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Klouche K, Brunot V, Larcher R, Lautrette A. Weaning from Kidney Replacement Therapy in the Critically Ill Patient with Acute Kidney Injury. J Clin Med 2024; 13:579. [PMID: 38276085 PMCID: PMC10816626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Around 10% of critically ill patients suffer acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT), with a mortality rate approaching 50%. Although most survivors achieve sufficient renal recovery to be weaned from KRT, there are no recognized guidelines on the optimal period for weaning from KRT. A systematic review was conducted using a peer-reviewed strategy, combining themes of KRT (intermittent hemodialysis, CKRT: continuous veno-venous hemo/dialysis/filtration/diafiltration, sustained low-efficiency dialysis/filtration), factors predictive of successful weaning (defined as a prolonged period without new KRT) and patient outcomes. Our research resulted in studies, all observational, describing clinical and biological parameters predictive of successful weaning from KRT. Urine output prior to KRT cessation is the most studied variable and the most widely used in practice. Other predictive factors, such as urinary urea and creatinine and new urinary and serum renal biomarkers, including cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were also analyzed in the light of recent studies. This review presents the rationale for early weaning from KRT, the parameters that can guide it, and its practical modalities. Once the patient's clinical condition has stabilized and volume status optimized, a diuresis greater than 500 mL/day should prompt the intensivist to consider weaning. Urinary parameters could be useful in predicting weaning success but have yet to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kada Klouche
- Intensive Care Unit Département, Lapeyronie University Hospital Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (V.B.); (R.L.)
- Phymedexp, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montpellier, Inserm, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHRU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Brunot
- Intensive Care Unit Département, Lapeyronie University Hospital Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (V.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Romaric Larcher
- Intensive Care Unit Département, Lapeyronie University Hospital Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (V.B.); (R.L.)
- Phymedexp, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montpellier, Inserm, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHRU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Lautrette
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Jean PERRIN, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
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Valle EDO, Smolentzov I, Gorzoni JLM, Salgado IC, Mainardes LC, Gomes VO, Júnior CHM, Rodrigues CE, Júnior JMV. A clinical model to predict successful renal replacement therapy (RRT) discontinuation in patients with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2023; 78:100280. [PMID: 37690142 PMCID: PMC10497780 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ideal timing of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) discontinuation in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is still unknown. We aimed to study the role of creatinine-related variables in predicting RRT successful discontinuation and to propose a clinical predictive score. METHODS In this single-centre retrospective study, we evaluated all AKI patients in whom RRT was interrupted for at least 48 hours. Patients who were still RRT-independent 7 days after initial RRT cessation were included in the "Success" group and opposed to the "Failure" group. We evaluated baseline characteristics and variables collected at the time of RRT interruption, as well as the Kinetic estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (KeGFR), the simple variation in serum Creatinine (ΔsCr), and the incremental creatinine ratio on the first three days after RRT interruption. Multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate prediction of success. Internal validation using a simple binomial generalized regression model with Lasso estimation and 5-fold cross validation method was performed. RESULTS We included 124 patients, 49 in the "Failure" group and 75 in the "Success" group. All creatinine-related variables predicted success in simple and multiple logistic regression models. The best model generated a clinical score based on the odds ratio obtained for each variable and included urine output, non-renal SOFA score, fluid balance, serum urea, serum potassium, blood pH, and the variation in sCr values after RRT discontinuation. The score presented an area under the ROC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.76‒1.00). CONCLUSION Creatinine variation between the first 2 consecutive days after RRT discontinuation might predict success in RRT discontinuation. The developed clinical score based on these variables might be a useful clinical decision tool to guide hemodialysis catheter safe removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo de Oliveira Valle
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Smolentzov
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Lucas Martins Gorzoni
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela Cavalcante Salgado
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Catelan Mainardes
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Oliveira Gomes
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Charles Hamilton Mélo Júnior
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Eleuterio Rodrigues
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Nephrology Department, Prince of Wales Clinical School ‒ UNSW Medicine & Health, Sydney, Australia.
