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Chen Z, Liu Z, Zeng L, Huang L, Zhang L. Research on prescribing cascades: a scoping review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1147921. [PMID: 37465527 PMCID: PMC10350531 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1147921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of prescribing cascades has been proposed for more than 20 years, but the research progress and cognitive level varied in different countries. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the current status of relevant original research on prescribing cascades, and to provide references for further research and continuous improvement in clinical practice. Methods: We searched three English databases and four Chinese databases from inception until January 2022. Relevant studies about prescribing cascades meeting the eligibility criteria were extracted independently by two reviewers, and a descriptive analysis was conducted to compare the methods and outcomes of the included studies. Results: A total of 32 studies involving 7,075,200 patients in 11 countries were included, including 13 cross-sectional studies, 11 case reports, 7 cohort studies, and 1 case-control study. The target population was mainly elderly people (24 studies). The purpose of the included studies could be divided into three categories: prevention (4 studies), identification (17 studies), and resolution (11 studies) of prescribing cascades. 49 prescribing cascade routes were identified and mainly attributed to the cardiovascular system, most primary diseases of which were dementia, the initial medications of prescribing cascades were mainly calcium channel blockers, and two to six drugs were involved in the prescribing cascade routes. Conclusion: Prescribing cascades have attracted more attention internationally and current studies have mainly focused on the elderly and their cardiovascular diseases and nervous diseases, but still not yet formed integral research in other special populations of drug use, such as children and pregnant women. It is necessary to further conduct in-depth studies with a broader range, and to establish a series of effective measures to decrease the incidence of prescribing cascades in the high-risk group of drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yang X, Tang T, Li M, Chen J, Li T, Dai Y, Cheng Q. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor May Be Involved in the Behavioral Changes of Progeny Rats after Exposure to Ceftriaxone Sodium during Pregnancy. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:699-708. [PMID: 35484974 PMCID: PMC9628893 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2111.11048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy have an adversely effects on offspring behavior and development. However, its mechanism is still poorly understood. To uncover this, we added ceftriaxone sodium to the drinking water of rats during pregnancy and conducted three-chamber sociability test, open-field test, and Morris water maze test in 3- and 6-week-old offspring. The antibiotic group offspring showed lower sociability and spatial learning and memory than control. To determine the role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the changes in offspring behavior, fecal samples of 6-week-old offspring rats were sequenced. The composition of dominant gut microbial taxa differed between the control and antibiotic groups. KEGG pathway analysis showed that S24-7 exerted its effects through the metabolic pathways including mineral absorption, protein digestion and absorption, Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Correlation analysis showed that S24-7 abundance was negatively correlated with the level of VEGF, and metabolites associated with S24-7-including 3-aminobutanoic acid, dacarbazine, L-leucine, 3-ketosphinganine, 1-methylnicotinamide, and N-acetyl-L-glutamate-were also significantly correlated with VEGF levels. The findings suggest that antibiotic exposure during pregnancy, specifically ceftriaxone sodium, will adversely affects the behavior of offspring rats due to the imbalance of gut microbiota, especially S24-7, via VEGF and various metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China,Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Ting Tang
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Mengchun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China,Corresponding authors Y. Dai Phone: +023-6196-6253 Fax: +023-63663-1734 E-mail:
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China,
Q. Cheng Phone: +023-6196-6252 Fax: +023-6363-1734 E-mail:
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Goes AS, Oliveira AS, de Andrade TNG, Alves BMCS, Neves SJF, Dias JMG, de Lyra Júnior DP, de Oliveira Filho AD. Influence of drug-related problems on length of hospital stay of women with a history of preeclampsia: A multicenter study. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 27:8-13. [PMID: 34801927 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 5-7 % of pregnant women have hypertension during pregnancy, requiring antihypertensive drug treatment. There have been a lack of studies evaluating how drug-related problems (DRPs) affect morbidity or mortality in the postpartum period among women with a history of preeclampsia. OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of drug-related problems on length of hospital stay of postpartum women with a history of preeclampsia. METHODS This cross-sectional study included postpartum women diagnosed with preeclampsia, from June to November 2016, in two teaching maternity hospitals in Brazil. The outcomes assessed were, length of hospital stay of postpartum women. The DRPs were classified through the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation (PCNE) v 8.01. RESULTS 600 women were included, and 354 (59%) were exposed to at least one DRP. The most frequent DRPs were no administration of the prescribed medication, lack of prescription of a medication, although the indication was clear, and ineffectiveness (unknown reason). In patients exposed to DRP, the average length of hospital stay after labour was 5.4 (S.D. 3.6) days versus 4.4 (S.D. 3.3) days in patients non-exposed to DRP (p = 0.0001). The period (in days) to achieve blood pressure control after labour was 4.5 (S.D. 3.5) 3.5 (S.D. 3.2), respectively (p = 0.0001). There were no deaths during the study. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE Drug-related problems significantly increased the length of hospital stay in postpartum women with a history of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Santana Goes
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Alex Santana Oliveira
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Tâmara Natasha Gonzaga de Andrade
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Manuella Cardoso Sodré Alves
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Joany Felizardo Neves
- Pharmacotherapy Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagos, Maceió, AL, Brazil. Endereço: Campus A. C. Simões. Av. Lourival Melo Mota, se/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, Alagoas. CEP: 57072-970
| | - Julia Maria Gonçalves Dias
- Departament of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brasil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra Júnior
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Dias de Oliveira Filho
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil. Address: Cidade Universitária "Prof. José Aloísio Campos", Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão CEP: 49100-000, Brazil; Pharmacotherapy Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagos, Maceió, AL, Brazil. Endereço: Campus A. C. Simões. Av. Lourival Melo Mota, se/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceió, Alagoas. CEP: 57072-970.
