1
|
Liang Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Dai H, Wu W, Zheng Z, Lin F, Xu J, Huang Y, Sun W. Characterization of volatile compounds and identification of key aroma compounds in different aroma types of Rougui Wuyi rock tea. Food Chem 2024; 455:139931. [PMID: 38850976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the aroma profiles of different Rougui Wuyi rock tea (RGWRT) aroma types and identified the key aroma-active compounds producing these differences. The roasting process was found to have a considerable effect on the aroma profiles. Eleven aroma compounds, including linalool, β-ionone, geraniol, indole, and (E)-nerolidol, strongly affected the aroma profiles. An RGWRT aroma wheel was constructed. The rich RGWRT aroma was found to be dominated by floral, cinnamon-like, and roasty aromas. Human olfaction was correlated with volatile compounds to determine the aromatic characteristics of these compounds. Most key aroma-active compounds were found to have floral, sweet, and herbal aromas (as well as some other aroma descriptors). The differences in key compounds of different aroma types were found to result from the methylerythritol phosphate, mevalonic acid and shikimate metabolic pathways and the Maillard reaction. Linalool, geraniol, and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal were found to spontaneously bind to olfactory receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haomin Dai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fuming Lin
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362406, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Wuyi Star Tea Industrial Company Limited, Wuyishan 354301, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Quanzhou 362406, China.
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tian J, Chen Z, Jiang C, Li S, Yun X, He C, Wang D. Chromosome-scale genome assembly of Docynia delavayi provides new insights into the α-farnesene biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134820. [PMID: 39154695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Docynia delavayi is an economically significant fruit species with a high market potential due to the special aroma of its fruit. Here, a 653.34 Mb high-quality genome of D. delavayi was first reported, of which 93.8 % of the sequences (612.98 Mb) could be anchored to 17 chromosomes, containing 48,325 protein-coding genes. Ks analysis proved that two whole genome duplication (WGD) events occurred in D. delavayi, resulting in the expansion of genes associated with terpene biosynthesis, which promoted its fruit-specific aroma production. Combined multi-omics analysis, α-farnesene was detected as the most abundant aroma substance emitted by D. delavayi fruit during storage, meanwhile one α-farnesene synthase gene (AFS) and 15 transcription factors (TFs) were identified as the candidate genes potentially involved in α-farnesene biosynthesis. Further studies for the regulation network of α-farnesene biosynthesis revealed that DdebHLH, DdeERF1 and DdeMYB could activate the transcription of DdeAFS. To our knowledge, it is the first report that MYB TF plays a regulatory role in α-farnesene biosynthesis, which will greatly facilitate future breeding programs for D. delavayi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Tian
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Can Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinhua Yun
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Chengzhong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement and Propagation in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Liu Z, Gao Y, Wang K, Sun S, Guo H, Tian W, Wang L, Li Z, Li L, Feng J, Wang D. Analysis of Aroma Characteristics of 'Binzi' and 'Xiangguo' Apple-Ancient Cultivars in China. Foods 2024; 13:2869. [PMID: 39335800 PMCID: PMC11431139 DOI: 10.3390/foods13182869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
'Binzi' (BZ) (Malus domestica subsp. chinensis var. binzi Li Y.N.) and 'Xiangguo' (XG) (Malus domestica subsp. chinensis var. xiangguo Li Y.N.) are the ancient cultivars in China. The BZ fruits have a low-fragrant flavor on harvest day but a high-fragrant flavor after storage at room temperature, while the XG fruits have a stronger flavor when mature. 'Starking' (SK) and 'Golden Delicious' (GD) fruits have a rich flavor and are recognized by all countries in the world. However, information on the differences between ancient Chinese cultivars and Western apple cultivars in aroma compounds remains unknown. The apple fruits were collected for continuous two years. Aroma compounds in the skin and pulp of the fruits were detected at room temperature (20 ± 1 °C) during storage. The dynamics of VOCs in BZ and SK fruits were more similarly reflected in esters, while those of XG and GD fruits were reflected in aldehydes and alcohols. Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, with an extremely low odor threshold, was the main source of typical apple flavor in SK, BZ, and XG fruits, while hexyl acetate was the source of the banana flavor in GD fruits. 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and β-damascenone were the important ketones produced in the later stage of storage, derived from the carotenoid metabolism pathway and providing a citrus and rose flavor to the four apple cultivars. SK had the highest number of characteristic aroma components, which were mainly derived from the amino acid metabolism pathway, providing fruits with a sweet and fruity flavor. Although the characteristic aroma components of GD were derived from the fatty acid metabolic pathway, the number of volatile esters was lower. Ethyl butyrate, derived from the saturated fatty acid metabolism, had the highest content in BZ, providing a pineapple flavor; the flavor of XG was mainly derived from ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and β-damascenone. Therefore, we suggest BZ and XG apples as the aroma-breeding material with which to enrich new cultivars' aroma components, derived from the fatty acid metabolism and carotenoid metabolism pathways, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.T.)
