Flower-like Ni/Mn/MC microspheres derived from metal-organic frameworks for electrocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

This study demonstrated the design and fabrication of flower-like Ni/Mn-MOFs materials, and three-dimensional ultrathin flower-like Ni/Mn/MC microspheres were fabricated by embedding metal or metal oxide nanoparticles into a porous carbon skeleton via high-temperature pyrolysis at 600 °C and used for the electrocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium. This unique ultrathin porous flower-like structure can expose more active sites, provide rapid ion/electron transfer, and improve electrocatalytic activity. Meanwhile, the excellent electrical conductivity of the carbon skeleton, as well as the rational composition and synergistic effect of the two components, can promote the generation of active radicals (•OH and •O2-) in the reaction system, which accelerates the electrochemical degradation process and improves the electrocatalytic degradation performance. The results showed that the Ni/Mn/MC-5:1 composite prepared when the molar ratio of Ni: Mn was 5:1 exhibited the best electrocatalytic degradation performance for the degradation of sodium ceftriaxone. The composites showed 98.2% degradation of ceftriaxone sodium in 120 min and maintained sound degradation after 20 cycles. Therefore, we concluded that this novel multicomponent composite has good electrocatalytic activity and stability for the degradation of antibiotic wastewater.

Robust PbO2 modified by co-deposition of ZrO2 nanoparticles for efficient degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

In recent years, PbO2 electrodes have received widespread attention due to their high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity. However, due to the brittle nature of the plating layer, it is easy to cause the active layer to fall off. Pb2+ will leach out with the electrochemical process causing secondary pollution. The starting point of this study is established to improve the stability and adhesion of the electrode coating. Electrochemical oxidation technology has the characteristics of high treatment efficiency, wide range of applications, and non-polluting environment. In this study, conventional PbO2 electrodes were modified by using co-deposition of ZrO2 nanoparticles. In addition, α-PbO2 was added to increase the stability of the electrodes. At a high current density of 1 A/cm2, the accelerated life of the pure PbO2 electrode is 648 h, the accelerated life of the PbO2-ZrO2 electrode is 1.37 times that of the pure PbO2, and the electrode with an added α-PbO2 layer is 1.69 times that of the pure PbO2 electrode. The amount of dissolved Pb2+ was only 29% of that of pure PbO2. The electrochemical performance of the electrode is evaluated by studying the degradation effect of ceftriaxone sodium (CXM). The addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles alters the particle size and deposition content of PbO2, leading to a unique crystal structure distinct from pure PbO2. Compared to conventional PbO2 electrodes, the PbO2-ZrO2 can remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pollutants more efficiently, removing for 59% increased by 38.47%. Therefore, PbO2-ZrO2 is of great value in the field of electrochemical degradation of industrial pollutants.

Short-term use of ceftriaxone sodium leads to intestinal barrier disruption and ultrastructural changes of kidney in SD rats

OBJECTIVE

Antibiotic treatments are known to disturb gut microbiota, but their effects on the mucosal barrier and extraintestinal diseases are rarely discussed. The aim of this study was to evaluate and visualize the impact of antibiotics on colonic mucus and the microbial community, and to assess whether intestinal dysbacteriosis is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of extraintestinal diseases in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups followed by different experimental treatments. The albumin-creatinine ratio, urinary protein and occult blood semi-quantified test were tested. Fecal samples were collected at different time points (0,4, and 12 weeks) for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Colon and kidney specimens were examined using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to identify morphological changes.

RESULTS

Ceftriaxone intervention for one week did not cause any symptoms of diarrhea or weight loss, but the alpha and beta diversities of gut microbiota decreased quickly and significantly, a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was observed. At week 12, although the alpha and beta diversities increased to a level similar to that of the control (CON) group, LEfSe analysis indicated that the microbial community composition still differed significantly in each group. In addition, KEGG metabolic prediction revealed different metabolic functions in each group. TEM examination of colon revealed that dramatic morphological changes were observed in the ceftriaxone (Cef) group, wherein microvilli were misaligned and shortened significantly and morphologically intact bacteria were seen on the epithelial cell surface. TEM examination of kidneys from the Cef group showed characteristic glomerular changes in the form of widely irregularly thickened glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and foot process fusion or effacement; mild thickening of the GBM and foot process fusion was detected when ceftriaxone and Resatorvid (TAK242, an inhibitor of TLR4 signaling) are used together in the ceftriaxone + TAK242 (TAK) group.

