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Rakotomalala FA, Butel C, Rasamoelina T, Serrano L, Vidal N, Randriarimanana SHD, Maharavo L, Randriamananjara HN, Fernandez-Nuñez N, Rabetokotany FR, Rakoto DAD, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Babin FX, Samison LH, Nerrienet E, Ayouba A. High HIV-1 genetic diversity and low prevalence of transmitted drug resistance among treatment-naive people living with HIV in Madagascar. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 125:105679. [PMID: 39368593 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Data on HIV drug resistance in Madagascar are rare and outdated. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of HIV drug resistance mutations to antiretrovirals (ARVs) and genetic diversity of circulating strains in treatment-naive people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Madagascar. MATERIALS AND METHODS We amplified the protease (PR), fragments of the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) and Integrase (IN) genes according to the French ANRS protocol. The amplicons were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology on an Illumina platform (MiSeq). We determined HIV-1 subtypes through phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood in PhyML. Resistance interpretation was performed using the Stanford algorithm (version 9.5.1). RESULTS We included 239 HIV-infected adults and children, sampled between January 2019 and November 2023, with a median age of 30 years and a mean plasma HIV viral load of 6.3 Log copies/ml. We sequenced at least one genomic fragment (PR or RT or IN) of the 239 samples, but 9 were excluded from analysis (mean depth < 10,000×). Phylogenetic analysis of 230 sequences revealed the presence of subtype C (33.91 %), A1 (11.30 %), B (11.30 %), CRF02_AG (9.56 %), subtype G (3.04 %), subtype D (0.43 %), CRF01_AE (0.43 %), and a significant proportion of unique recombinant forms (URFs) (30.30 %). The prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was 4.95 % (10/202) among patients aged 15 years and older. When stratified by ARV class, this prevalence was 4.79 % for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 0.59 % for Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 0.50 % for integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Among children under 15 years old (n = 28), the prevalence of TDR was 14.28 % (4/28), with all mutations conferring resistance to NNRTIs. No mutation conferring resistance to protease inhibitors was found, neither in children nor in adults. CONCLUSION Our results show a low prevalence of ARV resistance mutations among adult treatment-naive PLHIV in Madagascar. In children under 15 years old, 92 % were infants under two years old, the high resistance rate is likely related to mother-to-child transmission. No resistance mutation to dolutegravir was detected. We also observed high frequencies of subtypes C, B, A1 and a high proportion of URFs, highlighting an ongoing dynamic epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fetra Angelot Rakotomalala
- Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar; TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Christelle Butel
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Laetitia Serrano
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Luca Maharavo
- Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Nicolas Fernandez-Nuñez
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Danielle Aurore Doll Rakoto
- Ecole Doctorale Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Luc Hervé Samison
- Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
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Hanke K, Rykalina V, Koppe U, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, Heuer D, Meixenberger K. Developing a next level integrated genomic surveillance: Advances in the molecular epidemiology of HIV in Germany. Int J Med Microbiol 2024; 314:151606. [PMID: 38278002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2024.151606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in the molecular epidemiological studies of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) at the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) by laboratory and bioinformatic automation should allow the processing of larger numbers of samples and more comprehensive and faster data analysis in order to provide a higher resolution of the current HIV infection situation in near real-time and a better understanding of the dynamic of the German HIV epidemic. The early detection of the emergence and transmission of new HIV variants is important for the adaption of diagnostics and treatment guidelines. Likewise, the molecular epidemiological detection and characterization of spatially limited HIV outbreaks or rapidly growing sub-epidemics is of great importance in order to interrupt the transmission pathways by regionally adapting prevention strategies. These aims are becoming even more important in the context of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic and the Ukrainian refugee movement, which both have effects on the German HIV epidemic that should be monitored to identify starting points for targeted public health measures in a timely manner. To this end, a next level integrated genomic surveillance of HIV is to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hanke
- Unit 18: Sexually transmitted bacterial Pathogens (STI) and HIV, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vera Rykalina
- Unit 18: Sexually transmitted bacterial Pathogens (STI) and HIV, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Koppe
- Unit 34: HIV/AIDS, STI and Blood-borne Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dagmar Heuer
- Unit 18: Sexually transmitted bacterial Pathogens (STI) and HIV, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolin Meixenberger
- Unit 18: Sexually transmitted bacterial Pathogens (STI) and HIV, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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