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Mksyartinian P, Mohammad N, Wildgoose P, Stein BD. Understanding Colorectal Cancer Patient Experiences with Family Practitioners in Canada. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:3122-3148. [PMID: 38920721 PMCID: PMC11202889 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31060237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite ongoing screening efforts, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of death in Canada. The aim of this study was to better understand the experiences of Canadian CRC patients with their family practitioners (FPs) during and after their CRC diagnosis. Patient-reported data were collected through an online questionnaire to understand their CRC diagnosis experiences and identify potential gaps in care. Various factors contributing to challenges throughout a patient's CRC diagnosis (e.g., delayed CRC diagnosis) were determined using descriptive, qualitative, and inferential analyses. These factors could be targeted to optimize CRC care. This study found that 40.6% of the 175 respondents were unaware of at least one of the following aspects of CRC prior to their diagnosis: early-age onset (EAO), symptoms, and screening procedures. While 84.6% had access to a family physician (FP) before their diagnosis, only 17.7% were diagnosed by FPs. Higher proportions of younger individuals experienced misdiagnoses and felt dismissed compared to older individuals. Only half felt fully informed about their diagnosis when it was explained to them by their FP, while 53.1% had their diagnosis explained in plain language. Transitioning towards patient-centred care would promote pre-diagnosis CRC awareness, address differences in management of CRC care (e.g., dismissal and support), and accommodate for age and health-literacy-related disparities, thereby improving CRC care pathways for patients. Future research should investigate FPs experiences in detecting CRC cases to develop educational resources and recommendations, enhancing early detection and improving patient outcomes (1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Mohammad
- Colorectal Cancer Canada, Westmount, QC H3Z 2P9, Canada; (P.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Petra Wildgoose
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Barry D. Stein
- Colorectal Cancer Canada, Westmount, QC H3Z 2P9, Canada; (P.M.); (N.M.)
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Ellakwa DES, Mushtaq N, Khan S, Jabbar A, Abdelmalek MA, Wadan AHS, Ellakwa TE, Raza A. Molecular functions of microRNAs in colorectal cancer: recent roles in proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and chemoresistance. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03076-w. [PMID: 38619588 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
MiRNAs (microRNAs) constitute a group of diminutive molecules of non-coding RNA intricately involved in regulating gene expression. This regulation is primarily accomplished through the binding of miRNAs to complementary sequences situated in the 3'-UTR of the messenger RNA (mRNA) target; as a result, they are degraded or repressed. The multifaceted biogenesis of miRNAs is characterized by a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events encompassing transcription, processing, transportation, and decay. Colorectal cancer stands as a pervasive and formidable ailment, afflicting millions across the globe. Colorectal cancer is not well diagnosed early, and metastasis rates are high, which results in low survival rates in advanced stages. The genesis and progression of colorectal cancer are subject to the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors, among which miRNAs play a pivotal role. When it comes to colorectal cancer, miRNAs have a dual character, depending on the genes they target, functioning as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes and the prevailing cellular milieu. Their impact extends to modulating critical facets of colorectal cancer pathogenesis, including proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and radiotherapy response. The discernible potential of miRNAs which are used as biomarkers to diagnose colorectal cancer, prognosis, and treatment response has come to the forefront. Notably, miRNAs are easily found and detected readily in a variety of biological fluids, including saliva, blood, urine, and feces. This prominence is attributed to the inherent advantages of miRNAs over conventional biomarkers, including heightened stability, specificity, sensitivity, and accessibility. Various investigations have pinpointed miRNA signatures or panels capable of differentiating colorectal cancer patients from their healthy counterparts, predicting colorectal cancer stage and survival, and monitoring colorectal cancer recurrence and therapy response. Although there has been research on miRNAs in various diseases, there has been less research on miRNAs in cancer. Moreover, updated results of preclinical and clinical studies on miRNA biomarkers and drugs are required. Nevertheless, the integration of miRNAs as biomarkers for colorectal cancer is not devoid of challenges and limitations. These encompass the heterogeneity prevalent among colorectal cancer subtypes and stages, the variability in miRNA expression across different tissues and individuals, the absence of standardized methodologies for miRNA detection and quantification, and the imperative for validation through extensive clinical trials. Consequently, further research is imperative to conclusively establish the clinical utility and reliability of miRNAs as colorectal cancer biomarkers. MiR-21 