| | - José Mauro Vieira Júnior
- Nephrology Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Komaru Y, Oguchi M, Sadahiro T, Nakada TA, Hattori N, Moriguchi T, Goto J, Shiga H, Kikuchi Y, Negi S, Shigematsu T, Kuriyama N, Nakamura T, Doi K. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and plasma IL-6 in discontinuation of continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration for severe acute kidney injury: a multicenter prospective observational study. Ann Intensive Care 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 37184598 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-023-01137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) who require continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in intensive care unit (ICU) are at high mortality risk. Little is known about clinical biomarkers for risk prediction, optimal initiation, and optimal discontinuation of CVVHDF. METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted in seven university-affiliated ICUs. For urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and plasma IL-6 measurements, samples were collected at initiation, 24 h, 48 h after, and CVVHDF discontinuation in adult patients with severe AKI. The outcomes were deaths during CVVHDF and CVVHDF dependence. RESULTS A total number of 133 patients were included. Twenty-eight patients died without CVVHDF discontinuation (CVVHDF nonsurvivors). Urinary NGAL and plasma IL-6 at the CVVHDF initiation were significantly higher in CVVHDF nonsurvivors than in survivors. Among 105 CVVHDF survivors, 70 patients were free from renal replacement therapy (RRT) or death in the next 7 days after discontinuation (success group), whereas 35 patients died or needed RRT again (failure group). Urinary NGAL at CVVHDF discontinuation was significantly lower in the success group (93.8 ng/ml vs. 999 ng/ml, p < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in plasma IL-6 between the groups. Temporal elevations of urinary NGAL levels during the first 48 h since CVVHDF initiation were observed in CVVHDF nonsurvivors and those who failed in CVVHDF discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS Urinary NGAL at CVVHDF initiation and discontinuation was associated with mortality and RRT dependence, respectively. The serial changes of urinary NGAL might also help predict the prognosis of patients with AKI on CVVHDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Komaru
- Department of Hemodialysis and Apheresis, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Oguchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sadahiro
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Nakada
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hattori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriguchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Junko Goto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Medicine, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shiga
- Emergency and Intensive Care Center, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kikuchi
- Emergency and Intensive Care Center, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Negi
- Department of Nephrology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | | | - Naohide Kuriyama
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kent Doi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan.
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Qian BS, Jia HM, Weng YB, Li XC, Chen CD, Guo FX, Han YZ, Huang LF, Zheng Y, Li WX. Analysis of urinary C-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14) and first-generation urinary biomarkers for predicting renal recovery from acute kidney injury: a prospective exploratory study. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 36941674 PMCID: PMC10026399 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent syndrome in the intensive care unit (ICU). AKI patients with kidney function recovery have better short-term and long-term prognoses compared with those with non-recovery. Numerous studies focus on biomarkers to distinguish them. To better understand the predictive performance of urinary biomarkers of renal recovery in patients with AKI, we evaluated C-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CCL14) and two first-generation biomarkers (cell cycle arrest biomarkers and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) in two ICU settings. METHODS We performed a prospective study to analyze urinary biomarkers for predicting renal recovery from AKI. Patients who developed AKI after ICU admission were enrolled and urinary biomarkers including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), CCL14, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were detected on the day of AKI diagnosis. The primary endpoint was non-recovery from AKI within 7 days. The individual discriminative ability of CCL14, [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] and NGAL to predict renal non-recovery were evaluated by the area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). RESULTS Of 164 AKI patients, 64 (39.0%) failed to recover from AKI onset. CCL14 showed a fair prediction ability for renal non-recovery with an AUC of 0.71 (95% CI 0.63-0.77, p < 0.001). [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] showed the best prediction for renal non-recovery with an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.71-0.84, p < 0.001). However, NGAL had no use in predicting non-recovery with an AUC of 0.53 (95% CI 0.45-0.60, p = 0.562). A two-parameter model (non-renal SOFA score and AKI stage) predicted renal non-recovery with an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI 0.77-0.83, p = 0.004). When [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] was combined with the clinical factors, the AUC was significantly improved to 0.82 (95% CI 0.74-0.87, p = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Urinary CCL14 and [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] were fair predictors of renal non-recovery from AKI. Combing urinary [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7] with a clinical model consisting of non-renal SOFA score and AKI stage enhanced the predictive power for renal non-recovery. Urinary CCL14 showed no significant advantage in predicting renal non-recovery compared to [TIMP-2] × [IGFBP7].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Shu Qian
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui-Miao Jia
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yi-Bing Weng
- Department of Emergent Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Lu-He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Xin-Cheng Li
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Chao-Dong Chen
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Fang-Xing Guo
