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Voidăzan S, Budianu AM, Francisc RF, Kovacs Z, Uzun CC, Apostol BE, Bodea R. Assessing the Level of Knowledge and Experience Regarding Cervical Cancer Prevention and Screening among Roma Women in Romania. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1885. [PMID: 37893602 PMCID: PMC10608646 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Romania ranks among the countries with a particularly high rate of mortality that can be prevented through prevention programs, screening, early detection, and prompt care. Cervical cancer (CC) is a major cause of these preventable deaths, affecting individuals from marginalized and rural regions, as well as the Roma population. The purpose of this article was to identify accurate and consistent information about the Roma population on the risk of CC, as well as the importance of understanding the causes of the disease and awareness of the available prevention methods. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire applied only to Roma women in Romania. Results: We enrolled 759 patients in this study. These were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised 289 (38.1%) women who had been tested for HPV infection, while Group 2 included 470 (61.9%) women who had never been tested for HPV infection. Characterization of women in Group 1: mostly aged between 25 and 54 years, with high school education, married, who started sexual activity under the age of 18 years, with only one sexual partner, and had over five pregnancies. Regarding contraceptive methods, 35.7% of women do not know or use any contraceptive method, and 32.2% use hormonal contraceptives. Two thirds of the women tested had heard of HPV, and 19.7% were vaccinated against HPV with at least 2-3 doses. A percentage of 8.7 had a diagnosis of CC, compared to those who were not tested (p-0.0001), whereas 63% of the tested women did not know much about CC, as opposed to 85.7% of the group of untested women. Conclusions: Cervical cancer (CC) continues to be a public health concern in Romania, particularly among vulnerable groups. Promoting campaigns to raise awareness for HPV vaccination and CC screening are necessary to reduce the associated mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Septimiu Voidăzan
- Department of Epidemiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (S.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Alexandra Mihaela Budianu
- Department of Epidemiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (S.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Rozsnyai Florin Francisc
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Zsolt Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (Z.K.); (C.C.U.)
| | - Cosmina Cristina Uzun
- Department of Biochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (Z.K.); (C.C.U.)
| | - Bianca Elena Apostol
- General Medicine, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Reka Bodea
- Department of Epidemiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (S.V.); (R.B.)
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Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Żarnowski A, Gujski M, Sytnik-Czetwertyński J, Pańkowski I, Smoliński R, Jankowski M. Preventive Health Screening during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey among 102,928 Internet Users in Poland. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123423. [PMID: 35743493 PMCID: PMC9224829 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive screening is a highly cost-effective public health intervention. The COVID-19 pandemic may impact preventive healthcare services. This study aimed to assess the frequency of preventive health screening, as well as to identify the factors associated with compliance with health screening guidelines among adults in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional survey was carried out between October and December 2021, among Internet users in Poland. Respondents were asked about the last date that they performed seven different screening tests. Completed questionnaires were obtained from 102,928 adults aged 18−99 years, and 57.2% were female. The most common screening tests performed in the past 12 months were blood pressure measurement (83%), blood count (66.2%), and blood sugar (63.3%). Moreover, more than half of respondents had a urinalysis (53.1%) and lipid panel (55.1%) in the past 12 months. Out of 58,904 females, 69.2% had a cervical cytology in the past 3 years. Older age, having higher education, living in urban areas, being occupationally active, having at least one chronic disease, and visiting a doctor in the past 12 months were significantly associated (p < 0.001) with a higher level of compliance with screening guidelines. This study revealed a significant gap in the performance of preventive health screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Żarnowski
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.-T.); (A.Ż.)
| | - Mariusz Gujski
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (P.M.-T.); (A.Ż.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Igor Pańkowski
- Emergency Department, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration in Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Smoliński
- Niepubliczny Zespół Zakładów Opieki Zdrowotnej Wigor, 05-120 Legionowo, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Jankowski
- School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.-C.); (M.J.)