demonstrates carcinogenic characteristics by targeting several tumor suppressor genes, which encourages cell division, invasion, and metastasis. On the other hand, by controlling the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, the tumor suppressor miRNA miR-34a prevents CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, in colorectal cancer, the miR-200 family increases chemotherapy sensitivity while suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As an oncogene, the miR-17-92 cluster targets elements of the TGF-β signaling pathway to encourage the growth of CRC cells. Finally, miR-143/145, which is downregulated in CRC, influences apoptosis and the progression of the cell cycle. These miRNAs affect pathways like Wnt, TGF-β, PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and EMT, making them potential clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review summarizes recent research related to miRNAs, their role in tumor progression and metastasis, and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. In addition, we combined miRNAs' roles in tumorigenesis and development with the therapy of CRC patients, leading to novel perspectives on colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha El-Sayed Ellakwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantra Branch, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Nadia Mushtaq
- Department of Life Sciences, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sahrish Khan
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Takwa E Ellakwa
- Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Kayal G, Kerrison R, Hirst Y, von Wagner C. Patients' experience of using colonoscopy as a diagnostic test after a positive FOBT/FIT: a systematic review of the quantitative literature. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071391. [PMID: 37734900 PMCID: PMC10514644 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Faecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) are among the most used screening modalities for colorectal cancer (CRC). Colonoscopy is also widely used as a screening and diagnostic test for adults with a positive FOBT/FIT. Patient experience of colonoscopy is an important component for most CRC screening programmes. Individuals with negative experiences are less likely to engage with colonoscopy in the future and can deter others from attending colonoscopy when invited. This review synthesised data on patient experience with colonoscopy, following a positive result, to provide insights into how to improve patient experience within the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched for quantitative questionnaire studies evaluating patient-reported experience with colonoscopy, following a positive screening FOB/FIT result. The search was limited to studies published between 2000 and 2021 (ie, when the first FOBT/FIT screening programmes for CRC were introduced). Data-driven and narrative summary techniques were used to summarise the literature. RESULTS In total, six studies from the UK (n=4), Spain (n=1) and the Netherlands (n=1) were included in the review (total participants: 152 329; response rate: 68.0-79.3%). Patient experiences were categorised into three 'stages': 'pre-colonoscopy', 'during the test' and 'post-colonoscopy'. Overall, patients reported a positive experience in all six studies. Bowel preparation was the most frequently endorsed issue experienced pre-test (experienced by 10.0-41.0% of individuals, across all studies), pain and discomfort for during the test (experienced by 10.0-21.0% of participants) and abdominal pain and discomfort after the test (these were experienced by 14.8-22% of patients). CONCLUSION This review highlighted that patient-reported experiences associated with colonoscopy were generally positive. To improve the colonoscopy experience, bowel screening centres should investigate means to: make bowel preparation more acceptable, make colonoscopy less painful and reduce post-colonoscopy symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Kayal
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Kerrison
- School of Health Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Yasemin Hirst
- Health Technology Assessment, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Jain S, Galoosian A, Wilhalme H, Meshkat S, May FP. Individuals With a Family History of Colorectal Cancer Warrant Tailored Interventions to Address Patient-Reported Barriers to Screening. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2023; 14:e00583. [PMID: 36940400 PMCID: PMC10208709 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Population health interventions to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates often exclude individuals with a family history of CRC, and interventions to increase screening in this high-risk group are rare. We aimed to determine the screening rate and barriers and facilitators to screening in this population to inform interventions to increase screening participation. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey of patients excluded from mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) outreach because of a family history of CRC in a large health system. We used χ 2 , Fisher exact, and Student t tests to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of patients overdue and not overdue for screening. We then administered a survey (mailed and telephone) to overdue patients to assess barriers and facilitators to screening. RESULTS There were 296 patients excluded from mailed FIT outreach, and 233 patients had a confirmed family history of CRC. Screening participation was low (21.9%), and there were no significant demographic or clinical differences between those overdue and not overdue for screening. There were 79 survey participants. Major patient-reported barriers to screening colonoscopy were patient forgetfulness (35.9%), fear of pain during colonoscopy (17.7%), and hesitancy about bowel preparation (29.4%). To facilitate screening colonoscopy, patients recommended reminders (56.3%), education about familial risk (50%), and colonoscopy education (35.9%). DISCUSSION Patients with a family history of CRC who are excluded from mailed FIT outreach have low screening rates and report multiple mutable barriers to screening. They warrant targeted efforts to increase screening participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailavi Jain
