1
|
Costa CHN, Chang KP, Costa DL, Cunha FVM. From Infection to Death: An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:969. [PMID: 37513817 PMCID: PMC10384967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%. This overview explores the literature on the pathogenesis of preclinical and clinical stages, including studies in vitro and in animal models, as well as complications and death. Asymptomatic infection can result in long-lasting immunity. VL develops in a minority of infected individuals when parasites overcome host defenses and multiply in tissues such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs due to hyperplasia, resulting from parasite proliferation. A systemic inflammation mediated by cytokines develops, triggering acute phase reactants from the liver. These cytokines can reach the brain, causing fever, cachexia and vomiting. Similar to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs due to tissue factor overexpression. Anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and edema result from the acute phase response. A regulatory response and lymphocyte depletion increase the risk of bacterial superinfections, which, combined with DIC, are thought to cause death. Our understanding of VL's pathogenesis is limited, and further research is needed to elucidate the preclinical events and clinical manifestations in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H N Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Kwang-Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology & Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dorcas L Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco Valmor M Cunha
- Departament of Physiotherapy, Centro Universitário Uninovafapi, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123-Uruguai, Teresina 64073-505, PI, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sousa MS, Meneses GC, van Dam GJ, Corstjens PLAM, Galvão RLDF, Pinheiro MCC, Martins AMC, Daher EDF, Bezerra FSDM. Subclinical signs of podocyte injury associated with Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) in Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients in Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:e0341. [PMID: 36820657 PMCID: PMC9957141 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0341-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term effects of schistosomiasis on the glomerulus may contribute to the development of chronic kidney disease. This study aimed to investigate baseline Schistosoma mansoni-Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) levels and their association with kidney biomarkers related to podocyte injury and inflammation in long-term follow-up after praziquantel (PZQ) treatment. METHODS Schistosoma infection was diagnosed by detecting CAA in urine using a quantitative assay based on lateral flow using luminescent up-converting phosphor reporter particles. A cutoff threshold of 0.1 pg/mL CAA was used to diagnose Schistosoma infection (baseline) in a low-prevalence area in Ceará, Northeast, Brazil. Two groups were included: CAA-positive and CAA-negative individuals, both of which received a single dose of PZQ at baseline. Urinary samples from 55 individuals were evaluated before (baseline) and at 1, 2, and 3 years after PZQ treatment. At all time points, kidney biomarkers were quantified in urine and adjusted for urinary creatinine levels. RESULTS CAA-positive patients had increased baseline albuminuria and proteinuria and showed greater associations between kidney biomarkers. CAA levels correlated only with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (podocyte injury) levels. Increasing trends were observed for malondialdehyde (oxidative stress), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (inflammation marker), and VEGF. In the follow-up analysis, no relevant differences were observed in kidney biomarkers between the groups and different periods. CONCLUSIONS S. mansoni-infected individuals presented subclinical signs of glomerular damage that may reflect podocyte injury. However, no causal effect on long-term renal function was observed after PZQ treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Silva Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. , Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Govert Jan van Dam
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Parasitology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Rosangela Lima de Freitas Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. , Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Patologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Marta Cristhiany Cunha Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Alice Maria Costa Martins
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Elizabeth de Francesco Daher
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| | - Fernando Schemelzer de Moraes Bezerra
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia e Biologia de Moluscos, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. , Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Ciências Médicas, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. , Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação stricto senso em Patologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ademe M, Osorio Y, Howe R, Atnafu S, Mulaw T, Fikre H, Travi BL, Hailu A, Melby PC, Abebe T. Hematological and Clinical Features Associated with Initial Poor Treatment Outcomes in Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients with and without HIV Coinfection in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:36. [PMID: 36668943 PMCID: PMC9867226 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia is among the countries with a high leishmaniasis burden. In this retrospective review, we aimed to determine hematological and clinical features associated with initial poor treatment outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. The majority of VL cases in this study had leucopenia (94.3%), thrombocytopenia (87.1%), and anemia (85.9%). HIV coinfection was present in 7.0% (n = 23) of VL cases. At the center, VL patients without HIV coinfection were treated with sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin combination, whereas HIV coinfected cases were treated with AmBisome and miltefosine combination therapy. End-of-treatment cure rates among HIV-positive and HIV-negative visceral leishmaniasis