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Hutchison RM, Fraser K, Yang M, Fox T, Hirschhorn E, Njingti E, Scott D, Bedell BJ, Kistner KM, Cedarbaum JM, Evans KC, Graham D, Martarello L, Mollenhauer B, Lang AE, Dam T, Beaver J. Cinpanemab in Early Parkinson Disease: Evaluation of Biomarker Results From the Phase 2 SPARK Clinical Trial. Neurology 2024; 102:e209137. [PMID: 38315945 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sensitive, reliable, and scalable biomarkers are needed to accelerate the development of therapies for Parkinson disease (PD). In this study, we evaluate the biomarkers of early PD diagnosis, disease progression, and treatment effect collected in the SPARK. METHODS Cinpanemab is a human-derived monoclonal antibody binding preferentially to aggregated forms of extracellular α-synuclein. SPARK was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 multicenter trial evaluating 3 cinpanemab doses administered intravenously every 4 weeks for 52 weeks with an active treatment dose-blind extension period for up to 112 weeks. SPARK enrolled 357 participants diagnosed with PD within 3 years, aged 40-80 years, ≤2.5 on the modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, and with evidence of striatal dopaminergic deficit. The primary outcome was change from baseline in the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale total score. Secondary and exploratory biomarker outcomes evaluated change from baseline at week 52 relative to placebo. Dopamine transporter SPECT and MRI were used to quantify changes in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway and regional atrophy. CSF and plasma samples were used to assess change in total α-synuclein levels, α-synuclein seeding, and neurofilament light chain levels. SPARK was conducted from January 2018 to April 2021 and terminated due to lack of efficacy. RESULTS Approximately 3.8% (15/398) of SPECT-imaged participants did not have evidence of dopaminergic deficit and were screen-failed. Binary classification of α-synuclein seeding designated 93% (110/118) of the enrolled CSF subgroup as positive for α-synuclein seeds at baseline. Clinical disease progression was observed, with no statistically significant difference in cinpanemab groups compared with that in placebo. Ninety-nine percent of participants with positive α-synuclein seeding remained positive through week 52. No statistically significant changes from baseline were observed between treatment groups and placebo across biomarker measures. Broadly, there was minimal annual change with high interindividual variability across biomarkers-with striatal binding ratios of the ipsilateral putamen showing the greatest mean change/SD over time. DISCUSSION Biomarker results indicated enrollment of the intended population with early PD, but there was no significant correlation with disease progression or clear evidence of a cinpanemab treatment effect on biomarker measures. Suitable biomarkers for evaluating disease severity and progression in early PD trials are still needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT03318523 (clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03318523); Submitted October 24, 2017; First patient enrolled January 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Hutchison
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Fraser
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minhua Yang
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Fox
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Hirschhorn
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edwin Njingti
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Scott
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry J Bedell
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristi M Kistner
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jesse M Cedarbaum
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karleyton C Evans
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Graham
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Martarello
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tien Dam
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Beaver
- From Biogen Inc. (R.M.H., K.F., M.Y., E.H., K.C.E., D.G., L.M., J.B.), Cambridge, MA; Biogen Inc. (T.F.), Maidenhead, United Kingdom; Formerly Biogen Inc. at time of study (E.N., J.M.C., T.D.); Clario (D.S.), Princeton, NJ; Biospective Inc. (B.J.B.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Nucleus Global (K.M.K.), Atlanta, GA; Coeruleus Clinical Sciences LLC (J.M.C.), Woodbridge, CT; Department of Neurology (B.M.), University Medical Center, Göttingen and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, and Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic (A.E.L.); and Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease (A.E.L.), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lang AE, Siderowf AD, Macklin EA, Poewe W, Brooks DJ, Fernandez HH, Rascol O, Giladi N, Stocchi F, Tanner CM, Postuma RB, Simon DK, Tolosa E, Mollenhauer B, Cedarbaum JM, Fraser K, Xiao J, Evans KC, Graham DL, Sapir I, Inra J, Hutchison RM, Yang M, Fox T, Budd Haeberlein S, Dam T. Trial of Cinpanemab in Early Parkinson's Disease. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:408-420. [PMID: 35921450 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregated α-synuclein plays an important role in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Cinpanemab, a human-derived monoclonal antibody that binds to α-synuclein, is being evaluated as a disease-modifying treatment for Parkinson's disease. METHODS In a 52-week, multicenter, double-blind, phase 2 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 2:1:2:2 ratio, participants with early Parkinson's disease to receive intravenous infusions of placebo (control) or cinpanemab at a dose of 250 mg, 1250 mg, or 3500 mg every 4 weeks, followed by an active-treatment dose-blinded extension period for up to 112 weeks. The primary end points were the changes from baseline in the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) total score (range, 0 to 236, with higher scores indicating worse performance) at weeks 52 and 72. Secondary end points included MDS-UPDRS subscale scores and striatal binding as assessed on dopamine transporter single-photon-emission computed tomography (DaT-SPECT). RESULTS Of the 357 enrolled participants, 100 were assigned to the control group, 55 to the 250-mg cinpanemab group, 102 to the 1250-mg group, and 100 to the 3500-mg group. The trial was stopped after the week 72 interim analysis owing to lack of efficacy. The change to week 52 in the MDS-UPDRS score was 10.8 points in the control group, 10.5 points in the 250-mg group, 11.3 points in the 1250-mg group, and 10.9 points in the 3500-mg group (adjusted mean difference vs. control, -0.3 points [95% confidence interval {CI}, -4.9 to 4.3], P = 0.90; 0.5 points [95% CI, -3.3 to 4.3], P = 0.80; and 0.1 point [95% CI, -3.8 to 4.0], P = 0.97, respectively). The adjusted mean difference at 72 weeks between participants who received cinpanemab through 72 weeks and the pooled group of those who started cinpanemab at 52 weeks was -0.9 points (95% CI, -5.6 to 3.8) for the 250-mg dose, 0.6 points (95% CI, -3.3 to 4.4) for the 1250-mg dose, and -0.8 points (95% CI, -4.6 to 3.0) for the 3500-mg dose. Results for secondary end points were similar to those for the primary end points. DaT-SPECT imaging at week 52 showed no differences between the control group and any cinpanemab group. The most common adverse events with cinpanemab were headache, nasopharyngitis, and falls. CONCLUSIONS In participants with early Parkinson's disease, the effects of cinpanemab on clinical measures of disease progression and changes in DaT-SPECT imaging did not differ from those of placebo over a 52-week period. (Funded by Biogen; SPARK ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03318523.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Lang
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Andrew D Siderowf
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Eric A Macklin
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Werner Poewe
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - David J Brooks
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Hubert H Fernandez
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Olivier Rascol
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Nir Giladi
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - David K Simon
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Jesse M Cedarbaum
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Kyle Fraser
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - James Xiao
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Karleyton C Evans
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Danielle L Graham
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Inbal Sapir
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Jennifer Inra
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - R Matthew Hutchison
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Minhua Yang
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Tara Fox
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Samantha Budd Haeberlein
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
| | - Tien Dam
- From the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, and the University of Toronto, Toronto (A.E.L.), and the Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal (R.B.P.); the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (A.D.S.); the Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital (E.A.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (D.K.S.), and Harvard Medical School (E.A.M., D.K.S.), Boston, and Biogen, Cambridge (K.F., J.X., K.C.E., D.L.G., I.S., J.I., R.M.H., M.Y., S.B.H., T.D.) - all in Massachusetts; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (W.P.); Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne (D.J.B.), and Biogen, Maidenhead (T.F.) - both in the United Kingdom; Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (D.J.B.); the Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, and Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine - both in Cleveland (H.H.F.); Clinical Investigation Center 1436, the Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-PARK-French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network, NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, University Hospital of Toulouse, and the University of Toulouse III - both in Toulouse, France (O.R.); Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, and the Sackler School of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University - both in Tel Aviv, Israel (N.G.); University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele - both in Rome (F.S.); the University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (C.M.T.), and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco (C.M.T.); the University of Barcelona, Barcelona (E.T.); the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, and Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel - both in Germany (B.M.); and Coeruleus Clinical Sciences, Woodbridge, CT (J.M.C.)
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