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Caetano dos Santos FL, Wojciechowska U, Michalek IM, Didkowska J. Progress in cancer survival across last two decades: A nationwide study of over 1.2 million Polish patients diagnosed with the most common cancers. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 78:102147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Predictions of cervical cancer identification by photonic method combined with machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3762. [PMID: 35260666 PMCID: PMC8904553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07723-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most commonly appearing cancers, which early diagnosis is of greatest importance. Unfortunately, many diagnoses are based on subjective opinions of doctors-to date, there is no general measurement method with a calibrated standard. The problem can be solved with the measurement system being a fusion of an optoelectronic sensor and machine learning algorithm to provide reliable assistance for doctors in the early diagnosis stage of cervical cancer. We demonstrate the preliminary research on cervical cancer assessment utilizing an optical sensor and a prediction algorithm. Since each matter is characterized by refractive index, measuring its value and detecting changes give information about the state of the tissue. The optical measurements provided datasets for training and validating the analyzing software. We present data preprocessing, machine learning results utilizing four algorithms (Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Naïve Bayes, Convolutional Neural Networks) and assessment of their performance for classification of tissue as healthy or sick. Our solution allows for rapid sample measurement and automatic classification of the results constituting a potential support tool for doctors.
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Nessler K, Ball F, Chan SKF, Chwalek M, Krztoń-Królewiecka A, Windak A. Barriers and attitudes towards cervical cancer screening in primary healthcare in Poland - doctors' perspective. BMC FAMILY PRACTICE 2021; 22:260. [PMID: 34969373 PMCID: PMC8717668 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-021-01612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare systems have adopted different strategies to reduce the burden of cervical cancer. In Poland, a population-based screening program was implemented in 2006, leading to a downward trend in cervical cancer burden. However, screening rates are still low in relation to other EU member states. In Poland, Pap smears are mainly performed by gynecologists rather than Primary Health Care (PHC) physicians. Little is known about the experiences and attitudes of the latter regarding cervical cancer screening in a PHC setting. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was carried out among 43 PHC physicians from the Malopolska region in Poland. Barriers and attitudes towards cytology in a PHC setting were evaluated. RESULTS Approximately 35% of surveyed physicians reported having experience in performing cytology. Almost 75% of PHC physicians lacked the necessary equipment in their office to perform the screening. None of the studied physicians performed Pap smears in their office at the time. The reasons included: shortage of competence (78.57%) and time (69.05%), the perception of Pap smears as a task for gynecologists (69.05%), the lack of financial incentives (61.90%), and the belief that their patients would be unwilling to undergo the test in their PHC physician's office (33.33%). More than three quarters (76.74%) declared they would be ready to perform Pap smears if the tests were additionally paid. No significant associations between PHC physicians' characteristics and their willingness to perform cytology screening were found. CONCLUSION The primary barrier to perform Pap smears by PHC physicians does not lie in their personal reluctance but in the organization of the healthcare system. Provision of required training and proper funding allocation can likely improve the screening rate of cervical cancer in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nessler
- Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Bocheńska 4, 31-061, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Francis Ball
- Department of Family Medicine, Students' Family Medicine Interest Group, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sze Kay Florence Chan
- Department of Family Medicine, Students' Family Medicine Interest Group, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michal Chwalek
- Department of Family Medicine, Students' Family Medicine Interest Group, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Krztoń-Królewiecka
- Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Bocheńska 4, 31-061, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Windak
- Department of Family Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Bocheńska 4, 31-061, Kraków, Poland
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Students' Knowledge about Cervical Cancer Prevention in Poland. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2021; 57:medicina57101045. [PMID: 34684082 PMCID: PMC8539101 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In Poland, the rates of morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer are amongst the highest in Europe. A significant percentage of newly diagnosed cases of cervical cancer are at an advanced stage. Unfortunately, only about 20% of Polish women take part in cervical cancer screening. The aim of the study was to assess students’ knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and prevention. Materials and Methods: The study was provided to Polish students from various universities and faculties between May 2020 and November 2020. The questionnaire was designed specifically for this study and was validated. The chi-square test was used to compare the responses between subgroups. Results: The study was carried out on a group of 995 students (80.6% women, 19% men, 0.4% no data), (average age 21.9 years). Most students knew that the main risk factor for cervical cancer is human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (82% of all responders; 86% of medical students; 73% of non-medical students; p < 0.001). Only 40% of students knew that in Poland the Population Prevention and Early Diagnosis Program is carried out on women aged 25–59 years every three years. Most students correctly indicated that cervical cancer screening in Poland is performed using cervical cytology and were familiar with the basis of cytology. Only 57% of students knew that there are no specific early symptoms of cervical cancer. A total of 78% of all respondents knew that HPV vaccination reduces the risk of cervical cancer. Medical students and students who are sexually active demonstrated a better knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusions: The Polish students had some knowledge of cervical cancer risk factors and primary and secondary prevention. Significantly better knowledge was demonstrated by medical students. Some efforts should be made to ensure that young people, who are not associated with medicine are better educated about cervical cancer in order to reduce the overall incidence and improve early detection rates.