cases, respectively, were 52.2% and 96.9%. Case fatality rates were 34.8% and 2.7% in HIV-positive and HIV-negative cases, respectively. Overall, non-survivors in this study were more likely to have HIV (55.0% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001), sepsis (15.0% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.019), and dyspnea (40.0% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.001) at admission. In this regard, particular attention to the management of superimposed disease conditions at admission, including sepsis, HIV, and dyspnea, is needed to improve VL patients’ treatment outcomes. The inadequacy of the current treatments, i.e., AmBisome and miltefosine combination therapy, for HIV coinfected visceral leishmaniasis patients requires further attention as it calls for new treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Ademe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Yaneth Osorio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rawliegh Howe
- Aramuer Hanson Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1005, Ethiopia
| | - Saba Atnafu
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Mulaw
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Helina Fikre
- Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bruno L. Travi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Peter C. Melby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Route 0435, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 9086, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Endale HT, Mengstie TA, Dawit DD, Mohammed R, Dessie G, Tesfa KH. Assessment of liver function test and associated factors among visceral leishmaniasis patients attending university of gondar leishmaniasis research and treatment center, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260022. [PMID: 34797863 PMCID: PMC8604327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the major public health burden, mainly distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Among the Sub-Saharan African countries, Ethiopia is the second most affected country with VL. An Alteration of liver function is a typical manifestation of the disease. OBJECTIVE The purpose of conducting this study was to assess liver function tests and associated risk factors among VL patients at Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center of University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia. METHOD Hospital based comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted. A total of 102 study participants were involved in this study. Newly diagnosed VL patients who were attended at Leishmaniasis Research and Treatment Center of University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from 21st February 2020 to 30th September 2020 were included under case group category. On the other hand, age-sex matched apparently healthy study subjects were categorized as control group. Written consent was obtained willingness of patients to participate after ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of School of Medicine, University of Gondar. After overnight fasting, 5ml venous blood was drawn from both VL patients and controls to evaluate liver function tests, including AST, ALT, total bilirubin, albumin, and total protein. Thus, senior health professionals (laboratory technologist) investigate the results using Cobas Integra 400 Plus clinical chemistry analyzer. Data was entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to STATA 14 for analysis of liver function tests and associated risk factors. RESULT The result of this study showed that significant mean difference was exhibited in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, serum albumin, and total protein level among VL patients and controls. It showed that there was a statistically significant elevation in the level of AST, ALT, and total bilirubin among cases as compared to control. The serum AST level was significantly (p<0.001) elevated among cases as compared to controls. Serum ALT was significantly (p<0.001) elevated among cases compared to controls. Additionally, the total serum bilirubin level was significantly increased (P<0.001) among cases as compared to controls. There was a statistically significant (P<0.001) reduction of serum albumin level among VL patients as compared to controls. Similarly, serum total protein was significantly (P<0.001) reduced in VL patients than control groups. CONCLUSION There were significantly higher mean levels of serum AST, ALT, and total bilirubin among VL patients as compared to controls. On the other hand, VL patients showed significantly lowered level of albumin and total protein as compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot Tezera Endale
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tiget Ayelgn Mengstie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dilargachew Dessie Dawit
- Leishmaniasis Treatment and Research Center of University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Rezika Mohammed
- Leishmaniasis Treatment and Research Center of University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Dessie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kibur Hunie Tesfa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shamsian SA, Fata A, Alinezhad R, Mohebali M, Sadabadi F, Moghaddas E, Fakhar M. Clinical and Laboratory Findings of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children Hospitalized in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran: A Twenty-Year Retrospective Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:495-499. [PMID: 33884006 PMCID: PMC8039489 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i4.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Over the last decade, a few cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been reported in some provinces of northeastern Iran. We aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory findings of VL among children who admitted to the pediatric ward in a referral hospital in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. Methods: A retrospective study, between 1997 and 2017, was performed on the data sheet registered for children with confirmed VL at the referral Emam Reza Hospital in Mashhad. Hematological and biochemical profiles of the patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 35 children with VL, confirmed by the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania in Giemsa stained smears of the bone marrow, had been recorded through 20 yr. The mean age of patients was 3.7±4 yr. The majority of the patients suffered from hepatosplenomegaly (100%, n=35/35), followed by prolonged fever and pallor (91%, n=32/35), weight loss (85%, n=30/35). The main laboratory findings were anemia (94.1%), leukopenia (52.9%) and thrombocytopenia (70.5%). Almost one-third (37.1%; 13/35) of VL patients inhabited in rural areas of the Bojnoord district as a known VL endemic focus in northeastern Iran. Conclusion: Our preliminary data showed that the origin of VL is still in some districts other than Mashhad, where VL just will be diagnosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Aliakbar Shamsian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Fata
