively uncharacterized. We performed an integrated RNA methylome and transcriptome analysis to explore the m6A-mediated regulatory mechanism and its effects on flavonoid and terpenoid metabolism in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves under solar-withering conditions. Dynamic changes in global m6A level in tea leaves were mainly controlled by two m6A erasers (CsALKBH4A and CsALKBH4B) during solar-withering treatments. Differentially methylated peak-associated genes following solar-withering treatments with different shading rates were assigned to terpenoid biosynthesis and spliceosome pathways. Further analyses indicated that CsALKBH4-driven RNA demethylation can directly affect the accumulation of volatile terpenoids by mediating the stability and abundance of terpenoid biosynthesis-related transcripts and also indirectly influence the flavonoid, catechin, and theaflavin contents by triggering alternative splicing-mediated regulation. Our findings revealed a novel layer of epitranscriptomic gene regulation in tea flavor-related metabolic pathways and established a link between the m6A-mediated regulatory mechanism and the formation of tea flavor under solar-withering conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Caiyun Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Biying Shi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linjie Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Guo X, Wang T, Jiang L, Qi H, Zhang Z. PlaASDB: a comprehensive database of plant alternative splicing events in response to stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:225. [PMID: 37106367 PMCID: PMC10134664 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative splicing (AS) is a co-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of plants in response to environmental stress. However, the role of AS in biotic and abiotic stress responses remains largely unknown. To speed up our understanding of plant AS patterns under different stress responses, development of informative and comprehensive plant AS databases is highly demanded. DESCRIPTION In this study, we first collected 3,255 RNA-seq data under biotic and abiotic stresses from two important model plants (Arabidopsis and rice). Then, we conducted AS event detection and gene expression analysis, and established a user-friendly plant AS database termed PlaASDB. By using representative samples from this highly integrated database resource, we compared AS patterns between Arabidopsis and rice under abiotic and biotic stresses, and further investigated the corresponding difference between AS and gene expression. Specifically, we found that differentially spliced genes (DSGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) share very limited overlapping under all kinds of stresses, suggesting that gene expression regulation and AS seemed to play independent roles in response to stresses. Compared with gene expression, Arabidopsis and rice were more inclined to have conserved AS patterns under stress conditions. CONCLUSION PlaASDB is a comprehensive plant-specific AS database that mainly integrates the AS and gene expression data of Arabidopsis and rice in stress response. Through large-scale comparative analyses, the global landscape of AS events in Arabidopsis and rice was observed. We believe that PlaASDB could help researchers understand the regulatory mechanisms of AS in plants under stresses more conveniently. PlaASDB is freely accessible at http://zzdlab.com/PlaASDB/ASDB/index.html .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ziding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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An Y, Zhang X, Jiang S, Zhao J, Zhang F. TeaPVs: a comprehensive genomic variation database for tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:513. [PMID: 36324064 PMCID: PMC9632082 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome variation not only plays an important role in plant phenotypic modeling and adaptive evolution, but also enhances population genetic diversity and regulates gene expression. The tea tree (Camellia sinensis) has a large genome (~ 3.0 Gb), making the identification of genome-wide variants time-consuming and expensive. With the continuous publication of a large number of different types of population sequencing data, there is a lack of an open platform to integrate these data and identify variants in the tea plant genome.To integrate the genetic variation confidence in the tea plant population genome, 238 whole-genome resequencing, 213 transcriptome sequencing, and 96 hybrid F1 individuals with a total of more than 20 Tb were collected for mutation site identification. Based on these variations information, we constructed the first tea tree variation web service database TeaPVs ( http://47.106.184.91:8025/ and http://liushang.top:8025/ ). It supports users to search all SNP, Indel, SV mutations and SSR/Polymorphic SSR sequences by location or gene ID. Furthermore, the website also provides the functions of gene expression search of different transcriptome, sequence blast, sequence extraction of CDS and mutation loci, etc.The features of the TeaPVs database make it a comprehensive tea plant genetic variation bioinformatics platform for researchers, and will also be helpful for revealing new functional mutations in the tea plant genome and molecular marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin An
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, 564502, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, 564502, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixia Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, 564502, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, 564502, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Moutai Institute, Luban Street, Renhuai, 564502, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao S, Cheng H, Xu P, Wang Y. Regulation of biosynthesis of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10520-10535. [PMID: 35608014 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the process of adapting to the environment, tea plants (Camellia sinensis) endow tea with unique flavor and health functions, which should be attributed to secondary metabolites, including catechins, L-theanine, caffeine and terpene volatiles. Since the content of these flavor-contributing metabolites are mainly determined by the growth of tea plant, it is very important to understand their alteration and regulation mechanisms. In the present work, we first summarize the distribution, change characteristics of the main flavor-contributing metabolites in different cultivars, organs and under environmental stresses of tea plant. Subsequently, we discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites based on the existing evidence. Finally, we propose the remarks and perspectives on the future study relating flavor-contributing metabolites. This review would contribute to the acceleration of research on the characteristic secondary metabolites and the breeding programs in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhao
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Cheng
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lin S, Chen Z, Chen T, Deng W, Wan X, Zhang Z. Theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis L.): advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:327-341. [PMID: 35430936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Theanine, a tea plant-specific non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the most abundant free amino acid in tea leaves. It is also one of the most important quality components of tea because it endows the "umami" taste, relaxation-promoting, and many other health benefits of tea infusion. Its content in tea leaves is directly correlated with the quality and price of green tea. Theanine biosynthesis primarily occurs in roots and is transported to new shoots in tea plants. Recently, great advances have been made in theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants. Along with the deciphering of the genomic sequences of tea plants, new genes in theanine metabolic pathway were discovered and functionally characterized. Theanine transporters were identified and were characterized on the affinity for: theanine, substrate specificity, spatiotemporal expression, and the role in theanine root-to-shoot transport. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of theanine accumulation by: cultivars, seasons, nutrients, and environmental factors are also being rapidly uncovered. Transcription factors were identified to be critical regulators of theanine biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the progresses in theanine: biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport processes. We also discuss the future studies on theanine in tea plants, and application of the knowledge to crops to synthesize theanine to improve the health-promoting quality of non-tea crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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Chen JD, He WZ, Chen S, Chen QY, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Ma CL, Moon DG, Ercisli S, Yao MZ, Chen L. TeaGVD: A comprehensive database of genomic variations for uncovering the genetic architecture of metabolic traits in tea plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1056891. [PMID: 36518520 PMCID: PMC9742251 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1056891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Dan Chen
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Zhong He
- Tea Research Institute, Lishui Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Lishui, China
| | - Si Chen
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Yu Chen
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Qiang Jin
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Doo-Gyung Moon
- Research Institute of Climate Change and Agriculture, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Chen, ; Ming-Zhe Yao,
| | - Liang Chen
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Chen, ; Ming-Zhe Yao,
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