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Wan P, Yang G, Cheng Q, Zhang X, Yue Z, Li M, Liu C, Yi Q, Jia Y, Liu J, Xing X, Sun B, Li Y. The role of inflammasome in chronic viral hepatitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1382029. [PMID: 38817443 PMCID: PMC11137247 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1382029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections of hepatotropic viruses cause a wide array of liver diseases including acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and the consequently developed cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Among the five classical hepatotropic viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) usually infect human persistently and cause chronic hepatitis, leading to major troubles to humanity. Previous studies have revealed that several types of inflammasomes are involved in the infections of HBV and HCV. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about their roles in hepatitis B and C. NLRP3 inflammasome can be activated and regulated by HBV and HCV. It is found to exert antiviral function or mediates inflammatory response in viral infections depending on different experimental models. Besides NLRP3 inflammasome, IFI16 and AIM2 inflammasomes participate in the pathological process of hepatitis B, and NALP3 inflammasome may sense HCV infection in hepatocytes. The inflammasomes affect the pathological process of viral hepatitis through its downstream secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 or induction of pyroptosis resulting from cleaved gasdermin D (GSDMD). However, the roles of inflammasomes in different stages of viral infection remains mainly unclear. More proper experimental models of viral hepatitis should be developed for specific studies in future, so that we can understand more about the complexity of inflammasome regulation and multifunction of inflammasomes and their downstream effectors during HBV and HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yue
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moran Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaling Jia
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Sino-German Biomedical Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiwen Xing
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Chang X, Wang B, Zhao Y, Deng B, Liu P, Wang Y. The role of IFI16 in regulating PANoptosis and implication in heart diseases. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:204. [PMID: 38693141 PMCID: PMC11063201 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon Gamma Inducible Protein 16 (IFI16) belongs to the HIN-200 protein family and is pivotal in immunological responses. Serving as a DNA sensor, IFI16 identifies viral and aberrant DNA, triggering immune and inflammatory responses. It is implicated in diverse cellular death mechanisms, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Notably, these processes are integral to the emergent concept of PANoptosis, which encompasses cellular demise and inflammatory pathways. Current research implies a significant regulatory role for IFI16 in PANoptosis, particularly regarding cardiac pathologies. This review delves into the complex interplay between IFI16 and PANoptosis in heart diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. It synthesizes evidence of IFI16's impact on PANoptosis, with the intention of providing novel insights for therapeutic strategies targeting heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Emergency, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wan-Ping Road, Shanghai, China.
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Sirt1 Negatively Regulates Cellular Antiviral Responses by Preventing the Cytoplasmic Translocation of Interferon-Inducible Protein 16 in Human Cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0197522. [PMID: 36749073 PMCID: PMC9973000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01975-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) plays a critical role in antiviral innate immune responses against DNA viruses. Although the acetylation of IFI16 is crucial to its cytoplasmic translocation and downstream signal transduction, the regulation of IFI16 acetylation remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that the NAD-dependent deacetylase silent information regulatory 1 (Sirtuin1, Sirt1) interacted with IFI16 and decreased the acetylation of IFI16, resulting in the inhibition of IFI16 cytoplasmic localization and antiviral responses against DNA virus and viral DNA in human cells. Meantime, Sirt1 could not inhibit RNA virus-triggered signal transduction. Interestingly, even p204, the murine ortholog of human IFI16, barely interacted with Sirt1. Thus, Sirt1 could not negatively regulate the acetylation of p204 and subsequent signal transduction upon herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in mouse cells. Taken together, our research work showed a new mechanism by which Sirt1 manipulated IFI16-mediated host defense. Our study also demonstrated a difference in the regulation of antiviral host defense between humans and mice, which might be considered in preclinical studies for antiviral treatment. IMPORTANCE DNA viruses, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), can cause a wide range of diseases and are considered a global threat to human health. Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) binds virus DNA and triggers antiviral innate immune responses to restrict viral infection. In this study, we identified that silent information regulatory 1 (Sirtuin1, Sirt1) interacted with IFI16 and regulated IFI16-mediated innate host defense. Therefore, the activator or inhibitor of Sirt1 may have the potential to be used as a novel strategy to treat DNA virus-associated diseases. We also found that Sirt1 barely interacted with p204, the murine ortholog of human IFI16, and could not negatively regulate innate immune responses upon HSV-1 infection in mouse cells. This difference between humans and mice in the regulation of antiviral host defense might be considered in preclinical studies for antiviral treatment.