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Karasiewicz M, Chawłowska E, Lipiak A, Więckowska B. A Step towards Understanding and Tackling Health Inequalities: The Use of Secondary Prevention Services and the Need for Health Promotion in a Rural Setting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168492. [PMID: 34444237 PMCID: PMC8394776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poland has recently intensified its health promotion in an effort to extend healthy life expectancy and reduce health inequalities. Our aim was to reach a deprived rural population, increase its health literacy, and explore its use of and barriers to cancer screening and public health care. A CBPR study was conducted in one of the poorest districts in Wielkopolska region, Poland, among 122 beneficiaries of health education workshops. A self-developed questionnaire was used. The reported barriers to participation in cancer screening included: lack of time, lack of need, or feeling healthy (32.8%); long waiting times (17.2%); fear of costs (9%). Physicians seldom recommended screening to their patients. Only 7.4% of respondents had ever received dermatoscopy. Among women, 18.2% did not perform any breast exams and 25% had never had smear tests. Diagnostics was often financed out of pocket (thyroid ultrasound = 58.1%; smear test = 48.5%; breast ultrasound = 36.8%). The health system needs mentioned by participants included better access to physicians (65.6%), promotion of free screening tests (54.9%), and access to public health programmes (22.1%). There is an urgent need to translate national strategies into action. Health promotion and better access to care must become priorities in deprived areas, while primary care providers should become key figures in delivering these services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Karasiewicz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (E.C.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewelina Chawłowska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (E.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Agnieszka Lipiak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (E.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Barbara Więckowska
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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Trzeszcz M, Mazurec M, Jach R, Mazurec K, Jach Z, Kotkowska-Szeps I, Kania M, Wantuchowicz M, Prokopyk A, Barcikowski P, Przybylski M, Wach J, Halon A. Liquid-Based Screening Tests Results: HPV, Liquid-Based Cytology, and P16/Ki67 Dual-Staining in Private-Based Opportunistic Cervical Cancer Screening. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081420. [PMID: 34441354 PMCID: PMC8394579 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The baseline data from the private-based opportunistic cervical cancer screening with HRHPV14, liquid-based cytology (LBC) and p16/Ki67 testing, and its quality assessment/quality control (QA/QC) tools are lacking. The age-stratified analysis of 30,066 screening tests results in a Polish population, including the investigation of HRHPV14 status, LBC, and p16/Ki67 dual-staining reporting rates, along with immediate histopathologic correlations, was conducted. For cytopathologic QA/QC, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) benchmarks and enhanced safety protocol were used. The NILM/ASC-US/LSIL/ASC-H/HSIL/AGC reporting rates were 93.9/3.4/2.0/0.22/0.24/0.11, respectively, with correlating HRHPV14-positive rates of 8.4/48.9/77.2/84.6/90.7/26.7. The reporting rates for HSIL (CIN2+) in HRHPV-positive women with NILM/ASC-US/LSIL/ASC-H/HSIL/AGC referred for a colposcopy with biopsy were 19.1/25.8/22.5/12.4/19.1/1.1% of the total HSIL (CIN2+). In total, of the 1130 p16/Ki67 tests, 30% were positive. In NILM HRHPV14-positive women with available histology result, HSIL(CIN2+) was detected in 28.3% of cases. In the first such large-scale Polish study presenting HRHPV14, informed LBC and HSIL (CIN2+) results, the reporting rates were highly consistent with data from American and other CAP-certified laboratories, confirming the possibility of using the 2019 ASCCP risk-based guidelines as one of the screening strategies outside of the US, in conditions of proper QA/QC. The private-based screening model can be effective in cervical cancer prevention, particularly in countries with low population coverage of public funds-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Trzeszcz
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Cytology, University Hospital in Wroclaw, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.M.); Tel.: +48-508-646-805 (M.T.)