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Han
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Feng Huang
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Wen-Xiong Li
- Department of Surgical Intensive Critical Unit, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Pan HC, Sun CY, Huang TTM, Huang CT, Tsao CH, Lai CH, Chen YM, Wu VC. Distinct Subtyping of Successful Weaning from Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy by Consensus Clustering in Critically Ill Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071628. [PMID: 35884933 PMCID: PMC9313082 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical decisions regarding the appropriate timing of weaning off renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients are complex and multifactorial. The aim of the current study was to identify which critical patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) may be more likely to be successfully weaned off RRT using consensus cluster analysis. Methods: In this study, critically ill patients who received RRT at three multicenter referral hospitals at several timepoints from August 2016 to July 2018 were enrolled. An unsupervised consensus clustering algorithm was used to identify distinct phenotypes. The outcomes of interest were the ability to wean off RTT and 90-day mortality. Results: A total of 124 patients with AKI requiring RRT (AKI-RRT) were enrolled. The 90-day mortality rate was 30.7% (38/124), and 49.2% (61/124) of the patients were successfully weaned off RRT for over 90 days. The consensus clustering algorithm identified three clusters from a total of 45 features. The three clusters had distinct features and could be separated according to the combination of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin to creatinine ratio (uNGAL/Cr), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, and estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of weaning off RRT. uNGAL/Cr (hazard ratio [HR] 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–4.33) and clustering phenotype (cluster 1 vs. 3, HR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.11–6.57; cluster 2 vs. 3, HR 44.5, 95% CI: 11.92–166.39) could predict 90-day mortality or re-dialysis. Conclusions: Almost half of the critical patients with AKI-RRT could wean off dialysis for over 90 days. Urinary NGAL/Cr and distinct clustering phenotypes could predict 90-day mortality or re-dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chih Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Thomas Tao-Min Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.T.-M.H.); (Y.-M.C.)
| | - Chun-Te Huang
- Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hao Tsao
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Chien-Heng Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-H.T.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Yung-Ming Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.T.-M.H.); (Y.-M.C.)
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (T.T.-M.H.); (Y.-M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-23562082
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Chen JJ, Lee TH, Lee CC, Chang CH. Using lipocalin as a prognostic biomarker in acute kidney injury. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:455-464. [PMID: 33874823 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1917384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human lipocalin-2, known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a widely studied biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI).Areas covered: NGAL can serve as a predictor of AKI, disease progression, and mortality and can help in differentiating between AKI etiologies. We conducted a systematic review in the PubMed and Medline databases involving the clinical application of NGAL in patients with AKI.Expert opinion: In this review, we explored the usefulness of NGAL for AKI or clinical outcome prediction. The use of urine or blood NGAL levels alone or in combination with a clinical prediction model may facilitate AKI prediction, severity prediction, AKI etiological differentiation, and mortality prediction. For AKI prediction, urine and plasma NGAL levels have an area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.71 to 0.90 and from 0.71 to 0.89, respectively, in different populations. The diagnostic performance of NGAL alone for renal replacement therapy or successful discontinuation prediction is suboptimal (AUC range: 0.65-0.81). Sepsis limits the application of NGAL as a clinical predictor, and the prediction performance of NGAL is affected by baseline renal function, timing of sample collection, and underlying comorbidities. The lack of internationally approved reference material also limits the usefulness of NGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tao-Han Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Current Approach to Successful Liberation from Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Kidney Injury: The Quest for Biomarkers Continues. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 25:1-8. [PMID: 33099671 PMCID: PMC8154765 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00498-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recovery of sufficient kidney function to liberate patients with severe acute kidney injury (AKI-D) from renal replacement therapy (RRT) is recognized as a vital patient-centred outcome. However, no clinical consensus guideline provides specific recommendations on when and how to stop RRT in anticipation of renal recovery from AKI-D. Currently, wide variations in clinical practice regarding liberation from RRT result in early re-start of RRT to treat uraemia after premature liberation or in the unnecessary prolonged exposure of unwell patients after late liberation. Observational studies, predominantly retrospective in nature, have attempted to assess numerous surrogate markers of kidney function or of biomarkers of kidney damage to predict successful liberation from RRT. However, a substantial heterogeneity in the timing of measurement and cut-off values of most biomarkers across studies allows no pooling of data, and impedes the comparison of outcomes from such studies. The accuracy of most traditional and novel biomarkers cannot be assessed reliably. Currently, the decision to discontinue RRT in AKI-D patients relies on daily clinical assessments of the patient’s status supplemented by measurement of creatinine clearance (> 15 ml/min) and 24-h urine output (> 2000 ml/min with diuretics). Clinical trials objectively comparing the success of validated biomarkers for guiding optimal timed liberation from RRT in AKI-D will be required to provide high-quality evidence for guidelines.
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