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Hanlon P, Politis M, Wightman H, Kirkpatrick S, Jones C, Khan M, Bezzina C, Mackinnon S, Rennison H, Wei L, Vetrano DL, Blane DN, Dent E, Hoogendijk EO. Frailty and socioeconomic position: A systematic review of observational studies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102420. [PMID: 39025269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty, an age-related state of reduced physiological reserve, is often associated with lower socio-economic position (SEP). This systematic review synthesised observational studies assessing (i) the association between SEP and frailty prevalence; (ii) how changes in frailty status over time vary by SEP; and (iii) whether the association between frailty and clinical outcomes is modified by SEP. METHODS We searched three electronic databases from 2001 to 2023. We included observational studies measuring early-, mid-, and late-life indicators of SEP (education, income, wealth, housing, occupation, and area-based measures of multiple deprivation) and frailty (assessed using any validated measure). Screening and extraction were performed in duplicate. Findings were synthesised using narrative synthesis. RESULTS We included 383 studies reporting findings from 265 independent samples/cohorts across 64 countries. Lower SEP was associated with higher frailty prevalence across all indicators (childhood deprivation 7/8 studies, education 227/248, occupation 28/32, housing 8/9, income 98/108, wealth 39/44 and area-based deprivation 32/34). Lower SEP was also associated with higher frailty incidence (27/30), with greater odds of transitioning towards a more severe frailty state (35/43), lower odds of frailty reversion (7/11), and (in some studies) with more rapid accumulation of deficits (7/15). The relationship between frailty and mortality was not modified by SEP. INTERPRETATION Preventative measures across multiple levels of individual and structural inequality are likely to be required to reduce the rising levels of frailty. Resourcing of interventions and services to support people living with frailty should be proportionate to needs in the population to avoid widening existing health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hanlon
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Marina Politis
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Caitlin Jones
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Maryam Khan
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Cara Bezzina
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Heidi Rennison
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Lili Wei
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Davide Liborio Vetrano
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, floors 9 and 10, Solna, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Sveavägen 155, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David N Blane
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Elsa Dent
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Primary Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emiel O Hoogendijk
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam UMC - Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mistry SK, Ali ARMM, Yadav UN, Ghimire S, Anwar A, Huda MN, Khanam F, Mahumud RA, Parray AA, Bhattacharjee S, Lim D, Harris MF. The burden of non-disabled frailty and its associated factors among older adults in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294889. [PMID: 38015967 PMCID: PMC10684086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to measure the prevalence of non-disabled frailty and its associated factors among Bangladeshi older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted during September and October 2021 among 1,045 Bangladeshi older adults (≥60 years). Telephone interviews, using a semi-structured questionnaire, were undertaken to collect data on participants' characteristics and level of frailty. The non-disabled frailty was measured using the 'Frail Non-Disabled (FiND)' questionnaire. A multinomial logistic regression model assessed the factors associated with frailty among the participants. RESULTS Around a quarter of the participants (24.8%) were frail. The multinomial regression analysis showed that older participants aged ≥80 years (RRR = 3.23, 95% CI: 1.41-7.37) were more likely to be frail compared to participants aged 60-69 years. Likewise, the participants living in a large family with ≥4 members (RRR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01-1.92) were more likely to be frail compared to those living in smaller families. Also, participants having memory or concentration problems (RRR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12-2.17) were more likely to be frail compared to those who were not suffering from these problems. Moreover, participants whose family members were non-responsive to their day-to-day assistance (RRR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.06-2.03) were more likely to be frail compared to those whose family members were responsive. Furthermore, participants who were feeling lonely (RRR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.07-1.98) were more likely to be frail than their counterparts who were not feeling lonely. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest developing tailored interventions to address the burden of frailty among the older populations in Bangladesh. In particular, providing long-term care and health promotion activities can be of value in preventing frailty and reducing adverse health outcomes among this vulnerable population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabuj Kanti Mistry
- ARCED Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Uday Narayan Yadav
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Saruna Ghimire
- Department of Sociology and Gerontology and Scripps Gerontology Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Afsana Anwar
- Rohingya Response Crisis, World Vision Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazmul Huda
- ARCED Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fouzia Khanam
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Alam Mahumud