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Interferon-Induced Protein 6-16 (IFI6-16) from Litopenaeus vannamei Regulate Antiviral Immunity via Apoptosis-Related Genes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051062. [PMID: 35632802 PMCID: PMC9144789 DOI: 10.3390/v14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of evidence shows that some invertebrates possess an antiviral immunity parallel to the interferon (IFN) system of higher vertebrates. For example, the IRF (interferon regulatory factor)–Vago–JAK/STAT regulatory axis in an arthropod, shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (whiteleg shrimp) is functionally similar to the IRF–IFN–JAK/STAT axis of mammals. IFNs perform their cellular immunity by regulating the expression of target genes collectively referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, the function of invertebrate ISGs in immune responses is almost completely unclear. In this study, a potential ISG gene homologous to the interferon-induced protein 6-16 (IFI6-16) was cloned and identified from L. vannamei, designated as LvIFI6-16. LvIFI6-16 contained a putative signal peptide in the N-terminal, and a classic IFI6-16-superfamily domain in the C-terminal that showed high conservation to other homologs in various species. The mRNA levels of LvIFI6-16 were significantly upregulated after the stimulation of poly (I:C) and challenges of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Moreover, silencing of LvIFI6-16 caused a higher mortality rate and heightened virus loads, suggesting that LvIFI6-16 could play a crucial role in defense against WSSV. Interestingly, we found that the transcription levels of several caspases were regulated by LvIFI6-16; meanwhile, the transcription level of LvIFI6-16 self was regulated by the JAK/STAT cascade, suggesting there could be a JAK/STAT–IFI6-16–caspase regulatory axis in shrimp. Taken together, we identified a crustacean IFI6-16 gene (LvIFI6-16) for the first time, and provided evidence that the IFI6-16 participated in antiviral immunity in shrimp.
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Liu L, Xie S, Li C, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Li Q, Du W. IFI16 induces inflammation in hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis by regulating the Caspase-1/ IL-1 ß pathway. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:39. [PMID: 35459254 PMCID: PMC9034479 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and background IFI16 plays an important role in innate immunity against invasive microbial infection by sensing double-stranded DNA viruses due to caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activation and subsequent maturation and secretion of IL-1β. However, the role of IFI16 in regulating the immune response to viruses in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN), especially in sensing hepatitis B virus (HBV), has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory role of IFI16 in HBV-GN. Methods A total 75 kidney tissue including 50 HBV-GN and 25 chronic glomerulonephritis (CCN) were collected to determine the expression of IFI16, Caspase-1 and IL-1β using immunohistochemistry (IHC), then the correlation between them was analyzed. In vitro, the primary human glomerular mesangial (HGM) cells and HEK-293 T cell lines were used in this study. The cell lines were both co-transfected with HBVDNA and overexpression or silencing IFI16. Quantitative Real-time PCR and western blotting were used to determine the expression of IFI16, Caspase-1 and IL-1β. Results IFI16 expression in HBV-GN biopsies (80.0%) was significantly higher than in CGN (24.0%) and positively correlated with HBVDNA,caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in HBV-GN. Meanwhile, over expression of IFI16 increased caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in HBV-infected HGM and HEK-293 T cell lines, knockdown of IFI16 mRNA by siRNA resulted in downregulation of the caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in both cell lines. Conclusions The elevation of IFI16 during HBV infection or replication may contribute to renal damage due to inflammation, thus providing a putative therapeutic target and a new avenue for researching the pathogenesis of HBV-GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xie
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Liver Diseases, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China.