| | - Maciej Mazurec
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (M.M.); Tel.: +48-508-646-805 (M.T.)
| | - Robert Jach
- Division of Gynecologic Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 23, 31-501 Krakow, Poland;
- Superior Medical Center, Czyzynska 21/50, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Karolina Mazurec
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Zofia Jach
- Superior Medical Center, Czyzynska 21/50, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Izabela Kotkowska-Szeps
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Magdalena Kania
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Mariola Wantuchowicz
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Anna Prokopyk
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Piotr Barcikowski
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Marcin Przybylski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, District Public Hospital, Juraszow 7-19, 60-479 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wach
- Corfamed Woman’s Health Center, Kluczborska 37, 50-322 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.M.); (I.K.-S.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (A.P.); (P.B.); (J.W.)
- Department of Practical Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Bartla 5, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Halon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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A roadmap for a comprehensive control of cervical cancer in Poland: integration of available solutions into current practice in primary and secondary prevention. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:157-164. [PMID: 31517672 PMCID: PMC7012359 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In Poland, cervical cancer incidence and mortality still remain considerably higher than in Western European countries or North America. Recent data indicate decreasing trends in women younger than 60 years and stable trends in older women. In this article, we identified obstacles in primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer in Poland. We analysed local legislation, management structure and organization of cervical cancer prevention in Poland and reviewed solutions available and implemented in other European countries. The main weaknesses include: (i) very low coverage of organized screening; concurrent unregistered opportunistic screening with unknown coverage and high test consumption (ii) suboptimal quality assurance in organized screening and no external quality assurance in opportunistic screening (iii) very low coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination that is not centrally reimbursed (iv) absence of pilot evaluation of (a) interventions that may improve population coverage and (b) performance of new preventive strategies. The proposed solutions are multifaceted and involve: (i) legislative and organizational regulation of cervical cancer screening aimed at comprehensive registration of procedures, data access and quality assurance (ii) pilot testing and implementation of new ways to increase coverage of cervical cancer screening, in particular among older women (iii) pilot evaluation with possible introduction of human papillomavirus-based screening and (iv) inclusion of human papillomavirus vaccination into the reimbursed national immunization program.
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Macios A, Didkowska J, Wojciechowska U, Komerska K, Glińska P, Kamiński MF, Nowakowski A. Risk factors of cervical cancer after a negative cytological diagnosis in Polish cervical cancer screening programme. Cancer Med 2021; 10:3449-3460. [PMID: 33934537 PMCID: PMC8124104 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors of cervical cancer (CC) development are well investigated, however, those influencing the risk of a potential false negative cytology preceding diagnosis of an invasive CC are not. We have aimed to explore these factors according to the data from Organised Cervical Cancer Screening Programme (OCCSP) in Poland. A total of 2.36 million of Pap tests sampled in 2010–2012 within OCCSP were merged with the Polish National Cancer Registry to identify CC cases after abnormal cytology and after normal cytology within 3 years of screening. Of 1460 invasive CCs, 1025 were preceded by abnormal and 399 by normal cytology result. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the presence of microorganisms in the Pap (OR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.65–2.87), evaluation by smaller (below 9000 slides processed per year) laboratories (OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.22–2.09) and non‐squamous histology of cancer increased the odds for a potential false negative result (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 2.37–4.85 for adenocarcinoma, OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.11–3.55 for other types of carcinoma), whereas cervical ectropion, other macroscopic changes on the cervix and smoking decrease the odds for a potential false negative Pap test result preceding CC (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.82, OR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.25–0.67, OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.78, respectively). Proper triage of women with microscopic signs of microorganisms in the Pap smear should be reconsidered and cytology should be assessed in laboratories processing over 9000 slides annually to decrease the odds for negative Pap test result in 2 years before CC diagnosis. Information on macroscopic changes on the cervix provided to cytomorphologist may reduce the risk of a potential false negative cytology result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Macios
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Didkowska
- Polish National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Wojciechowska
- Polish National Cancer Registry, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Komerska
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Glińska
- Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał F Kamiński
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Health Management and Health Economics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrzej Nowakowski