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Kim HJ, Yeom HA. Development of the Uncertainty Scale for Women Hospitalized With High-Risk Pregnancies in South Korea. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2021; 51:89-100. [PMID: 34742687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to develop the Uncertainty Scale for Women Hospitalized with High-Risk Pregnancies (USWHHP) and to evaluate its validity and reliability. The USWHHP was developed through four steps: generation of the initial items, evaluation of content validity, preliminary survey, and evaluation of validity and reliability in a sample survey. The final USWHHP scale includes 27 items in seven subdomains, which are scored using a 5-point Likert scale. The total possible score ranges from 27 to 135, and a higher score indicates a greater level of uncertainty. The USWHHP had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.93. The USWHHP is an easy-to-apply questionnaire specifically designed to measure uncertainty levels of women hospitalized with high-risk pregnancies.
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Kamath P, Kamath A, Ullal SD. Liver injury associated with drug intake during pregnancy. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:747-762. [PMID: 34367496 PMCID: PMC8326163 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i7.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug use during pregnancy is not common. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a potential complication that is rare but can adversely affect both the mother and the fetus. Although many drugs can directly cause hepatotoxicity, idiosyncratic liver injury is common in pregnancy. Underreporting of adverse drug reactions, lack of adequate literature regarding drug safety in pregnancy, and the inherent difficulty in diagnosing DILI during pregnancy make the management of this condition challenging. This review attempts to describe the existing literature regarding DILI in pregnancy, which is mainly in the form of case reports; several studies have looked at the safety of antithyroid drugs, antiretroviral drugs, and paracetamol, which have an indication for use in pregnancy; the relevant data from these studies with regard to DILI has been presented. In addition, the review describes the diagnosis of DILI, grading the disease severity, assessment of causality linking the drug to the adverse event, regulatory guidelines for evaluating the potential of drugs to cause liver injury, efforts to ensure better participation of women in clinical trials and studies in pregnant women population in particular, and the challenges involved in generating adequate research evidence. The establishment of DILI registries in various countries is an encouraging development; however, there is a need for promoting active, spontaneous reporting of adverse events during pregnancy to ensure rapid generation of evidence regarding the safety of a drug in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kamath
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India - 575001
| | - Ashwin Kamath
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India - 575001
| | - Sheetal D Ullal
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India - 575001
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Yang X, Tang T, Wen J, Li M, Chen J, Li T, Dai Y, Cheng Q. Effects of S24-7 on the weight of progeny rats after exposure to ceftriaxone sodium during pregnancy. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:166. [PMID: 34082715 PMCID: PMC8176729 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy will adversely affect the growth of offspring; however, this remains controversial and the mechanism is poorly understood. To study this phenomenon, we added ceftriaxone sodium to the drinking water of pregnant rats and continuously monitored the body weight of their offspring. The results showed that compared with the control group, the offspring exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy had a higher body weight up to 3 weeks old but had a lower body weight at 6 weeks old. To determine the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the growth of offspring, we collected feces for sequencing and further established that the experimental group has a different composition ratio of dominant bacteria at 6 week old, among which S24–7 correlated negatively with body weight and the metabolites that correlated with body weight-related unique flora were L-Valine, L-Leucine, Glutaric acid, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate, and 5-Methylcytosine. To further explore how they affect the growth of offspring, we submitted these data to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes website for relevant pathway analysis. The results showed that compared with the control, the following metabolic pathways changed significantly: Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; Protein digestion and absorption; and Mineral absorption. Therefore, we believe that our findings support the conclusion that ceftriaxone sodium exposure in pregnancy has a long-lasting adverse effect on the growth of offspring because of an imbalance of gut microbiota, especially S24–7, via different metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengchun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Health and Nutrition, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Qian Cheng