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ateeb Ahmad Parray
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Lim
- University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Fort Harris
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Hamiduzzaman M, De Bellis A, Abigail W, Harrington A, Fletcher A. "When I suffer from fever, I eat mangos." Determinants of health-seeking beliefs and behaviors of rural older women in Sylhet, Bangladesh. J Women Aging 2023; 35:4-21. [PMID: 34724877 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2021.1996195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Poverty, poor living conditions, religious values and norms, lack of education, and gender discrimination influence the beliefs and behaviors of rural older women in many low-income countries. This paper aims to report the socio-ecological determinants of health-seeking beliefs and behaviors of rural older women in North-eastern Bangladesh and how these behaviors impact their recognition within the setting. It involved semi-structured interviews with 25 older women and 11 healthcare professionals. The findings revealed various determinants at the personal level (awareness of illness, mistrust toward medical treatment, self-treatment, and religious values and norms), the interpersonal level (isolation in family and communication with clinicians), community level (community perception of aging, neighboring and community organizations), and in the sphere of human rights (care affordability, social safety-net coverage and national policy). Four core determinants (poverty, education, gender and religiosity) were intertwined in shaping beliefs and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamiduzzaman
- College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Taree, New South Wales, 2430, Australia
| | - Anita De Bellis
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy Abigail
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ann Harrington
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia.,Public and Contextual Theology Research Centre, Australian Centre for Christianity & Culture, Charles Sturt University, Barton, Australia
| | - Amber Fletcher
- Department of Sociology & Social Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Reza S, Alam MR, Chowdhury AI, Mamun MAA, Akhter M, Habib MA. Assessing Nutritional Status and Functionality in Geriatric Population of Bangladesh: The Hidden Epidemic of Geriatric Malnutrition. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2023; 9:23337214231172663. [PMID: 37168021 PMCID: PMC10164856 DOI: 10.1177/23337214231172663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The average life expectancy of the Bangladeshi population has risen over the last decade due to economic growth and improved medical care. Although the increased number of older adults and their health is a significant concern, there is scarce of data regarding that. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the association between nutritional status and functional ability among selected Bangladeshi geriatric populations living in their homes. Of 400 participants, the prevalence of malnutrition, and people at risk of malnutrition was 25.4% and 58.8%, respectively. Furthermore, almost 80% of participants are dependent in terms of activities of daily living. High risk of falling (OR = 10.82; 95% CI: 5.85-20.37; p ≤ .001), limited activities of daily living (IADL) (OR = 6.21; 95% CI: 4.02-9.58; p ≤ .001), along with dependency in performing IADL (OR = 4.48; 95% CI: 2.83-7.06; p ≤ .001) are significantly associated with malnutrition. Geriatric malnutrition can accelerate disability conditions, leading to early functional aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Rahanur Alam
- Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Mohammad Rahanur Alam, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, NSTU Road, Sonapur, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
| | | | | | - Marufa Akhter
- Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
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Paul G, Rahman MM, Naznin S, Chowdhury M, Uddin MJ. Depression and Anxiety among University Students: A Comparison between COVID-19 Pandemic Panic Period and Post-panic Period in Bangladesh. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Bangladesh, the rapid spread of COVID-19 virus created a panic situation among the citizen. Specially, the psycho-emotional disorder of the university students is increasing which has not been adequately investigated.
AIM: Relating this, the study aimed to assess the psycho-emotional changes of the university students through investigating their level of depression and anxiety during panic and post-panic period of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.
METHOD: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among the university students in Bangladesh from April to July 2020 (panic period, n = 170) and then from August to November 2020 (post-panic period, n = 170). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaires were used to assess the depression and anxiety levels of the students, respectively. Various univariate and multivariable statistical techniques were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: The proportion of depression symptoms was 49.4% and 52.4% during the panic period and post-panic period, respectively. Anxiety symptoms were experienced by 38.2% of students during the panic period, and the percentage was nearly identical in the post-panic interval. In post-panic period, depression levels found a slight increase. Urban students reported significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of depression and anxiety than their counterparts. Female students also exhibited significantly more anxiety symptoms (p < 0.002) than male. Depression symptoms significantly varied by family types and student’s place of residence.
CONCLUSIONS: This study compared the depression and anxiety symptoms of the university students during two periods of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the difference was small, it remains an issue for the university students in Bangladesh due to the disruption to their academic lives.