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Zodzika J, Krumina K, Jermakova I, Kojalo U, Plisko O, Santare D, Rezeberga D, Lazdane G. Post-reproductive aged women: a lost generation in the cervical cancer screening programme. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2020; 26:23-28. [PMID: 33124491 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2020.1824269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to find out why some post-reproductive aged women did not participate in the organised cervical cancer screening programme in Latvia and to clarify factors that would motivate them to take part. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out between January and July 2017 among female patients in three general practitioner (GP) practices. GP practice nurses used the Latvian national health service database to identify women aged 25-70 who had not participated in the organised programme for the last 3 years. Participants were asked to complete a specially developed questionnaire. The results were then compared between three age groups: 25-34, 35-49 and 50-70 years. RESULTS Included in the study were 523 out of 992 women who had not attended screening; 41% were in the age group 50-70 years. Post-reproductive aged women statistically significantly more often did not take part in the programme because of lack of time (26.4%), too great a distance to the gynaecology screening clinic (10.4%), lengthy appointment waiting time (8.5%) and a belief that a smear test was unnecessary for them (8.5%); 32.1% of women in this age group indicated that if the cervical screen could be carried out by their GP it would facilitate their participation in the programme. CONCLUSION Post-reproductive aged women in Latvia often do not attend cervical cancer screening. Analysis of personal and organisational barriers confirmed that the involvement of GPs would encourage older women to participate in the organised screening programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Zodzika
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Gynaecology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Krista Krumina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Gynaecology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Jermakova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Gynaecology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Una Kojalo
- Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Olga Plisko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daiga Santare
- Science Division, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Rezeberga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Gynaecology, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunta Lazdane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia.,Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Bielska-Lasota M, Rossi S, Krzyżak M, Haelens A, Domenic A, De Angelis R, Maciejczyk A, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Zadnik V, Minicozzi P. Reasons for low cervical cancer survival in new accession European Union countries: a EUROCARE-5 study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2019; 301:591-602. [PMID: 31853712 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-019-05412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With better access to early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, cervical cancer (CC) burden decreased in several European countries. In Eastern European (EE) countries, which accessed European Union in 2004, CC survival was worse than in the rest of Europe. The present study investigates CC survival differences across five European regions, considering stage at diagnosis (local, regional and metastatic), morphology (mainly squamous versus glandular tumours) and patients' age. METHODS We analysed 101,714 CC women diagnosed in 2000-2007 and followed-up to December 2008. Age-standardised 5-year relative survival (RS) and the excess risks of cancer death in the 5 years after diagnosis were computed. RESULTS EE women were older and less commonly diagnosed with glandular tumours. Proportions of local stage cancers were similar across Europe, while morphology- and stage-specific RS (especially for non-metastatic disease) were lower in Eastern Europe. Adjusting for age and morphology, excess risk of local stage CC death for EE patients remained higher than that for other European women. CONCLUSION Stage, age and morphology alone do not explain worse survival in Eastern Europe: less effective care may play a role, probably partly due to fewer or inadequate resources being allocated to health care in this area, compared to the rest of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bielska-Lasota
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases Prevention, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michalina Krzyżak
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Annemie Haelens
- Research Department, Belgian Cancer Registry, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Roberta De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.Granada), Granada, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia Y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vesna Zadnik
- Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pamela Minicozzi
- Analytical Epidemiology and Health Impact Unit, Research Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. .,Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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13
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Balmagambetova S, Gabutti G, Koyshybaev A, Acuti Martellucci C, Urazayev O, Sakiyeva K, Bekova K. Cervical screening in Western Kazakhstan: Liquid-based cytology 'Cell Scan' versus azur-eosin staining. J Med Screen 2019; 27:90-95. [PMID: 31744375 PMCID: PMC7433700 DOI: 10.1177/0969141319885409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess the effectiveness of the current cervical cancer screening tools in Western Kazakhstan. Methods Smears taken through (i) conventional cytology using azur-eosin staining and (ii) liquid-based cytology (LBC) ‘Cell Scan’ in the general female population and in women first diagnosed with cervical cancer were collected throughout the region. ROC-analysis with curve construction and weighted Cohen's κ calculation were applied. A total of 494 cytological pairs were collected, including 94 sets with histology findings. Results The conventional (azur-eosin staining) technique contained 0.2% non-informative material and LBC ‘Cell Scan’ had 5.9%. Area under the curve was 0.95 for the conventional technique and 0.92 for ‘Cell Scan’ (p > 0.05). The conventional smears showed κ 0.62, sensitivity 90.4% at specificity 90.0% for CIN2+, while LBC ‘Cell Scan’ smears showed κ 0.47, sensitivity 83.3% at specificity 92.5%. Conclusions In this analysis it was not possible to prove that the LBC ‘Cell Scan’ technique was superior to its predecessor, azur-eosin staining. These findings highlight the need to modify the current screening programme according to updated international scientific evidence on effective screening design, such as the use of HPV DNA testing with Pap smear triage in women aged 30 or older. Further research, and a Health Technology Assessment, are necessary if we wish to establish a national standardized screening programme using the available technology appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saule Balmagambetova
