1
|
Song MH, Sun Y, Qiu XB. Hijacking autophagy for infection by flaviviruses. Virus Res 2024; 347:199422. [PMID: 38901564 PMCID: PMC11252935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative pathway, which regulates the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. This pathway can degrade misfolded or aggregated proteins, clear damaged organelles, and eliminate intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites. But, not all types of viruses are eliminated by autophagy. Flaviviruses (e.g., Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Hepatitis C, Dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses) are single-stranded and enveloped RNA viruses, and transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of arthropods, leading to severe and widespread illnesses. Like the coronavirus SARS-CoV-II, flaviviruses hijack autophagy for their infection and escape from host immune clearance. Thus, it is possible to control these viral infections by inhibiting autophagy. In this review, we summarize recent research progresses on hijacking of autophagy by flaviviruses and discuss the feasibility of antiviral therapies using autophagy inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Yan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation & Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Avenue, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang YT, Hsu YC, Yang HI, Lee MH, Lai TH, Chen CJ, Huang YT. Causal mediation analyses for the natural course of hepatitis C: a prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol 2024:JE20240034. [PMID: 39098040 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20240034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a systemic disease. However, the relative contribution of intrahepatic and extrahepatic diseases to mediating HCV-induced mortality is unclear, albeit critical in resource allocation for reducing preventable deaths. To this end, this study comprehensively quantified the extent to which intrahepatic and extrahepatic diseases mediate HCV-induced mortality.MethodsA community-based cohort study with >25 years of follow-up was conducted in Taiwan. HCV infection was profiled by antibodies against HCV and HCV RNA in participants' serum samples. The cohort data were linked to Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database to determine the incidences of potential mediating diseases and mortality. We employed causal mediation analyses to estimate the mediation effects of HCV on mortality in relation to the incidences of 34 candidate diseases.ResultsIn 18,972 participants with 934 HCV infection, we observed that 54.1% of HCV-induced mortality was mediated by intrahepatic diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, and 45.9% of mortality was mediated by extrahepatic diseases. The major extrahepatic mediating diseases included septicemia (estimated proportion of HCV-induced mortality mediated through the disease: 25.2%), renal disease (16.7%), blood/immune diseases (12.2%), gallbladder diseases (9.7%), and endocrine diseases (9.6%). In women, hypertension (20.0%), metabolic syndrome (18.9%), and type 2 diabetes (17.0%) also mediated HCV-induced mortality. A dose-response relationship of HCV viral load was further demonstrated for the mediation effect.ConclusionBoth intrahepatic and extrahepatic manifestations mediated approximately a half of HCV-induced mortality. The mediation mechanisms are supported by a dose-response relationship of HCV viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Center for Liver Diseases, E-Da Hospital
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University
- Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica
| | - Mei-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Yangming Campus, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
| | - Tai-Hsuan Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | | | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University
- Department of Mathematics, National Taiwan University
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National Sun Yat-sen University
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel P, Patel N, Ahmed F, Gluck J. Review of heart transplantation from hepatitis C-positive donors. World J Transplant 2022; 12:394-404. [PMID: 36570408 PMCID: PMC9782687 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v12.i12.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant scarcity of a donor pool exists for heart transplantation (HT) as the prevalence of patients with end-stage refractory heart failure is increasing exceptionally. With the discovery of effective direct-acting antiviral and favorable short-term outcomes following HT, the hearts from hepatitis C virus (HCV) patient are being utilized to increase the donor pool. Short-term outcomes with regards to graft function, coronary artery vasculopathy, and kidney and liver disease is comparable in HCV-negative recipients undergoing HT from HCV-positive donors compared to HCV-negative donors. A significant high incidence of donor-derived HCV transmission was observed with great success of achieving sustained viral response with the use of direct-acting antivirals. By accepting HCV-positive organs, the donor pool has expanded with younger donors, a shorter waitlist time, and a reduction in waitlist mortality. However, the long-term outcomes and impact of specific HCV genotypes remains to be seen. We reviewed the current literature on HT from HCV-positive donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak Patel
- Department of Cardiology, West Roxbury VA Center, West Roxbury, MA 02132, United States
| | - Nirav Patel
- Department of Cardiology, University of Connecticut, Harford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06102, United States
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, CA 90065, United States