CONCLUSIONS

Short-term use of ceftriaxone induced dynamic changes of gut microbiota and lead to intestinal barrier disruption and ultrastructural changes of kidneys in the SD rats. Moreover, interference with the TLR4-dependent signaling pathway can alleviate the damage to the intestinal barrier and kidney.

Long-term effects on liver metabolism induced by ceftriaxone sodium pretreatment

Ceftriaxone is an emerging contaminant due to its potential harm, while its effects on liver are still need to be clarified. In this study, we first pretreated the 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice with high dose ceftriaxone sodium (Cef, 400 mg/mL, 0.2 mL per dose) for 8 days to prepare a gut dysbiosis model, then treated with normal feed for a two-month recovery period, and applied non-targeted metabolomics (including lipidomics) to investigate the variations of fecal and liver metabolome, and coupled with targeted determination of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs). Lastly, the correlations and mediation analysis between the liver metabolism and gut metabolism/microbes were carried, and the potential mechanisms of the mal-effects on gut-liver axis induced by Cef pretreatment were accordingly discussed. Compared to the control group, Cef pretreatment reduced the rate of weight gain and hepatosomatic index, induced bile duct epithelial cells proliferated around the central vein and appearance of binucleated hepatocytes, decreased the ratio of total branching chains amino acids (BCAAs) to total aromatic amino acids (AAAs) in liver metabolome. In fecal metabolome, the total fecal SCFAs and BAs did not change significantly while butyric acid decreased and the primary BAs increased after Cef pretreatment. Correlation and mediation analysis revealed one potential mechanism that Cef may first change the intestinal microbiota (such as destroying its normal structure, reducing its abundance and the stability of the microbial network or certain microbe abundance like Alistipes), and then change the intestinal metabolism (such as acetate, caproate, propionate), leading to liver metabolic disorder (such as spermidine, inosine, cinnamaldehyde). This study proved the possibility of Cef-induced liver damage, displayed the overall metabolic profile of the liver following Cef pretreatment and provided a theoretical framework for further research into the mechanism of Cef-induced liver damage.

Highly selective and sensitive determination of ceftriaxone sodium using nitrogen-rich carbon dots based on ratiometric fluorescence

Selective and sensitive determination of ceftriaxone sodium (CTR) trace residues is of great importance for food safety and environmental protection. Herein, a determination method based on ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric method with nitrogen-rich carbon dots as fluorophore is reported. The functional surfaces of indole-derived carbon dots (I-CDs) containing nitrogen and carbon groups can be selectively bound to CTR by electrostatic forces, leading to a hindered conjugation system and deprotonation of the amine on the pyrrole ring, resulting in a distinct variety in fluorescence and absorption wavelength and intensity. With the addition of CTR, the fluorescence at 577 nm can be selectively quenched, accompanied by a new emission peak appeared at 507 nm. The limits of detection (LODs) were estimated to be 19.7 nM and 78.0 nM based on the ratiometric fluorescence method and colorimetric method, respectively. Finally, the in situ visual quantitative determination of CTR using this nanosensor was achieved by combining with the color recognizer of a smartphone, and the method was further validated by spike and recovery test in real water samples including milk, seawater, and tap water.

Removal of ceftriaxone sodium antibiotic from pharmaceutical wastewater using an activated carbon based TiO2 composite: Adsorption and photocatalytic degradation evaluation