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhao Liu
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.T.)
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Simiao Sun
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Hanxin Guo
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Wen Tian
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.T.)
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Zichen Li
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianwen Li
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianrong Feng
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (X.L.); (Z.L.); (W.T.)
| | - Dajiang Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, China; (Y.G.); (K.W.); (S.S.); (H.G.); (L.W.); (Z.L.); (L.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li D, Yang J, Dai Z, Chen Y, Shao Z, Wang C, Jin X, Wang Y, Feng L. Prohexadione-calcium improves grape quality by regulating endogenous hormones, sugar and acid metabolism and related enzyme activities in grape berries. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:122. [PMID: 38373883 PMCID: PMC10875774 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Prohexadione-Calcium (Pro-Ca) plays key roles in improving fruit quality and yield by regulating various aspects of plant growth. However, the effects of how Pro-Ca regulates the regulation of sugar and acid balance and its impact on the production of volatile aroma substances during fruit growth and development are poorly understood. In this study, the Pro-Ca solutions developed at concentrations of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg·L-1 were sprayed on the entire "Chardonnay" grape tree 22, 42, 62 and 82 days after initial flowering. The values of endogenous hormones, sugar and acid content, enzyme activities and flavor content were then measured in grapes 45, 65, 85 and 105 days (ripeness stage) after the initial flowering. The results showed that Pro-Ca had significant effects on fruits during development, including reducing ABA content, increasing ZT, GA3 and IAA levels, promoting fruit ripening and enhancing enzymes, which are involved in sugar and acid synthesis. Consequently, these effects led to an increase in sugar and acid content in the berries. Particularly during the ripening phase, the application of 600 mg L-1 Pro-Ca resulted in an increase in soluble sugar content of 11.28% and a significant increase in citric acid and malic acid content of 97.80% and 68.86%, respectively. Additionally, Pro-Ca treatment enhanced both the variety and quantity of aroma compounds present in the berries, with the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment showcasing the most favorable impact on volatile aroma compounds in 'Chardonnay' grapes. The levels of aldehydes, esters, alcohols, phenols, acids, ketones, and terpenes were significantly higher under the 600 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca treatment compared to those of control with 51.46 - 423.85% increase. In conclusion, Pro-Ca can regulate the content of endogenous hormones and the activities of enzymes related to sugar and acid metabolism in fruit, thereby increasing the content of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruit and the diversity and concentration of fruit aroma substances. Among them, foliar spraying 600 mg · L-1 Pro-Ca has the best effect. In the future, we need to further understand the molecular mechanism of Pro-Ca in grape fruit to lay a solid foundation for quality improvement breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dou Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiangshan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Zibo Dai
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yajuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhang Shao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Chunheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Lidan Feng
- Research and Development Center of Wine Industry in Gansu Province, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo K, Zhao J, Fang S, Zhang Q, Nie L, Zhao W. The effects of different rootstocks on aroma components, activities and genes expression of aroma-related enzymes in oriental melon fruit. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16704. [PMID: 38192601 PMCID: PMC10773451 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Grafting is widely applied in the cultivation of melon. In this study, 'Qinmi No.1' (Cucumis melo L.