- Oncology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Giovanni Gabutti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arip Koyshybaev
- Oncology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Olzhas Urazayev
- Oncology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Kanshaiym Sakiyeva
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Karlygash Bekova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Lorenzi NPC, Termini L, Longatto Filho A, Tacla M, de Aguiar LM, Beldi MC, Ferreira-Filho ES, Baracat EC, Soares-Júnior JM. Age-related acceptability of vaginal self-sampling in cervical cancer screening at two university hospitals: a pilot cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:963. [PMID: 31319838 PMCID: PMC6637504 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether age is a barrier against acceptability of cervicovaginal self-sampling in screening for cervical cancer at two gynecology outpatient clinics. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study involving 116 women over 21 years of age with an abnormal Pap smear. Clinical and laboratorial data were recorded in electronic files. Women received detailed self-collection instructions. After the self-sampling procedure (Evalyn Brush®), women were instructed to answer a questionnaire about vaginal self-sampling acceptability that consisted of seven multiple-choice items. The participants were divided into three age brackets: 21 to 29 years, 30 to 49 years, and 50 years and over. Chi-square, Fischer exact, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. RESULTS The analysis of the participants' perception of the procedure stratified according to age groups showed a decline in the fear of hurting oneself during the procedure as age increased. Most participants reported that it was very easy to understand how to use the self-sampling brush and that it was easy to use it. Most of them were neither embarrassed nor afraid of getting hurt during the procedure. The majority preferred self-sampling to collection by a healthcare professional. The main reason was practicality: the possibility of choosing the place and time for sampling. CONCLUSIONS The participating women found self-collection simple to understand and easy to accept regardless of age. The younger women indicated more fear and discomfort in self-sampling, which points to the need for attraction strategies that are more appealing to the younger generations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Termini
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Longatto Filho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital/Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,8ICVS / 3B's - Associated Laboratory to the Government of Portugal, Braga / Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maricy Tacla
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lana Maria de Aguiar
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carmezim Beldi
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Santos Ferreira-Filho
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maria Soares-Júnior
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Balmagambetova SK, Tinelli A, Urazayev ON, Sakieva KZ, Koyshybaev AK, Zholmukhamedova DA, Urazayeva ST. HPV Types Distribution in General Female Population and
in Women Diagnosed with Cervical Cancer Across Western
Kazakhstan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1089-1096. [PMID: 31030478 PMCID: PMC6948905 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: to detect the HPV types distribution both in general female population and in women with first diagnosed cervical cancer, including viral load in both groups. Methods: Qualitative detection and quantification of HPV was performed by PCR-Real time method based on the Russian equipment and test systems (“DNA-Technology” LLC, Russia). The DNA of low-risk (HPV 6, 11, 44) and possibly / potentially / high carcinogenic risk (HPV 16, 18, 26, 31, 33 , 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 73, 82), a total of 21 types, were detected. Results: During the period of 2014-2017 total 1,166 clinically healthy women were tested for HPV, as well as 73 women diagnosed with CaCx. Overall prevalence of HPV in female population was determined as 25.0% (95% CI 22.3;27.7, p = 0.05). Top-5 leading HPV types: 16 (26.4%); 31 (10.1%); 51 (9.4%); 52 (9.0%); 6 (7.9%). Average viral load was 5.5±3.8 (CI 95% 5.1;5.9). In women diagnosed with CaCx ranking was as follows – 16 (54.1%), 31 (11.2%), 18 / 58 (5.1% each), 33 / 45 (4.1% each). Type 16 appeared to be one of the most significant risk factors of the CaCx development (p=0.00007, phi 0.35, Pierson’s X 2 15.9). Average viral load in patients with CaCx was 6.9±4.0 (95% CI 6.1;7.7). A reliable relationship between the cancer staging and the viral load was found (p = 0.043, n = 73). Domination of type 16 calls for urgent need the transition to HPV primary screening and resumption of immunization program discontinued in 2014. The study is registered in ISRCTN registry, No. ISRCTN71514910 (01.02.2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saule K Balmagambetova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Andrea Tinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Experimental Endoscopic Surgery, Imaging, Technology and Minimally Invasive Therapy, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Olzhas N Urazayev
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Kanshaiym Z Sakieva
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Arip K Koyshybaev
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Dinara A Zholmukhamedova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
| | - Saltanat T Urazayeva
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University, 68, Maresyev Street, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.