The water pollution becomes a serious concern for the sustainability of ecosystems due to the existence of pharmaceutical products (ceftriaxone (CEF) antibiotic). Even in low concentration of CEF has lethal effects on ecosystem and human health. To remove CEF, TiO₂ is considered as an effective and efficient nanoparticles, however its performance is reduced due to wider energy gap and rapid recombination of charge carriers. In this study, activated carbon based TiO₂ (ACT-X) heterogeneous nanocomposites were synthesized to improve the intrinsic properties of TiO₂ and their adsorption-photocatalytic performance for the removal of CEF. The characterization results revealed that ACT-X composites have slower recombination of charge carriers, lower energy band gap (3.05 eV), and better light absorption under visible region of light. From ACT-X composites, the ACT-4 photocatalyst has achieved highest photocatalytic degradation (99.6%) and COD removal up (99.2%). The results of radical scavengers showed that photocatalytic degradation of CEF is mainly occurred due to superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Meanwhile, the reusability of ACT-4 up to five cycles shows more than 80% photocatalytic degradation, which make the process more economical. The highest experimental adsorption capacity is achieved up to 844.8 mg g^-1 using ACT-4. The favorable and multilayer heterogeneous adsorption is carried out according to the well-fitted data with pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models, respectively. These results indicate that the carbon-based TiO₂ composites can be used as a green, stable, efficient, effective, reusable, renewable, and sustainable photocatalyst to eliminate the pharmaceutical pollutants (antibiotics) via adsorption and photocatalytic degradation processes.

Insights into the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals during photocatalytic degradation processes of ceftriaxone sodium by ZnO/ZnIn2S4

At present, the researches on photocatalysis were mainly focused on the design, improvement and development of catalysts, and less attention was paid to the existing characteristics of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) during the process of photocatalytic oxidation. In this study, A flower-like Z-type heterojunction ZnO/ZnIn₂S₄ (ZnO/ZIS) and typical antibiotic ceftriaxone sodium (CS) were taken as study objects, concentrating on the generation characteristics of EPFRs during the degradation of CS by ZnO/ZIS, and clarifying the degradation mechanism of CS in which EPFRs participated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of 10 mg/L CS by 0.40 g/L ZnO/ZIS reached 85.3% in 150 min under the irradiation of 500 W xenon lamp. It was clear that ·O₂^- and h⁺ play major roles in CS degradation by ZnO/ZIS under visible light, and ·OH plays an auxiliary role. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of EPFRs during photocatalytic degradation processes of CS by ZnO/ZIS were first investigated thoroughly via experimental analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The concentration level of EPFRs centered on oxygen atoms is 10¹¹ spin/mm³, which were generated in the process of degradation of CS by ZnO/ZIS under visible light. The production of EPFRs chiefly includes two procedures: chemical adsorption and transfer of electrons. The adsorption energy of precursor P8 on ZnIn₂S₄ side is -1.91 eV, the electrons transferred from precursor P8 and P11 to ZnO/ZnIn₂S₄ heterojunction. Surprisingly, EPFRs have little negative effects on the degradation process of CS by ZnO/ZIS. The study was not only a key field in the development of photocatalysis technology, but also a new way to study the removal mechanism of antibiotics.

Synthesis of novel Fe0-Fe3O4/CeO2/C composite cathode for efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

Fe⁰-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and cerium dioxide hollow spheres as efficient heterogeneous electro-Fenton reagents were rationally designed to be embedded in porous carbon derived from skimmed cotton for the electrocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium. Skimmed cotton porous carbon material has a hollow tubular structure, and cerium dioxide is dispersed on the surface of the carbon material in a hollow sphere structure of uniform size. Fe⁰-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were wrapped in irregular particle shapes on the surface of cerium dioxide hollow spheres, and the remaining part was laid flat on the surface of porous carbon material. The as-synthesized Fe⁰-Fe₃O₄/CeO₂/C showed excellent degradation efficiency of 95.59 % for ceftriaxone sodium within 120 mins and obtained a COD removal rate of 95.21 % at 240 mins. The zero-valent iron as a reducing agent effectively accelerated the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ cycle, allowing the composites to exhibit higher catalytic activity and further reducing the possibility of secondary contamination. Moreover, the existence of cerium dioxide further promoted the redox cycle of Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ and accelerated the electron transfer in the interface of the catalyst. The synergistic effect of iron and cerium greatly facilitated the production of hydroxyl radicals and increased the yield of hydroxyl radicals in the reaction system.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor May Be Involved in the Behavioral Changes of Progeny Rats after Exposure to Ceftriaxone Sodium during Pregnancy

Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy have an adversely effects on offspring behavior and development. However, its mechanism is still poorly understood. To uncover this, we added ceftriaxone sodium to the drinking water of rats during pregnancy and conducted three-chamber sociability test, open-field test, and Morris water maze test in 3- and 6-week-old offspring. The antibiotic group offspring showed lower sociability and spatial learning and memory than control. To determine the role of the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the changes in offspring behavior, fecal samples of 6-week-old offspring rats were sequenced. The composition of dominant gut microbial taxa differed between the control and antibiotic groups. KEGG pathway analysis showed that S24-7 exerted its effects through the metabolic pathways including mineral absorption, protein digestion and absorption, Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis. Correlation analysis showed that S24-7 abundance was negatively correlated with the level of VEGF, and metabolites associated with S24-7-including 3-aminobutanoic acid, dacarbazine, L-leucine, 3-ketosphinganine, 1-methylnicotinamide, and N-acetyl-L-glutamate-were also significantly correlated with VEGF levels. The findings suggest that antibiotic exposure during pregnancy, specifically ceftriaxone sodium, will adversely affects the behavior of offspring rats due to the imbalance of gut microbiota, especially S24-7, via VEGF and various metabolic pathways.

Bioactive and multifunctional keratin-pullulan based hydrogel membranes facilitate re-epithelization in diabetic model

Hydrogel membrane dressings with multifunctional tunable properties encompassing biocompatibility, anti-bacterial, oxygen permeability, and adequate mechanical strength are highly preferred for wound healing. The present study aimed to develop biopolymer-based hydrogel membranes for the controlled release of therapeutic agent at the wound site. Toward this end we developed Cefotaxime sodium (CTX) loaded keratin (KR)-pullulan (PL) based hydrogel membrane dressings. All membranes show optimized vapor transmission rate (≥1000 g/ m²/day), oxygen permeability >8.2 mg/mL, MTT confirmed good biocompatibility and sufficient tensile strength (17.53 ± 1.9) for being used as a wound dressing. Nonetheless, KR-PL-PVA membranes show controlled CTX release due to enriched hydrophilic moieties which protect the wound from getting infected. In vivo results depict that CTX-KR-PL-PVA membrane group shows a rapid wound closure rate (p < 0.05) with appreciable angiogenesis, accelerated re-epithelization, and excessive collagen deposition at the wound site. These results endorsed that CTX-KR-PL-PVA hydrogel membranes are potential candidates for being used as dressing material in the diabetic wound.

Effects of S24-7 on the weight of progeny rats after exposure to ceftriaxone sodium during pregnancy

Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy will adversely affect the growth of offspring; however, this remains controversial and the mechanism is poorly understood. To study this phenomenon, we added ceftriaxone sodium to the drinking water of pregnant rats and continuously monitored the body weight of their offspring. The results showed that compared with the control group, the offspring exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy had a higher body weight up to 3 weeks old but had a lower body weight at 6 weeks old. To determine the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the growth of offspring, we collected feces for sequencing and further established that the experimental group has a different composition ratio of dominant bacteria at 6 week old, among which S24–7 correlated negatively with body weight and the metabolites that correlated with body weight-related unique flora were L-Valine, L-Leucine, Glutaric acid, N-Acetyl-L-glutamate, and 5-Methylcytosine. To further explore how they affect the growth of offspring, we submitted these data to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes website for relevant pathway analysis. The results showed that compared with the control, the following metabolic pathways changed significantly: Valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; Protein digestion and absorption; and Mineral absorption. Therefore, we believe that our findings support the conclusion that ceftriaxone sodium exposure in pregnancy has a long-lasting adverse effect on the growth of offspring because of an imbalance of gut microbiota, especially S24–7, via different metabolic pathways.

Ultrasound wave assisted removal of Ceftriaxone sodium in aqueous media with novel nano composite g-C3N4/MWCNT/Bi2WO6 based on CCD-RSM model

The aim of this study was ultrasound assisted removal of Ceftriaxone sodium (CS) based on CCD model. Using sonochemical synthesized Bi₂WO₆ implanted on graphitic carbon nitride/Multiwall carbon nanotube (g-C₃N₄/MWCNT/Bi₂WO₆). For this purpose g-C₃N₄/MWCNT/Bi₂WO₆ was synthesized and characterized using diverse approaches including XRD, FE-SEM, XPS, EDS, HRTEM, FT-IR. Then, the contribution of conventional variables including pH, CS concentration, adsorbent dosage and ultrasound contact time were studied by central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). ANOVA was employed to the variable factors, and the most desirable operational conditions mass provided. Drug adsorption yield of 98.85% obtained under these defined conditions. Through conducting five experiments, the proper prediction of the optimum point were examined. The respective results showed that RSD% was lower than 5% while the t-test confirmed the high quality of fitting. Langmuir isotherm equation fits the experimental data best and the removal followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The estimation of the experimentally obtained maximum adsorption capacities was 19.57 mg.g^- of g-C₃N₄/MWCNT/Bi₂WO₆ for CS. Boundary layer diffusion explained the mechanism of removal via intraparticle diffusion.