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Alinezhad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality from visceral leishmaniasis: A case-control study. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13:538-543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
7
|
Simão JC, Victória C, Fortaleza CMCB. Predictors of relapse of visceral leishmaniasis in inner São Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 95:44-49. [PMID: 32088340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a public health threat for several tropical countries, including Brazil. Therapy failures and relapses aggravate VL morbidity and mortality. Our study aimed at identifying predictors of relapse and thus contributes to directing therapeutic options and patient follow-up. METHODS A nonconcurrent cohort of 571 subjects who completed successful therapy for VL in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil, was followed for 24 months in order to identify the incidence and predictors of relapse. Extensive review of medical charts and laboratory files was conducted. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression models were used to identify predictors for the outcome of interest. A hierarchical strategy was used for variable selection in multivariable models. RESULTS Relapses occurred in 6.8% of treated subjects, after a median of 6 months (interquartile range, 4-9). In a comprehensive multivariable model, relapse was associated with: HIV-coinfection (hazard ratio [HR], 7.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-21.55); the presence of lower limb edema (HR, 6.06; 95%CI, 1.38-26.77) and low platelet count upon admission (HR for platelet count × 1000, 0.99; 95%CI, 0.98-0.99) ; and secondary pneumonia (HR, 5.49; 95%CI, 1.49-20.18). On the other hand, therapy with Liposomal Amphotericin (as opposed to Antimoniate) was not independently associated with relapse (HR, 5.97; 95%CI, 0.63-56.29). CONCLUSION Besides reinforcing the impact of HIV coinfection on the outcome of VL, our study points to clinical and laboratory findings that characterize patients who were more likely to relapse. Those groups should be more closely followed, and possibly could benefit from novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Cláudio Simão
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Victória
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Veterinary Faculty, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Magno Castelo Branco Fortaleza
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kant V, Vijayakumar S, Sahoo GC, Ali V, Singh K, Chaudhery SS, Das P. In-silico screening and validation of high-affinity tetra-peptide inhibitor of Leishmania donovani O-acetyl serine sulfhydrylase (OASS). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:481-492. [PMID: 29415627 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1429315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OASS is a specific enzyme that helps Leishmania parasite to survive the oxidative stress condition in human macrophages. SAT C-terminal peptides in several organisms, including Leishmania, were reported to inhibit or reduce the activity of OASS. Small peptide and small molecules mimicking the SAT C-terminal residues are designed and tested for the inhibition of OASS in different organisms. Hence, in this study, all the possible tetra-peptide combinations were designed and screened based on the docking ability with Leishmania donovani OASS (Ld-OASS). The top ranked peptides were further validated for the stability using 50 ns molecular dynamic simulation. In order to identify the better binding capability of the peptides, the top peptides complexed with Ld-OASS were also subjected to molecular dynamic simulation. The docking and simulation results favored the peptide EWSI to possess greater advantage than previously reported peptide (DWSI) in binding with Ld-OASS active site. Also, screening of non-peptide inhibitor of Asinex Biodesign library based on the shape similarity of EWSI and DWSI was performed. The top similar molecules of each peptides were docked on to Ld-OASS active site and subsequently simulated for 20 ns. The results suggested that the ligand that shares high shape similarity with EWSI possess better binding capability than the ligand that shares high shape similarity with DWSI. This study revealed that the tetra-peptide EWSI had marginal advantage over DWSI in binding with Ld-OASS, thereby providing basis for defining a pharmacophoric scaffold for the design of peptidomimetic inhibitors as well as non-peptide inhibitors of Ld-OASS. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Kant
- a Department of Pharmacoinformatics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Hajipur , Bihar 844102 , India
| | - Saravanan Vijayakumar
- b Department of Statistics/Bioinformatics Centre , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, ICMR , Agamkuan, Patna , Bihar 800007 , India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- c Bioinformatics Division , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, ICMR , Agamkuan, Patna , Bihar 800007 , India
| | - Vahab Ali
- d Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- d Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Agamkuan, Patna 800007, India
| | - Shailendra S Chaudhery
- a Department of Pharmacoinformatics , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Hajipur , Bihar 844102 , India
| | - Pradeep Das
- e Department of Molecular Biology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Science, ICMR , Agamkuan, Patna , Bihar 800007 , India
| |
Collapse
|