(QG)) and 'Ribenxuesong' (Cucurbita maxima Duch. (RG)) were used as rootstocks for 'Qingxin Yangjiaocui' (Cucumis melo L.). The results showed that grafting with muskmelon rootstocks had no significant effect on fruit aroma, but grafting with pumpkin rootstocks significantly reduced the odor intensity and odor preference scores of melon fruits. Compared with the fruits from self-grafted plants (SG), four new aromatic volatiles with a sweet smell were detected, the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity was significantly decreased at 30 DAP, but unaffected at 42 DAP in QG fruits. There was no difference for alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) activity between QG and SG fruits. The expression level of CmADH2 was significantly higher at 30 DAP and 42 DAP, but CmAAT2 was significantly lower at 42 DAP in QG fruits compared with SG fruits. In RG fruits, the main aroma compounds including butanoic acid ethyl ester, 2-methyl-2-butene-1-al, and 2-methylheptan-1-al were absent, while the volatile compounds with unpleasant odor characteristics including trans, cis-2,6-nonadien-1-ol, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, octanoic acid, and styrene were detected. Compared with SG fruits, 1-nonanol and 1-heptanol with green odor characteristics were significantly increased, but eucalyptol and farnesene with fruity aroma characteristics were significantly decreased in RG fruits. The ADH activity of RG fruits was significantly lower than that of SG fruits at 30 DAP and the AAT activity was significantly lower than that of SG fruits at 42 DAP. In addition, the expression levels of CmADH and CmAAT homologs in RG fruits were significantly lower than those in SG or QG fruits. These results show that grafting with pumpkin rootstocks affected the main aroma components, reduced ADH and AAT activities, and down-regulated the expression levels of CmADHs and CmAATs in the melon fruits. This study reveals the mechanism of different rootstocks on melon fruit aroma quality, and lays a theoretical foundation for the selection of rootstocks in melon production. Future studies using overexpression or CRISPR/CAS system to obtain stable transgenic lines of genes encoding key aromatic volatiles, would be promising to effectively improve the flavor quality of melon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kedong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| | - Jiateng Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| | - Siyu Fang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| | - Lanchun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetative Industry of Hebei Province, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, BaoDing, Hebei, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetative Industry of Hebei Province, BaoDing, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Villavicencio JD, Tobar J, Zoffoli JP, O'Brien JA, Contreras C. Identification, characterization, and expression of lipoxygenase genes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. Regina and their relationship with the development of an herbaceous off-flavor during fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108271. [PMID: 38141402 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Flavor is an essential characteristic of fruit quality and is significant for consumers. Off-flavors have been reported in several fruits, including sweet cherry. This fruit has been reported to show an herbaceous/grassy-like flavor. The herbaceous off-flavor in sweet cherries detected in cultivar Regina has been related to the differential development of aroma compounds such as short-chain aldehydes and esters. One of the main biosynthesis pathways for these compounds is the fatty acid oxidation mediated by lipoxygenases (LOX). In order to have a better understanding of the biological basis of the differences in the volatile profile, the LOX gene expression profile was characterized during fruit development with and without herbaceous off-flavor. A genome-wide analysis of LOX in sweet cherry was carried out and compared to other species such as Arabidopsis, tomato, apple, prunus and strawberry. The structural features of 9-LOX and 13-LOX genes, encoded protein domains and their synteny were examined. Moreover, we analyzed the LOX expression at four developmental stages along ripening by RT-qPCR. Thirteen LOX gene candidates (six 9-LOX and seven 13-LOX) were identified. The 13-LOXs, PaLOX10, PaLOX11, and PaLOX12 were differentially expressed in herbaceous sweet cherries. Furthermore, their expression profile positively correlated with key volatile compounds linked to the herbaceous off-flavor. Overall, this study involves the genome-wide characterization of the LOX family in Prunus avium cv. Regina and provides information that can aid in studying LOX-related fruit deterioration in sweet cherries and associated species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Villavicencio
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820244, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Jose Tobar
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Zoffoli
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820244, Chile
| | - José Antonio O'Brien
- Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820244, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile.
| | - Carolina Contreras
- Instituto de Producción y Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Alimentarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|