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Artin Galoosian
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Holly Wilhalme
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sarah Meshkat
- Office of Population Health & Accountable Care, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Folasade P. May
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Patients' Expectations and Preferences for the Organizational Conditions of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme in Poland: A Qualitative Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030371. [PMID: 36766948 PMCID: PMC9914256 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a serious health problem in Poland as well as many European Union countries. The study aimed to describe factors that, from the patient's perspective, could increase the attendance rate and regularity of participation in the colorectal cancer screening programme (SP); (2) Methods: The qualitative approach was applied. The study involved six focus interviews conducted with 24 respondents (12 women and 12 men) aged 40-49, who had at least one first-degree family member diagnosed with CRC and persons aged 50-65, living in five selected voivodships (provinces) of Poland. The collected data were thematically coded. Further, a comparative analysis was conducted, and aggregated statements were formulated; (3) Results: The inclusion of primary care clinics within the CRC SP organization was reported as a key factor in improving the attendance rate and regularity of patient participation in the programme. Particularly important factors included an invitation in the form of a personal letter or a phone call made by staff from primary care clinics; (4) Conclusions: Patients were confirmed to have clear expectations and preferences for the organizational conditions of the CRC SP. Preferences nature allows them to be treated as one of the potential criteria for selecting critical parameters of CRC SPs.
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Jain S, Maque J, Galoosian A, Osuna-Garcia A, May FP. Optimal Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:474-493. [PMID: 35316477 PMCID: PMC8989803 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) imposes significant morbidity and mortality, yet it is also largely preventable with evidence-based screening strategies. In May 2021, the US Preventive Services Task Force updated guidance, recommending screening begin at age 45 for average-risk individuals to reduce CRC incidence and mortality in the United States (US). The Task Force recommends screening with one of several screening strategies: high-sensitivity guaiac fecal occult blood test (HSgFOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), multi-target stool DNA (mt-sDNA) test, computed tomographic (CT) colonography (virtual colonoscopy), flexible sigmoidoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy with FIT, or traditional colonoscopy. In addition to these recommended options, there are several emerging and novel CRC screening modalities that are not yet approved for first-line screening in average-risk individuals. These include blood-based screening or “liquid biopsy,” colon capsule endoscopy, urinary metabolomics, and stool-based microbiome testing for the detection of colorectal polyps and/or CRC. In order to maximize CRC screening uptake in the US, patients and providers should engage in informed decision-making about the benefits and limitations of recommended screening options to determine the most appropriate screening test. Factors to consider include the invasiveness of the test, test performance, screening interval, accessibility, and cost. In addition, health systems should have a programmatic approach to CRC screening, which may include evidence-based strategies such as patient education, provider education, mailed screening outreach, and/or patient navigation, to maximize screening participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailavi Jain
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jetrina Maque
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Artin Galoosian
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 S. Charles E Young Drive, Center for Health Sciences, Suite A2-125, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA
| | - Antonia Osuna-Garcia
- Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences, 12-077, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1798, USA
| | - Folasade P May
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, 757 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 650 S. Charles E Young Drive, Center for Health Sciences, Suite A2-125, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA. .,Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 650 S. Charles E Young Drive, Center for Health Sciences, Suite A2-125, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-6900, USA.