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06106, United States
| | - Jason Gluck
- Advanced Heart Failure, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT 06102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection on Liver-Related Death among People Tested for Hepatitis B Virus in British Columbia: Results from a Large Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112579. [PMID: 36423186 PMCID: PMC9694514 DOI: 10.3390/v14112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the contribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and related comorbidities to liver-related mortality in Canada are limited. We assessed the concurrent impact of HBV infection, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection on liver-related deaths in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We used data from the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort (BC-HTC). We used Fine-Gray multivariable sub-distributional hazards models to assess the effect of HBV, NAFLD, and HCV coinfection on liver-related mortality, while adjusting for confounders and competing mortality risks. The liver-related mortality rate was higher among people with HBV infection than those without (2.57 per 1000 PYs (95%CI: 2.46, 2.69) vs. 0.62 per 1000 PYs (95%CI: 0.61, 0.64), respectively). Compared with the HBV negative groups, HBV infection was associated with increased liver-related mortality risk in almost all of the subgroups: HBV mono-infection (adjusted subdistribution hazards ratio (asHR) of 3.35, 95% CI 3.16, 3.55), NAFLD with HBV infection, (asHR 12.5, 95% CI 7.08, 22.07), and HBV/HCV coinfection (asHR 8.4, 95% CI 7.62, 9.26). HBV infection is associated with a higher risk of liver-related mortality, and has a greater relative impact on people with NAFLD and those with HCV coinfection. The diagnosis and treatment of viral and fatty liver disease are required to mitigate liver-related morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hepatitis C Virus Epidemiology in Lithuania: Situation before Introduction of the National Screening Programme. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061192. [PMID: 35746663 PMCID: PMC9230764 DOI: 10.3390/v14061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2022, the Lithuanian health authorities decided to pay general practitioners a fee for performing serological tests for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in the population born from 1945 to 1994 once per life and annual HCV testing for PWID and HIV infected patients. This study aimed to assess trends in HCV-related mortality in the country and the prevalence of HCV infection among patients with liver diseases and evaluate possibilities of screening for HCV infection at a primary health care center. Age-standardized mortality rates in 2010–2020 were calculated for deaths caused by chronic hepatitis C and some liver diseases. Data on HCV infection among patients with liver cirrhosis, cancer and transplant patients were collected from the tertiary care hospital Kauno Klinikos. The prevalence of anti-HCV and risk factors of HCV infection was assessed among patients registered with the health care center in Klaipeda, where a pilot study of screening was performed. No steady trend in mortality was observed. Analysis of medical documentation showed that 40.5% of patients with liver cirrhosis, 49.7% with cancers and 36.9% of transplant patients were HCV infected. Over the year, 4867 patients were screened in the primary health care center. Positive anti-HCV prevalence was 1.7% (2.1% in men and 1.3% in women). Blood transfusion and being a blood donor before 1993 also having tattoos were associated with higher odds of HCV infection. The study revealed the active participation of individuals in HCV screening.
Collapse
|
6
|
Diotaiuti P, Mancone S, Falese L, Ferrara M, Bellizzi F, Valente G, Corrado S, Misiti F. Intention to Screen for Hepatitis C Among University Students: Influence of Different Communicative Scenarios. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:873566. [PMID: 35633800 PMCID: PMC9130485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different narrative scenarios regarding students' intentions to undergo diagnostic screening for hepatitis C, and whether gender identification with the characters of the scenario could influence the students' intentions to undergo a medical test. A sample of 600 participants was administered three narrative scenarios with different frames (positive, negative, and ambivalent), including two gender options (male and female) for the main character of the story. A statistically significant three-way interaction between scenario, gender identification, and time resulted. There were significant simple main effects on the intention to have a diagnostic test for hepatitis C for the scenarios with the protagonist of the same gender as the participant and after the administration of the negative scenario. The use of a negative scenario with the same gender character was always more effective than the use of a positive framed scenario, even though there was a high level of knowledge regarding the disease. Personal diagnostic testing was not directly associated with knowledge regarding the infection. The findings of this study can ultimately help policymakers develop communication campaigns adapted to target populations such as college students, in order to raise awareness of the risk, promote prevention and behavioral change, and encourage medical screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefania Mancone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Lavinia Falese
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Maria Ferrara
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Fernando Bellizzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valente
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefano Corrado
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|