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Candidate Genes of Allergic Dermatitis Are Associated with Immune Response. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:8745722. [PMID: 35028126 PMCID: PMC8752225 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8745722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Allergic dermatitis (AD) is a common and burdensome inflammatory skin disease, and diagnosis is challenging. This study was conducted to identify candidate genes for AD diagnosis and underlying molecular mechanisms. Gene expression profiles were obtained from datasets GSE121212, GSE130588, and GSE157194. Use differential analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between AD and control. Use enrichment analysis to identify potential molecular dysregulation mechanisms. Comprehensive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, and logistic regression analysis are used to identify candidate genes. In addition, ssGSEA and ImmPort database were used to identify AD-related immune response abnormalities. In this study, a total of 60 common genes were identified. Enrichment analysis found that these genes are mainly involved in Th17 cell immune and complement and coagulation cascades. LASSO regression analysis identified 18 feature genes, and screened genes with AUC >0.75 were selected as candidate genes. Finally, PLA2G4D, IFI6, AGR3, IGFL1, SPRR3, ATP13A5, SERPINB13, KRT16, HAS3, and CH25H were recognized as candidate genes and may be able to diagnose AD. PLA2G4D, CH25H, and IFI6 may be risk factors for AD based on logistic analysis. Furthermore, we identified the abnormalities of immune response activation in AD patients. Interestingly, PLA2G4D, CH25H, and IFI6 had positive correlations with immune cells and signaling pathways. PLA2G4D, CH25H, and IFI6 may be candidate diagnostic genes for AD. This may be related to their promotion of abnormal immune activation, especially Th17 cell immune.
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Lu YQ, Wu J, Wu XJ, Ma H, Ma YX, Zhang R, Su MN, Wu N, Chen GY, Chen HS, Pan XB. Interferon Gamma-Inducible Protein 16 of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells May Sense Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Regulate the Antiviral Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:790036. [PMID: 34869083 PMCID: PMC8637547 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.790036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is a DNA sensor protein, which triggers interferon-beta (IFN-β) production. However, the role of IFI16 in the innate immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains controversial. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum specimens were collected from 20 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) receiving Peg-IFN-α2b therapy. IFI16 mRNA/protein of PBMCs and serum IFI16 at baseline and changes during Peg-IFN-α2b treatment were detected. The interaction between IFI16 and HBV DNA in the PBMCs was analyzed using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Leukemic T cell line CEM-C7 and HBV-replicating HepG2.2.15 cells were used to test the effects of interferon treatment and HBV replication on IFI16 expression. Compared with healthy controls, lower levels of IFI16 mRNA but more significant expression of IFI16 protein with heterogeneous degradation were detected in PBMCs of CHB patients. Early changes in IFI16 mRNA, but not IFNB mRNA of PBMCs or serum IFI16, were correlated to HBeAg seroconversion of Peg-IFN-α2b therapy. An interaction between IFI16 and HBV DNA was detected in the PBMCs. In the cultured HepG2.2.15 and CEM-C7 cells, interferons resulted in the translocalization of IFI16 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and inhibited IFI16 degradation. IFI16 of PBMCs may play a role in sensing HBV infection, and early change in IFI16 mRNA of PBMCs is valuable to predict HBeAg seroconversion in Peg-IFN-α2b treatment. The influences on IFI16 degradation and subcellular location may present a molecular mechanism of antiviral activity of interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Lu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ji Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xiu Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Nan Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gong-Yin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Song Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ben Pan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunoregulation of Hangzhou, Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases & Department of Hepatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Computed Tomography Image Features under Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm in Analysis of Inflammatory Factor Level and Prognosis of Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:2110612. [PMID: 34790343 PMCID: PMC8592768 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the application value of three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural networks (3D-CNN)-based computed tomography (CT) image intelligent segmentation model in the identification of lesions of patients with hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). A total of 30 patients with HBV-ACLF, 30 patients with chronic HBV hospitalized in hospital, and 30 healthy volunteers were selected as subjects. Liver function and serum inflammatory factors were measured in each group, and the 3D-CNN algorithm model was applied to CT imaging. The results showed that the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-26, and IL-37 in the HBV-ACLF group were the highest, which were 128.43 ± 45.16 pg/mL, 1237.47 ± 536.22 pg/mL, and 50.83 ± 7.62 pg/mL, respectively. Total bilirubin (TBIL) (P=0.035) and IL-26 (P=0.013) were independent predictors that affected the prognosis of HBV-ACLF patients. The results of lesion segmentation showed that the Dice coefficient of 3D-CNN low-density focus and enhanced focus segmentation was the highest (0.821 ± 0.07 and 0.773 ± 0.071), and the marked area was close to the area manually drawn by the doctor. 3D CNN was superior to other algorithms in the number of nodular lesions detected (533), sensitivity (97.5%), and missed detection rate (0.52%) (P < 0.05). In short, IL-26 may become a useful biomarker in the treatment of HBV-ACLF. The 3D-CNN model improved the segmentation performance of lesions in CT images of HBV-ACLF patients, which provided a reference for the diagnosis and prognosis of HBV-ACLF.