[Plasmodium falciparum infection complicated by bronchopneumonia in a peacekeeper: a case report]

Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium. In Africa where the burden of malaria is extremely high, febrile symptoms caused by respiratory tract infections may challenge the diagnosis of malaria, and patients with unclear diagnosis and administration of antimalarial drugs require more attention. Hereby, a peacekeeper with Plasmodium falciparum infection complicated with bronchopneumonia was reported.

Enhanced bactericidal effect of ceftriaxone drug encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carrier against gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria: drug formulation, optimization, and cell culture study

BACKGROUND

Ceftriaxone is one of the most common types of antibiotics used to treat most deadly bacterial infections. One way to alleviate the side effects of medication is to reduce drug consumption by changing the ordinary drug forms into nanostructured forms. In this study, a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing hydrophilic ceftriaxone sodium drug is developed, and its effect on eliminating gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli death is investigated.

METHODS

Double emulsion solvent evaporation method is applied to prepare NLC. Mathematical modeling based on the solubility study is performed to select the best materials for NLC preparation. Haftyzer-Van Krevelen and Hoy's models are employed for this purpose. Drug release from optimized NLC is examined under in vitro environment. Then, the efficacy of the optimized sample on eliminating gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli is investigated.

RESULTS

Mathematical modeling reveals that both methods are capable of predicting drug encapsulation efficiency trends by chaining solid and liquid lipids. However, Haftyzer-Van Krevelen's method can precisely predict the particle size trend by changing the surfactant types in water and oily phases of emulsions. The optimal sample has a mean particle size of 86 nm and drug entrapment efficiency of 83%. Also, a controlled drug release in prepared nanostructures over time is observed under in-vitro media. The results regarding the effectiveness of optimized NLC in killing Escherichia coli bacteria suggests that by cutting drug dosage of the nanostructured form in half, an effect comparable to that of free drug can be observed at longer times.

CONCLUSION

Results confirm that NLC structure is an appropriate alternative for the delivery of ceftriaxone drug with a controlled release behavior.

Preparation of a novel Z-scheme KTaO3/FeVO4/Bi2O3 nanocomposite for efficient sonocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

In this work, a novel Z-scheme sonocatalyst, KTaO₃/FeVO₄/Bi₂O₃, is prepared via ultrasonic-assisted isoelectric point method. The prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of Z-scheme KTaO₃/FeVO₄/Bi₂O₃ sonocatalyst is studied in degradation of ceftriaxone sodium under ultrasonic irradiation. In addition, the influences of ultrasonic irradiation time, scavengers and sonocatalyst used times on sonocatalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium are examined. Under the experimental conditions of 150 min ultrasonic irradiation time, 1.00 g/L KTaO₃/FeVO₄/Bi₂O₃ addition amount and 10.00 mg/L ceftriaxone sodium concentration, the sonocatalytic degradation ratio of ceftriaxone sodium achieves 81.30%. Finally, the possible sonocatalytic degradation mechanism of ceftriaxone sodium caused by Z-scheme KTaO₃/FeVO₄/Bi₂O₃ sonocatalyst is proposed. The enhanced sonocatalytic activity may be attributed to the fact that the FeVO₄ as a special conductive channel provides a strong driving force to transfer electrons through valence state changes of iron and vanadium, which accelerates electron transfer from conduction band (CB) of Bi₂O₃ to valence band (VB) of KTaO₃. Perhaps, the KTaO₃/FeVO₄/Bi₂O₃ composite is an excellent Z-scheme sonocatalyst which can be used to effectively degrade the organic pollutants in wastewater under ultrasonic irradiation.

