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Gao BG, Huang LF, Xie P. Effectiveness and safety of a mumps containing vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps cases from 2002 to 2017: A meta-analysis. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220820. [PMID: 38465337 PMCID: PMC10921504 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has figured that serum conversion rate of mumps is a crucial link of mumps disease. Nevertheless, a rising number of mumps outbreaks caused our attention and studies examining the serum conversion cases were conducted in small samples previously; this meta-analysis was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a mumps containing vaccine (MuCV) before 2019. We identified a total of 17 studies from the year of 2002-2017. In the case-control studies, the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of MuCV in preventing laboratory-confirmed mumps was 68% (odds risk: 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14-0.70) while in the cohort studies and randomised control trials, 58% (relative risk [RR]: 0.42; 95% CI, 0.26-0.69). Similar intervals of effectiveness rates were found during non-outbreak periods compared with outbreak periods (VE: 66%; RR: 0.34; 95% CI, 0.18-0.68 versus VE: 49%; RR: 0.51; 95% CI, 0.21-1.27). In addition, the MuCV group with two and three doses did not show enhanced laboratory-confirmed mumps than one dose (VE: 58%; RR: 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20-0.88 versus VE: 65%, RR: 0.35; 95% CI, 0.20-0.61) for the reason of the overlap of 95% CI. MuCV had comparable effectiveness comparing non-outbreak and outbreak period, one dose, and two or three doses. MuCV displayed acceptable adverse event profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Gang Gao
- Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Office, Department of Medicine, ChuZhou City Vocational College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ling-feng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Community Health Service Center in Nantou, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Office, Department of Medicine, ChuZhou City Vocational College, Chuzhou, Anhui Province, China
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2
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Hiebert J, Saboui M, Frost JR, Zubach V, Laverty M, Severini A. Mumps resurgence in a highly vaccinated population: Insights gained from surveillance in Canada, 2002-2020. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00513-3. [PMID: 37169652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although mumps vaccination has been routine in Canada for decades, mumps cases and outbreaks continue to occur periodically. Mumps surveillance, including monitoring of the mumps virus genotype associated with disease activity, is important to document baseline activity and to advance further research into vaccine effectiveness. Here we describe a detailed analysis of mumps cases that have been detected in Canada from 2002 to 2020, with a focus on the mumps molecular epidemiology. In total, 7395 cases of mumps were reported to the surveillance system, with outbreaks occurring in the years 2007, 2010 and 2016 to 2018. Adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 29 years had the highest risk of being a case (rate ratios ranging from 1.50 to 2.29), compared to adults aged 30 to 39. Genotypes of mumps viruses were determined in 3225 specimens. Genotype G was predominantly detected (96% of genotyped specimens) and was first reported in 2005. Other genotypes were more likely to be detected in cases that also reported travel (or were linked to imported cases) than the cases with genotype G detected (p < 0.0001). The genotype G viruses had little sequence diversity in the 316 nucleotide window used for genotyping (the small hydrophobic protein gene) and mainly belonged to a single phylogenetic lineage that included the MuVi/Sheffield.GBR/1.05 reference sequence. The analysis of over ten years of data has demonstrated that mumps genotype G, specifically belonging to a single lineage, the Sheffield lineage, is the endemically circulating virus in Canada. This lineage is seen also in other countries using the genotype A vaccine. Mumps remains endemic despite high MMR vaccination coverage which has been sufficient to eliminate circulation of measles and rubella in Canada, raising the hypothesis of the evolution towards a vaccine escape mumps virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Hiebert
- Viral Exanthemata and STD section, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3L5, Canada.