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Transcriptome Classification Reveals Molecular Subgroups in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5543747. [PMID: 33859718 PMCID: PMC8028738 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5543747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) specifically infects hepatocytes, which can cause progressive liver fibrosis and a significantly increased risk of liver cancer. Multiple studies indicated host genetic, virological, and immunological factors could affect the HBV infection. However, the underlying mechanism involved in HBV infection remained unclear. Based on the analysis of gene expression data of 124 HBV patients (GEO accession: GSE84044), molecular subgroups of patients infected with hepatitis B virus were identified in this study, including C1, C2, and C3 groups. The age, fiber, degree of chemical and inflammation, and gene expression difference were also compared among the three sampling groups. Furthermore, the liver index was calculated using 93 liver-specific genes. The liver-specific gene expression in different molecular subgroups of HBV patients was thoroughly analyzed and then was compared with fibrosis and inflammation levels. Results showed that the C2 group was the youngest and the C3 group had the highest degree of fibrosis and inflammation. Enrichment analysis showed that metabolism-related pathways were mainly expressed in the C1 and C2 groups, and inflammation-related pathways and proteoglycans in cancer were highly expressed in the C1 and C3 groups. The liver index was higher in the C2 group than in the C1 and C3 groups, and it was the lowest in the C3 group. Macrophage M1/M2 and neutrophils were significantly different in the three groups. M1 was mainly abundant in the C3 group, and M2 and neutrophils were mainly abundant in the C2 group. This study provides novel information to understand the mechanisms of HBV infection in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
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Song G, Shi Y, Zhang M, Goswami S, Afridi S, Meng L, Ma J, Chen Y, Lin Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Jin Z, Yang S, Rao D, Zhang S, Ke A, Wang X, Cao Y, Zhou J, Fan J, Zhang X, Xi R, Gao Q. Global immune characterization of HBV/HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma identifies macrophage and T-cell subsets associated with disease progression. Cell Discov 2020; 6:90. [PMID: 33298893 PMCID: PMC7721904 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse immune cells in the tumor microenvironment form a complex ecosystem, but our knowledge of their heterogeneity and dynamics within hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains limited. To assess the plasticity and phenotypes of immune cells within HBV/HCV-related HCC microenvironment at single-cell level, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on 41,698 immune cells from seven pairs of HBV/HCV-related HCC tumors and non-tumor liver tissues. We combined bio-informatic analyses, flow cytometry, and multiplex immunohistochemistry to assess the heterogeneity of different immune cell subsets in functional characteristics, transcriptional regulation, phenotypic switching, and interactions. We identified 29 immune cell subsets of myeloid cells, NK cells, and lymphocytes with unique transcriptomic profiles in HCC. A highly complex immunological network was shaped by diverse immune cell subsets that can transit among different states and mutually interact. Notably, we identified a subset of M2 macrophage with high expression of CCL18 and transcription factor CREM that was enriched in advanced HCC patients, and potentially participated in tumor progression. We also detected a new subset of activated CD8+ T cells highly expressing XCL1 that correlated with better patient survival rates. Meanwhile, distinct transcriptomic signatures, cytotoxic phenotypes, and evolution trajectory of effector CD8+ T cells from early-stage to advanced HCC were also identified. Our study provides insight into the immune microenvironment in HBV/HCV-related HCC and highlights novel macrophage and T-cell subsets that could be further exploited in future immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohe Song
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shyamal Goswami
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Saifullah Afridi
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Secretariat c/o Military Hospital, Adjacent to Armed Force Institute of Cardiology, The Mall Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Lu Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiaqiang Ma
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Youpei Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zijie Jin
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuaixi Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dongning Rao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aiwu Ke
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Ruibin Xi
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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11