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Xi Y, Xu P. Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101174. [PMID: 34243011 PMCID: PMC8273208 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 286.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC) induces estimated 1.9 million incidence cases and 0.9 million deaths worldwide in 2020. The incidence of CRC is higher in highly developed countries, and it is increasing in middle- and low-income countries due to westernization. Moreover, a rising incidence of early-onset CRC is also emerging. The large number of CRC cases poses a growing global public health challenge. Raising awareness of CRC is important to promote healthy lifestyle choices, novel strategies for CRC management, and implementation of global screening programs, which are critical to reducing CRC morbidity and mortality in the future. CRC is a heterogeneous disease, and its subtype affiliation influences prognosis and therapeutic response. An accurate CRC subtype classification system is of great significance for basic research and clinical outcome. Here, we present the global epidemiology of CRC in 2020 and projections for 2040, review the major CRC subtypes to better understand CRC molecular basis, and summarize current risk factors, prevention, and screening strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Brown L, Moretti C, Roeger L, Reed R. Patients' views on involving general practice in bowel cancer screening: a South Australian focus group study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035244. [PMID: 32430451 PMCID: PMC7239547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore patients' experiences of bowel cancer screening and its promotion, and perspectives on possible input from general practice for improving screening rates. DESIGN Qualitative focus group study underpinned by a phenomenological approach. SETTING Three general practice clinics in metropolitan South Australia. PARTICIPANTS Thirty active general practice patients, aged 50-74 years (60% female) who were eligible for the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program. FINDINGS Factors affecting screening were described, with particular concerns regarding the nature of the test, screening process and culture. There were mixed views on the role for general practice in bowel cancer screening; some participants appreciated the current process and viewed screening as out of scope of primary care services, while others were in support of general practice involvement. Roles for general practice were proposed that comprised actions across the continuum from providing information through to reminders and the provision and collection of screening kits. With a view that multifaceted strategies are required to encourage participation, community-based solutions were suggested that centred on improving screening culture and education. CONCLUSIONS There was a view among participants that general practice could play a useful role in supporting the uptake of the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program, however participants saw a need for multiple strategies at different levels and under different jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Brown
- General Practice, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cecilia Moretti
- General Practice, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh Roeger
- General Practice, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Reed
- General Practice, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Mohd Suan MA, Tan WL, Ismail I, Abu Hassan MR. Perceived Deterrence Towards Colonoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening among Northern Malaysia Population: A Qualitative Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1253-1258. [PMID: 32458630 PMCID: PMC7541869 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with positive immunochemical faecal occult blood test results were found to have poor compliance for a subsequent colonoscopy procedure. This study was conducted to explore patients' perceived deterrence for colonoscopy following a positive stool test. METHODS Using qualitative study method, a phone interview was conducted with 16 patients to elicit their views on the reasons for failure to attend the colonoscopy procedure following a positive stool test. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated before proceeded with the data analysis. Content analysis was made on the translated interview, followed by systematic classification of data by major themes. RESULTS Reasons for nonattendance were categorized under five main themes; unnecessary test, fear of the procedure, logistic obstacles (subthemes; time constraint, transportation problem), social influences, and having other health priority. Lacking in information about the procedure during the referral process was identified to cause misperception and unnecessary worry towards colonoscopy. Fear of the procedure was commonly cited by female respondents while logistic issues pertaining to time constraint were raised by working respondents. CONCLUSIONS More effective communication between patients and health care providers are warranted to avoid misconception regarding colonoscopy procedure. Support from primary care doctors, customer-friendly appointment system, use of educational aids and better involvement from family members were among the strategies to increase colonoscopy compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azri Mohd Suan
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Wei Leong Tan
- Kedah State Health Department, Alor etar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Ibtisam Ismail
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia.,3Medical Department, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
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