| | - Myriam Saboui
- Centre for Immunization and Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jasmine Rae Frost
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Vanessa Zubach
- Viral Exanthemata and STD section, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Meghan Laverty
- Viral Exanthemata and STD section, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Alberto Severini
- Viral Exanthemata and STD section, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg R3E 3L5, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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3
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Gavilán AM, Díez-Fuertes F, Sanz JC, Castellanos AM, López-Perea N, Jiménez SM, Ruiz-Sopeña C, Masa-Calles J, García-Comas L, de Ory F, Pérez-Olmeda M, Fernández-García A, Echevarría JE. Increase of Diversity of Mumps Virus Genotype G SH Variants Circulating Among a Highly Immunized Population: Spain, 2007-2019. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:151-160. [PMID: 35524966 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MuV caused three epidemic waves in Spain since genotype G emerged in 2005, despite high vaccination coverage. SH gene sequencing according to WHO protocols allowed the identification of seven relevant variants and 88 haplotypes. While the originally imported MuVi/Sheffield.GBR/1.05/-variant prevailed during the first two waves, it was subsequently replaced by other variants originated by either local evolution or importation, according to the additional analysis of hypervariable NCRs. The time of emergence of the MRCA of each MuV variant clade was concordant with the data of the earliest sequence. The analysis of Shannon entropy showed an accumulation of variability on six particular positions as the cause of the increase on the number of circulating SH variants. Consequently, SH gene sequencing needs to be complemented with other more variable markers for mumps surveillance immediately after the emergence of a new genotype, but the subsequent emergence of new SH variants turns it unnecessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Gavilán
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Díez-Fuertes
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Sanz
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Regional de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Castellanos
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - N López-Perea
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Jiménez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
| | - C Ruiz-Sopeña
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Consejería de Sanidad de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - J Masa-Calles
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - L García-Comas
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F de Ory
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernández-García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - J E Echevarría
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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Bianchi FP, Stefanizzi P, Trerotoli P, Tafuri S. Sex and age as determinants of the seroprevalence of anti-measles IgG among European healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:3127-3141. [PMID: 35491343 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The international literature shows good evidence of a significant rate of measles susceptibility among healthcare workers (HCWs). As such, they are an important public health issue. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of susceptible HCWs in EU/EEA countries and in the UK and to explore the characteristics (sex and age differences) and management of those found to be susceptible. RESULTS Nineteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of measles-susceptible HCWs was 13.3% (95 %CI: 10.0-17.0%). In a comparison of serosusceptible female vs. male HCWs, the RR was 0.92 (95 %CI = 0.83-1.03), and in a comparison of age classes (born after vs. before 1980) the RR was 2.78 (95 %CI = 2.20-3.50). The most recent studies proposed the mandatory vaccination of HCWs. DISCUSSION According to our meta-analysis, the prevalence of serosusceptible European HCWs is 13%; HCWs born in the post-vaccination era seem to be at higher risk. Healthcare professionals susceptible to measles are a serious epidemiological concern. Greater efforts should therefore be made to identify those who have yet to be vaccinated and actively encourage their vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Trerotoli
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy.
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5
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Fong SY, Mori D, John JL, Giloi N, Jeffree MS, Ahmed K. Mumps outbreak in university students: first detection of mumps virus genotype F in Borneo. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:20. [PMID: 35236426 PMCID: PMC8889699 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-022-00411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In October 2016, a mumps outbreak occurred among the students living in the on-campus dormitory of a public university located in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This study aimed to investigate the outbreak and identify the genotype of the mumps virus (MuV) strain that was involved in the outbreak. Main body During the outbreak, one 21-year-old and four 20-year-old males staying in the same dormitory building were reported to have developed symptoms of mumps. Of these, two students were available during the investigation for sample collection to detect MuV by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the 639-bp fragment encompassing the entire small hydrophobic (SH) gene. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicon and phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method was performed to determine the MuV genotype. Of the two buccal swab samples, one was positive for MuV. The MuV strain in this sample belonged to genotype F and it was clustered together with genotype F strains from China with 96.84–99.68% nucleotide identity. Conclusions Genotype F has limited circulation and is endemic in mainland China. Genotype F strains occasionally reported from other countries were epidemiologically linked to China. This study is the first to report a case of genotype F MuV in Malaysia and no epidemiological link could be established with mainland China. The results provide important information that can assist in strategic planning to improve the prevention and control of mumps infection in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siat Yee Fong
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jecelyn Leaslie John
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nelbon Giloi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. .,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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6