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Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Europe: The Transition Towards HPV Vaccination and Population-Based HPV Testing. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120729. [PMID: 30572620 PMCID: PMC6315375 DOI: 10.3390/v10120729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring cancer in women around the world and can affect them during their reproductive years. Since the development of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, screening has been essential in identifying cervical cancer at a treatable stage. With the identification of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent of essentially all cervical cancer cases, HPV molecular screening tests and HPV vaccines for primary prevention against the virus have been developed. Accordingly, comparative studies were designed to assess the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in order to devise the best screening strategy possible. This review critically assesses the current cervical cancer screening methods as well as the implementation of HPV vaccination in Europe. The most recent European Guidelines and recommendations for organized population-based programs with HPV testing as the primary screening method are also presented. Lastly, the current landscape of cervical cancer screening programs is assessed for both European Union member states and some associated countries, in regard to the transition towards population-based screening programs with primary HPV testing.
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17
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Kueder-Pajares T, Descalzo M, García-Doval I, Ríos-Buceta L, Moreno-Ramírez D. Evaluación de indicadores de estructura en la atención al paciente con cáncer de piel en los servicios de dermatología. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:807-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Kueder-Pajares T, Descalzo M, García-Doval I, Ríos-Buceta L, Moreno-Ramírez D. Evaluation of Structure Indicators for Assessing Skin Cancer Quality of Care in Dermatology Departments. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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19
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Adherence to gynecological screening impacted by experienced orthodontic treatment in childhood. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 299:167-171. [PMID: 30374649 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental and cervical controls are two established screening programs in Germany. Compliance to orthodontic treatment in childhood is essential for dental health and one of the first health interventions that requires adherent behavior; therefore, it may be associated with participation in further screening programs in adulthood. However, it is not yet known whether early orthodontic treatment influences long-term screening adherence. METHODS Using a questionnaire administered during a visit to a special dysplasia outpatient service, this case-control study evaluated women's personal history of orthodontic care, long-term satisfaction, and dental and gynecological screening adherence. Oral health status and dental anxiety were assessed with validated instruments. Cases were categorized as cervical dysplasia only (S2) or cervical dysplasia with conization (S1) and compared to healthy controls with a normal PAP smear. RESULTS A study population of 233 participants included 132 cases and 101 controls. The control group had had orthodontic treatment during childhood more often than our study population with abnormal PAP smears (68.3% controls versus 56.1% subjects; p < 0.005). Orthodontic treatment was not associated with attending dental appointment or gynecological check-ups. However, women with an orthodontic treatment in childhood were significantly more often vaccinated against human papillomavirus than women without orthodontic treatment (p < 0.03). CONCLUSION Data suggest that women with orthodontic treatment in childhood are more conscious about prevention strategies in adulthood; therefore, compliant behavior might be established in childhood.