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Li Q, Wang J, Lu M, Qiu Y, Lu H. Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure From Chronic-Hepatitis-B, Who Is the Behind Scenes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583423. [PMID: 33365018 PMCID: PMC7750191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an acute syndrome accompanied with decompensation of cirrhosis, organ failure with high 28-day mortality rate. Systemic inflammation is the main feature of ACLF, and poor outcome is closely related with exacerbated systemic inflammatory responses. It is well known that severe systemic inflammation is an important event in chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-ACLF, which eventually leads to liver injury. However, the initial CHB-ACLF events are unclear; moreover, the effect of these events on host immunity as well as that of immune imbalance on CHB-ACLF progression are unknown. Here, we investigate the initial events of ACLF progression, discuss possible mechanisms underlying ACLF progression, and provide a new model for ACLF prediction and treatment. We review the characteristics of ACLF, and consider its plausible immune predictors and alternative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuanwang Qiu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
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12
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Chen H, He G, Chen Y, Zhang X. Hepatitis B Virus Might Be Sensed by STING-Dependent DNA Sensors and Attenuates the Response of STING-Dependent DNA Sensing Pathway in Humans with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:642-651. [PMID: 33170089 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors (DAIs), interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DEAD-box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) have been identified as intracellular STING-dependent DNA sensors in recent years. Studies have shown that the DNA sensor-STING-interferon (IFN)-β pathway plays an important role in the defense against intracellular invasion of many DNA viruses. However, the intracellular recognition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA by DNA sensors is still largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the DNA sensor-STING pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be activated by acute and chronic HBV infections in humans. We first evaluated the expression of these DNA sensors in PBMCs of acute and chronic HBV-infected patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We next compared the expression of the upregulated DNA sensor between monocytes and nonmonocytes to find its cellular source. Finally, by in vitro stimulation, we analyzed the IFN-β response of the DNA sensor-STING pathway in PBMCs and monocytes from chronic HBV-infected patients. The results showed that IFI16, DDX41, MRE11, and the adaptor STING were upregulated in chronic HBV-infected patients, whereas only IFI16 was upregulated in acute HBV-infected patients. However, IFN-β expression was not changed in PBMCs from acute and chronic HBV-infected patients. We next found IFI16 was mainly expressed in monocytes of acute and chronic hepatitis B patients. Finally, by stimulation of monocytes with VACV ds 70mer, a ligand for IFI16, we confirmed the attenuated response of the IFI16-STING pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that HBV might be sensed by DNA sensors in PBMCs of acute and chronic HBV-infected patients, and meanwhile HBV infection attenuates the response of the DNA sensor-STING pathway in PBMCs and monocytes, which may facilitate the persistence of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guirong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Yang Y, Zhao X, Wang Z, Shu W, Li L, Li Y, Guo Z, Gao B, Xiong S. Nuclear Sensor Interferon-Inducible Protein 16 Inhibits the Function of Hepatitis B Virus Covalently Closed Circular DNA by Integrating Innate Immune Activation and Epigenetic Suppression. Hepatology 2020; 71:1154-1169. [PMID: 31402464 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nuclear-located covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a determining factor for HBV persistence and the key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. However, it remains unclear whether and how the host immune system senses HBV cccDNA and its biological consequences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) could serve as a unique innate sensor to recognize and bind to HBV cccDNA in hepatic nuclei, leading to the inhibition of cccDNA transcription and HBV replication. Mechanistically, our data showed that IFI16 promoted the epigenetic suppression of HBV cccDNA by targeting an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) present in cccDNA. It is of interest that this ISRE was also revealed to play an important role in IFI16-activated type I interferon responses. Furthermore, our data revealed that HBV could down-regulate the expression level of IFI16 in hepatocytes, and there was a negative correlation between IFI16 and HBV transcripts in liver biopsies, suggesting the possible role of IFI16 in suppressing cccDNA function under physiological conditions. CONCLUSIONS The nuclear sensor IFI16 suppresses cccDNA function by integrating innate immune activation and epigenetic regulation by targeting the ISRE of cccDNA, and IFI16 may present as a therapeutic target against HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinzhuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangqin Shu