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Yin Z, Zheng C, Fang Q, Gong X, Cao G, Li J, Xiang Z, Song W. Introduction of Two-Dose Mumps-Containing Vaccine into Routine Immunization Schedule in Quzhou, China, Using Cox-Proportional Hazard Model. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5990417. [PMID: 34778466 PMCID: PMC8589524 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5990417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease caused by the mumps virus, but the incidence of mumps has increased among the children who were vaccinated with one-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the influence of different doses of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) against mumps using Cox-proportional hazard model. We collected 909 mumps cases of children who were born from 2006 to 2010 and vaccinated with different doses of MuCV in Quzhou during 2006-2018, which were all clinically diagnosed. Kaplan-Meier survival methods and Cox-proportional hazard model were used to estimate the hazard probabilities. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the cumulative hazard of male and female has no difference; lower hazards were detected among those who were vaccinated with two-dose MuCV, born in 2006, and infected after supplementary immunization activities (SIA). Cox-proportional hazard regression suggested that onset after SIA, born in 2006, and vaccinated with two-dose MuCV were protective factors against infection even after adjusting for potential confounding effects. Our study showed that it was necessary to revise the diagnostic criteria of mumps and identify RT-PCR as the standard for mumps diagnosis in China. We suggested that routine immunization schedule should introduce two doses of MMR and prevaccination screening should be performed before booster immunization in vaccinated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yin
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Canjie Zheng
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanjun Fang
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Gong
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoping Cao
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Junji Li
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziling Xiang
- Quzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Song
- Quzhou Women & Children's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000 Zhejiang, China
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7
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Bodewes R, Reijnen L, Kerkhof J, Cremer J, Schmitz D, van Binnendijk R, Veldhuijzen IK. Molecular epidemiology of mumps viruses in the Netherlands, 2017-2019. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233143. [PMID: 32925979 PMCID: PMC7489541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps cases continue to occur, also in countries with a relatively high vaccination rate. The last major outbreaks of mumps in the Netherlands were in 2009-2012 and thereafter, only small clusters and single cases were reported. Molecular epidemiology can provide insights in the circulation of mumps viruses. The aims of the present study were to analyze the molecular epidemiology of mumps viruses in the Netherlands in 2017-2019 and to compare the phylogenetic trees built from sequence data of near complete mumps virus genomes or from the SH gene and non-coding regions (SH+NCRs). To this end, Sanger sequence data from SH+NCRs were analyzed from 82 mumps genotype G viruses. In addition, near complete genomes were obtained from 10 mumps virus isolates using next-generation sequencing. Analysis of SH+NCRs sequences of mumps genotype G viruses revealed the presence of two major genetic lineages in the Netherlands, which was confirmed by analysis of near complete genomes. Comparison of phylogenetic trees built with SH+NCRs or near complete genomes indicated that the topology was similar, while somewhat longer branches were present in the phylogenetic tree with near complete genomes. These results confirm that analysis of SH + NCRs sequence data is a useful approach for molecular surveillance. Furthermore, data from recent mumps genotype G viruses might indicate (intermittent) circulation of mumps genotype G viruses in the Netherlands in 2017-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Reijnen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kerkhof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Schmitz
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Irene K. Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Zatarain-Barrón ZL, Ramos-Espinosa O, Marquina-Castillo B, Barrios-Payán J, Cornejo-Granados F, Maya-Lucas O, López-Leal G, Molina-Romero C, Anthony RM, Ochoa-Leyva A, De La Rosa-Velázquez IA, Rebollar-Vega RG, Warren RM, Mata-Espinosa DA, Hernández-Pando R, van Soolingen D. Evidence for the Effect of Vaccination on Host-Pathogen Interactions in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:930. [PMID: 32508826 PMCID: PMC7248268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global control of Tuberculosis remains elusive, and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) -the most widely used vaccine in history-has proven insufficient for reversing this epidemic. Several authors have suggested that the mass presence of vaccinated hosts might have affected the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) population structure, and this could in turn be reflected in a prevalence of strains with higher ability to circumvent BCG-induced immunity, such as the recent Beijing genotype. The effect of vaccination on vaccine-escape variants has been well-documented in several bacterial pathogens; however the effect of the interaction between MTB strains and vaccinated hosts has never been previously described. In this study we show for the first time the interaction between MTB Beijing-genotype strains and BCG-vaccinated hosts. Using a well-controlled murine model of progressive pulmonary tuberculosis, we vaccinated BALB/c mice with two different sub-strains of BCG (BCG-Phipps and BCG-Vietnam). Following vaccination, the mice were infected with either one of three selected MTB strains. Strains were selected based on lineage, and included two Beijing-family clinical isolates (strains 46 and 48) and a well-characterized laboratory strain (H37Rv). Two months after infection, mice were euthanized and the bacteria extracted from their lungs. We characterized the genomic composite of the bacteria before and after exposure to vaccinated hosts, and also characterized the local response to the bacteria by sequencing the lung transcriptome in animals during the infection. Results from this study show that the interaction within the lungs of the vaccinated hosts results in the selection of higher-virulence bacteria, specifically for the Beijing genotype strains 46 and 48. After exposure to the BCG-induced immune response, strains 46 and 48 acquire genomic mutations associated with several virulence factors. As a result, the bacteria collected from these vaccinated hosts have an increased ability for immune evasion, as shown in both the host transcriptome and the histopathology studies, and replicates far more efficiently compared to bacteria collected from unvaccinated hosts or to the original-stock strain. Further research is warranted to ascertain the pathways associated with the genomic alterations. However, our results highlight novel host-pathogen interactions induced by exposure of MTB to BCG vaccinated hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zyanya Lucia Zatarain-Barrón
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Ramos-Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Cornejo-Granados
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya-Lucas
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gamaliel López-Leal
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Camilo Molina-Romero
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard M Anthony
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Inti Alberto De La Rosa-Velázquez
- Genomics Laboratory, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Gloria Rebollar-Vega
- Genomics Laboratory, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México - Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Robin M Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Dulce Adriana Mata-Espinosa
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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