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Hamiduzzaman M, De-Bellis A, Abigail W, Fletcher A. Critical social framework on the determinants of primary healthcare access and utilisation. Fam Med Community Health 2021; 9:fmch-2021-001031. [PMID: 34799432 PMCID: PMC8606761 DOI: 10.1136/fmch-2021-001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to contextualise ‘healthcare access and utilisation’ within its wider social circumstances, including structural factors that shape primary healthcare for marginalised groups. Mainstream theories often neglect complexities among the broader social, institutional and cultural milieus that shape primary healthcare utilisation in reality. A blended critical social framework is presented to highlight the recognition and emancipatory intents surrounding person, family, healthcare practice and society. Using the theoretical contributions of Habermas and Honneth, the framework focuses on power relationships, misrecognition/recognition strategies, as well as disempowerment/empowerment dynamics. To enable causal and structural analysis, we draw on the depth ontology of critical realism. The framework is then applied to the case of rural elderly women’s primary healthcare use in Bangladesh. Drawing on the literature, this article illustrates how a blended critical social perspective reveals the overlapping and complex determinants that affect primary healthcare utilisation, before concluding with the importance of situating healthcare access in sociocultural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamiduzzaman
- College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Taree, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anita De-Bellis
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy Abigail
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amber Fletcher
- Department of Sociology & Social Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Islam MM, Sultan S, Hossain MB. The impact of COVID-19 on health of the older persons in Bangladesh. CHINA POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 2021; 5:332-344. [PMID: 34745686 PMCID: PMC8561377 DOI: 10.1007/s42379-021-00095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 is impacting the health of the population, including older persons. Available evidence shows that older people are highly vulnerable and more likely to have adverse health outcomes. In Bangladesh, the older population is rapidly increasing, living with various disadvantaged socio-economic conditions, including inadequate access and healthcare services. These disparities are likely to increase during the COVID-19, resulting in high morbidity and mortality among them. Thus, we have examined the health vulnerabilities of older persons due to the COVID-19 pandemic using content analysis. We have analyzed 102 content collected from various online and printed articles published in newspapers, journals, and other relevant sources. The study has found increased health risks, deteriorated mental health, and poor health system functioning during the pandemic and its impact on older persons in Bangladesh. Strengthening health systems through an integrated model with capacity development of existing health care providers to deal with elderly health problems, including mental health and psychosocial wellbeing; promoting preventive measures, facilitating access to healthcare is required. Bangladesh can learn the Chinese experience to adopt innovative, specialized, and advanced systems to efficiently fight against the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shafayat Sultan
- Department of Population Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
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RAHMAN MOHAMMADMESHBAHUR, BHATTACHARJEE BADHAN, FARHANA ZAKI, HAMIDUZZAMAN MOHAMMAD, CHOWDHURY MUHAMMADABDULBAKER, HOSSAIN MOHAMMADSOROWAR, SIDDIQEE MAHBUBULH, ISLAM MDZIAUL, RAHEEM ENAYETUR, UDDIN MDJAMAL. Age-related risk factors and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E329-E371. [PMID: 34604574 PMCID: PMC8451365 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.2.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to estimate the prevalence of reported symptoms and comorbidities, and investigate the factors associated with age of the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Methods We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020182677) where the databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, WHO, Semantic Scholar, and COVID-19 Primer) were searched for clinical studies published from January to April, 2020. Initially, the pooled prevalence of symptoms and comorbidity of COVID-19 patients were estimated using random effect model and the age -related factors were identified performing multivariate analysis [factor analysis]. Results Twenty-nine articles with 4,884 COVID-19 patients were included in this study. Altogether, we found 33 symptoms and 44 comorbidities where the most frequent 19 symptoms and 11 comorbidities were included in the meta-analysis. The fever (84%), cough/dry cough (61%), and fatigue/weakness (42%) were found more prevalent while acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypertension and diabetes were the most prevalent comorbid condition. The factor analysis showed positive association between a cluster of symptoms and comorbidities with patients' age. The symptoms comprising fever, dyspnea/shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, anorexia and pharyngalgia; and the comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, COPD/lung disease and ARDS were the factors positively associated with COVID-19 patient's age. Conclusion As an unique effort, this study found a group of symptoms (fever, dyspnea/shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, anorexia and pharyngalgia) and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, COPD/lung disease and ARDS), associated with the age of COVID-19 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- MOHAMMAD MESHBAHUR RAHMAN