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Immunology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Kim JJ, Kim KS, Eom J, Lee JB, Seo JY. Viperin Differentially Induces Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Distinct Cell Types. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e33. [PMID: 31720044 PMCID: PMC6829070 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG)-encoded protein that was identified in human primary macrophages treated with IFN-γ and in human primary fibroblasts infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV). This protein plays multiple roles in various cell types. It inhibits viral replication, mediates signaling pathways, and regulates cellular metabolism. Recent studies have shown that viperin inhibits IFN expression in macrophages, while it enhances TLR7 and TLR9-mediated IFN production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, suggesting that viperin can play different roles in activation of the same pathway in different cell types. Viperin also controls induction of ISGs in macrophages. However, the effect of viperin on induction of ISGs in cell types other than macrophages is unknown. Here, we show that viperin differentially induces ISGs in 2 distinct cell types, macrophages and fibroblasts isolated from wild type and viperin knockout mice. Unlike in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), viperin downregulates the expression levels of ISGs such as bone marrow stromal cell antigen-2, Isg15, Isg54, myxovirus resistance dynamin like GTPase 2, and guanylate binding protein 2 in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with type I or II IFN. However, viperin upregulates expression of these ISGs in both BMDMs and MEFs stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid or CpG DNA and infected with murine CMV. The efficiency of viral entry is inversely proportional to the expression levels of ISGs in both cell types. The data indicate that viperin differentially regulates induction of ISGs in a cell type-dependent manner, which might provide different innate immune responses in distinct cell types against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jin Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ku Sul Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - John Eom
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Bong Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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15
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Shi X, Wang L, Ren L, Li J, Li S, Cui Q, Li S. Dihydroartemisinin, an antimalarial drug, induces absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome activation and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2215 cells. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1413-1425. [PMID: 30873702 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As an effective antimalarial drug, Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is readily isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine of Artemisia annua. DHA is not only an autophagy promoter but also a substance with strong antitumor efficiency. The relationship between autophagy and inflammasomes has been suggested in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there are few reports describing relationships between inflammasomes and autophagy in HCC therapy. The present study demonstrated that DHA suppressed cell proliferation in HepG2215 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The inhibitory activity is mediated by autophagy, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage. Then, DHA were first shown to promote AIM2/caspase-1 inflammasome. Compared with the DHA group, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA significantly inhibited the expressions of activated Caspase-1, a pyroptotic marker proteins. Meanwhile, repression of mTOR by rapamycin promoted autophagy and AIM2/caspase-1 activation. The caspase-1 inhibitor Z-YVAD-FMK also notably blocked autophagy cell death characterized by the downexpression of Beclin-1 and LC3-II. Additionally, the study demonstrated that DHA suppressed pseudopodium formation and cell mobility. Therefore, we first reveal a novel mechanism that DHA promotes AIM2/caspase-1 inflammasome, which contributes to autophagy in HepG2215 cells. Moreover, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage was also involved in this process via ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Shi
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Laifeng Ren
- Department of Immunology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical University and Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis Prophylaxis and Treatment by Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingzhuo Cui
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Hebei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Bioreactor Preparation Technology, Department of Pathobiology and Immunology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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