- Department of Primary Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Medication among Pregnant Women on Antenatal Care Follow-Up at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Reprod Med 2020; 2020:2936862. [PMID: 33062663 PMCID: PMC7545459 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2936862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Self-medication is being prevalent throughout the globe. Although pregnant women are among the most vulnerable group of the population for drug-induced adverse effects on their fetus and themselves, many pregnant women use self-medication without adequate safety precautions. Objective This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of self-medication among pregnant women on antenatal care follow-up at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed among 400 pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between February 01 and May 30, 2019. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS® (IBM Corporation) version 22. Descriptive statistics were presented using frequency and proportion. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with self-medication with a 95% confidence level and p value of 0.05. Results Among 400 respondents, the prevalence of self-medication during the current pregnancy was 44.8% (95% CI = 40.5-50). Among all respondents (400), 38.0% (95% CI = 33.3-42.8) and 12.5% (95% CI = 9.5-15) used herbal and conventional medicine, respectively. Self-medication showed a significant association with a previous history of self-medication and monthly income. Conclusions The prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women is considerably high. The previous history of self-medication and monthly income showed a significant association with self-medication. Awareness creation should be done for reproductive-age women on the potential risks of self-medication.
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Gomes RCM, Lopes MVDO, Perrelli JGA, Pontes CM, Linhares FMP, Mangueira SDO. Analysis of the NANDA-I taxonomy "maternal-fetal dyad" concept in high-risk pregnancy: integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20190649. [PMID: 32965424 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to analyze the NANDA-I taxonomy "maternal-fetal dyad" concept in high-risk pregnancy. METHOD an integrative literature review based on the Conceptual Analysis model proposed by Walker and Avant. It was conducted at PUBMED, CINAHL, SCOPUS, LILACS and SciELO, with the descriptors: Complications of pregnancy, Risk Factors, and Pregnancy, High-Risk (from 2008-2020). RESULT the sample consisted of 44 articles, which identified two attributes and 21 antecedents of the concept. CONCLUSION concept analysis allowed to identify the attributes and antecedents of the "maternal-fetal dyad" concept in high-risk pregnancy, in addition to raising and clarifying ideas. It was possible to identify 12 antecedents that are not included in NANDA-I as well as the need to review the definition of the diagnosis proposed by the taxonomy.
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Nugraheni G, Sulistyarini A, Zairina E. Beliefs about medicines in pregnancy: a survey using the beliefs about medicines questionnaire in Indonesia. Int J Clin Pharm 2019; 42:57-64. [PMID: 31721039 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-019-00937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies examine the use of medicines among pregnant women, however few studies report the pregnant women's belief for taking medication during pregnancy. Individual factors such as patients' beliefs about their medications have been known to influence medication adherence. Objective This study aimed to examine beliefs about medicines among pregnant women in Indonesia and how these varied across pregnancy trimesters. Setting We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pregnant women who had regular visits at 63 community health centres in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods Participants were approached while they were in the waiting room and were asked to complete the questionnaire. The survey package contained information about the study, an informed consent form, and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ). Main outcome measure Beliefs about medicines were assessed using the BMQ, which comprises four subscales: general-overuse, general-harm, specific-necessity, and specific-concern. Differences in medication beliefs between pregnancy trimesters were assessed using suitable statistical tests according to data normality. Results A total of 492 pregnant women completed the survey. The majority were aged 21-30 years (57.1%), housemakers (68.7%), and educated to high-school level (51.4%); 92.9% did not have any chronic diseases, and more than 90% took vitamins and/or supplements. The difference between Specific-Concern and Specific-Necessity scores was calculated for each participant, and more than half of the participants (59.6%) were thus classified as having negative beliefs about medications. In the first trimester of pregnancy, women's beliefs about medication necessity were stronger than in the third trimester (p = 0.033). Conclusion Medication beliefs of pregnant women regarding their concerns and the necessity of medication taken in different trimesters of pregnancy were varied. The results of this study highlight the difference in medication beliefs during trimesters in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesnita Nugraheni
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Gedung Nanizar Zaman Joenoes (Kampus C UNAIR) Jl. Dr. Ir Haji Soekarno, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Arie Sulistyarini
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Gedung Nanizar Zaman Joenoes (Kampus C UNAIR) Jl. Dr. Ir Haji Soekarno, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Elida Zairina
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Gedung Nanizar Zaman Joenoes (Kampus C UNAIR) Jl. Dr. Ir Haji Soekarno, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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