Preparation of RuO2-TiO2/Nano-graphite composite anode for electrochemical degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

Graphite-like material is widely used for preparing various electrodes for wastewater treatment. To enhance the electrochemical degradation efficiency of Nano-graphite (Nano-G) anode, RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G composite anode was prepared through the sol-gel method and hot-press technology. RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption-desorption. Results showed that RuO₂, TiO₂ and Nano-G were composited successfully, and RuO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles were distributed uniformly on the surface of Nano-G sheet. Specific surface area of RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G composite was higher than that of TiO₂/Nano-G composite and Nano-G. Electrochemical performances of RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G anode were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G anode was applied to electrochemical degradation of ceftriaxone. The generation of hydroxyl radical (OH) was measured. Results demonstrated that RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G anode displayed enhanced electrochemical degradation efficiency towards ceftriaxone and yield of OH, which is derived from the synergetic effect between RuO₂, TiO₂ and Nano-G, which enhance the specific surface area, improve the electrochemical oxidation activity and lower the charge transfer resistance. Besides, the possible degradation intermediates and pathways of ceftriaxone sodium were identified. This study may provide a viable and promising prospect for RuO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G anode towards effective electrochemical degradation of antibiotics from wastewater.

Study on preparation of SnO2-TiO2/Nano-graphite composite anode and electro-catalytic degradation of ceftriaxone sodium

In order to improve the electro-catalytic activity and catalytic reaction rate of graphite-like material, Tin dioxide-Titanium dioxide/Nano-graphite (SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G) composite was synthesized by a sol-gel method and SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G electrode was prepared in hot-press approach. The composite was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared, Raman, N₂ adsorption-desorption, scanning electrons microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The electrochemical performance of the SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G anode electrode was investigated via cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electro-catalytic performance was evaluated by the degradation of ceftriaxone sodium and the yield of ·OH radicals in the reaction system. The results demonstrated that TiO₂, SnO₂ and Nano-G were composited successfully, and TiO₂ and SnO₂ particles dispersed on the surface and interlamination of the Nano-G uniformly. The specific surface area of SnO₂ modified anode was higher than that of TiO₂/Nano-G anode and the degradation rate of ceftriaxone sodium within 120 min on SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G electrode was 98.7% at applied bias of 2.0 V. The highly efficient electro-chemical property of SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G electrode was attributed to the admirable conductive property of the Nano-G and SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G electrode. Moreover, the contribution of reactive species ·OH was detected, indicating the considerable electro-catalytic activity of SnO₂-TiO₂/Nano-G electrode.

Synthesis and optimization of ceftriaxone-loaded solid lipid nanocarriers

The use of nanocarriers to enhance drug delivery efficacy has been increasing in the healthcare field due to their tunable surface properties. In this study, ceftriaxone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CL-SLNPs) were synthesized using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) type double emulsification method. The formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The CL-SLNPs were of spherical shape, 15-20nm in size, and retained the properties of the drug or other constituents/ingredients after loading. The prepared nanoformulation offered sustained drug release after 24h, while ceftriaxone sodium followed a burst release. Antibacterial activity of the nanoformulation was evaluated against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of CL-SLNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined as 31μg/mL.

Development and evaluation of a calcium alginate based oral ceftriaxone sodium formulation

The purpose of this work was to develop a multiparticulate system exploiting the pH-sensitive property and biodegradability of calcium alginate beads for intestinal delivery of ceftriaxone sodium (CS). CS was entrapped in beads made of sodium alginate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), acacia, HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as drug release modifiers. Beads were prepared using calcium chloride as a cross-linking agent, followed by enteric coating with cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP). The beads were then evaluated for entrapment efficiency using HPLC, in vitro drug release examined in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8), swellability, particle size and surface characterization using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was utilized to check the polymer matrix strength and thermal stability. The drug entrapment efficiency of the optimized formulation was determined to be 75 ± 5 %. Swelling properties of drug-loaded beads were found to be in a range of 0.9–3.4. Alginate beads coated with CAP and containing CMC as a second polymer exhibited sustained release. The drug release followed first-order kinetics via non-Fickian diffusion and erosion mechanism. The particle size of the beads was between 1.04 ± 0.20 and 2.15 ± 0.36 mm. TGA, AFM, and SEM data showed composition and polymer-dependent variations in cross-linking, thermal stability, surface structure, morphology, and roughness. The physico-chemical properties of the developed formulation indicate suitability of the formulation to deliver CS orally.