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh - Tel.: +8801751509801 - E-mail:
| | | | - ZAKI FARHANA
- Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - MOHAMMAD HAMIDUZZAMAN
- College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - MD. ZIAUL ISLAM
- Department of Community Medicine, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - MD. JAMAL UDDIN
- Department of Statistics (Biostatistics and Epidemiology), Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Exploring the System Determinants Associated with Senior Women's Access to Medical Care in Rural Bangladesh. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2021; 47:578-595. [PMID: 34366506 PMCID: PMC8326310 DOI: 10.1007/s12126-021-09444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Senior women's access to medical care in rural Bangladesh is a major public health concern. This study aims to explore the system determinants that impact on rural senior women's utilization of healthcare. Following a qualitative critical social research design, healthcare staff and senior women living in three rural villages of Bangladesh were approached to participate in face-to-face audio-recorded interviews. A total of 11 staff and 25 senior women were interviewed with questions about health policy, healthcare services and management of aged care. Data was analyzed using a blend of critical discourse and thematic analysis methods. Several healthcare system determinants were identified that were complex and cross-sectional. Three major themes emerged from the system determinants: legal framework of aged care; inadequate healthcare support; and professional knowledge and skills of healthcare staff that led the rural senior women to avoid or delay access to hospitals and clinics. The findings revealed that a lack of health focus and professional skills among healthcare staff can be considered as critical. This study recommends that policy and organizational changes are made to improve the women's access to rural hospitals and clinics in Bangladesh.
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Hamiduzzaman M, Torres S, Fletcher A, Islam MR, Siddiquee NA, Greenhill J. Aging, care and dependency in multimorbidity: how do relationships affect older Bangladeshi women's use of homecare and health services? J Women Aging 2021; 34:731-744. [PMID: 34255615 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2021.1951115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Gender issues can create major barriers to healthcare utilization for older women with multimorbidity, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh. Elderly rural women in Bangladesh, are the poorest of the poor, and the women with multimorbidity live in a regulated family atmosphere. This study explored the relationship dimensions of older women with multimorbidity in homecare and their utilization of health services. To gain a deeper understanding of these complex issues, a qualitative case study was conducted. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 health staff and 22 older women with multimorbidity, living in three residential communities of the Sylhet District, Bangladesh. Our analysis used critical thematic discourse, a technique developed from Axel Honneth's recognition-and-misrecognition theory. Seven relationship dimensions have been identified, and grouped under three major themes: intimate affairs [marital marginalization and parent-children-in law dynamics]; alienation in community relationships [patriarchal sibling relationships, neighborhood challenges, and gender inequality in interactions]; and legal disconnections [ignorance of rights and missed communication]. Our findings revealed a lack of understanding of the women's multimorbid care needs and patriarchal marginalization in family. This lack of understanding together with poor peer-supports in healthcare is perpetuated by misrecognition of needs from service providers, resulting in a lack of quality and poor utilization of homecare and health services. Understanding the high needs of multimorbidity and complexities of older women's relationships can assist in policy decisions. This study deepens our understanding of the ways gender inequality intersects with cultural devaluation to reduce the well-being of older women in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamiduzzaman
- College of Health, Medicine & Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacy Torres
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Amber Fletcher
- Department of Sociology & Social Studies, University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M Rezaul Islam
- Institute of Social Welfare & Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noore Alam Siddiquee
- College of Business, Government & Law, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennene Greenhill
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Paul GK, Rahman MM, Hamiduzzaman M, Farhana Z, Mondal SK, Akter S, Naznin S, Islam MN. Hypertension and its physio-psychosocial risks factors in elderly people: a cross-sectional study in north-eastern region of Bangladesh. J Geriatr Cardiol 2021; 18:75-82. [PMID: 33613661 PMCID: PMC7868910 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gowranga Kumar Paul
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Hamiduzzaman
- Flinders University Rural Health SA, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zaki Farhana
- Bangladesh Bank-The Central Bank of Bangladesh, Bangladesh
| | - Somaresh Kumar Mondal
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Saleha Akter
- Asian University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shayla Naznin
- Department of Statistics, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nazrul Islam
- Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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