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Nowakowski A, Wojciechowska U, Wieszczy P, Cybulski M, Kamiński MF, Didkowska J. Trends in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Poland: is there an impact of the introduction of the organised screening? Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:529-532. [PMID: 28780640 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aside from existing opportunistic screening, an organised screening programme (OSP) for cervical cancer (CC) was implemented in 2006/2007 in Poland. We applied joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort model to look for the impact of the OSP on CC incidence/mortality trends. Decline of age-standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) in the screening-age group (25-59 years) accelerated from -2.2% (95% CI -2.7 to -1.7%) between 1993 and 2008 to -6.1% (95% CI -7.7 to -4.4%) annually after 2008. In women aged 60+ years, ASIRs declined from 1986 until 2005 [annual percent change (APC) = -2.6%, 95% CI -2.9 to -2.4%] and stabilised thereafter. Decline of age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) in the screening-age group accelerated from -1.3% (95% CI -1.5 to -1.1%) between 1980 and 2005 to -4.7% (95% CI -5.6 to -3.8%) annually after 2005. In women aged 60+ ASMR declined between 1991 and 2004 (APC = -2.9%, 95% CI -3.5 to -2.3%) and stabilised thereafter. Relative risks of CC diagnosis and death were 0.63 (95% CI 0.62-0.65) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.59-0.63), respectively, for the most recent period compared to the reference around 1982. Implementation of the OSP possibly accelerated downward trends in the burden of CC in Polish women under the age of 60, but recent stabilisation of trends in older women requires actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nowakowski
- Second Department of Gynaecological Oncology, St. John's Cancer Centre of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, ul. Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wojciechowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, ul. Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Wieszczy
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, ul. Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroentrology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Cybulski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał F Kamiński
- Department of Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, ul. Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Gastroentrology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Wilhelma Konrada Roentgena 5, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joanna Didkowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, ul. Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
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Migrant women’s knowledge and perceived sociocultural barriers to cervical cancer screening programme: a qualitative study of African women in Poland. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY REPORT 2017. [DOI: 10.5114/hpr.2017.65238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores both the knowledge and perception of African women about the importance of screening as a recommended health action to counter the growing rate of cervical cancer in women. The theoretical framework is influenced by the postulations of behavioural theories, sociology of health and the health belief model (HBM) on how people perceive health issues such as cervical cancer and its screening measures. In addition, this study tries to explore the acculturation challenges involved in migration, which adversely affects health knowledge and behaviour of African women. To achieve this, one focus group discussion was conducted with twelve women between the ages of 25 and 54 years old from Egypt, Eritrea, Kenya and Nigeria to share their knowledge of cervical cancer screening programmes in Poland. They constituted a mixture of women from different parts of Africa with cultural differences and different belief systems. Little or no in-depth understanding of Polish language, lack of information about the disease and its screening methods, lack of understanding of the Polish health care systems and social economic factors were issues discussed by these women as socio-cultural barriers to their non-participation in the organised cervical cancer screening programme in Poland. Based on this study, migrant women lack adequate information about cervical cancer, its causes, risk factors and its screening methods. Therefore, this study proposes that good understanding of health care systems, language translation support in the health care system, health awareness campaigns and social relationships are important motivating factors that could encourage migrant women to participate in the cancer screening programmes in Poland.
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Parda N, Stępień M, Zakrzewska K, Madaliński K, Kołakowska A, Godzik P, Rosińska M. What affects response rates in primary healthcare-based programmes? An analysis of individual and unit-related factors associated with increased odds of non-response based on HCV screening in the general population in Poland. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e013359. [PMID: 27927665 PMCID: PMC5168657 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Response rate in public health programmes may be a limiting factor. It is important to first consider their delivery and acceptability for the target. This study aimed at determining individual and unit-related factors associated with increased odds of non-response based on hepatitis C virus screening in primary healthcare. DESIGN Primary healthcare units (PHCUs) were extracted from the Register of Health Care Centres. Each of the PHCUs was to enrol adult patients selected on a random basis. Data on the recruitment of PHCUs and patients were analysed. Multilevel modelling was applied to investigate individual and unit-related factors associated with non-response. Multilevel logistic model was developed with fixed effects and only a random intercept for the unit. Preliminary analysis included a random effect for unit and each of the individual or PHCU covariates separately. For each of the PHCU covariates, we applied a two-level model with individual covariates, unit random effect and a single fixed effect of this unit covariate. SETTING This study was conducted in primary care units in selected provinces in Poland. PARTICIPANTS A total of 242 PHCUs and 24 480 adults were invited. Of them, 44 PHCUs and 20 939 patients agreed to participate. Both PHCUs and patients were randomly selected. RESULTS Data on 44 PHCUs and 24 480 patients were analysed. PHCU-level factors and recruitment strategies were important predictors of non-response. Unit random effect was significant in all models. Larger and private units reported higher non-response rates, while for those with a history of running public health programmes the odds of non-response was lower. Proactive recruitment, more working hours devoted to the project and patient resulted in higher acceptance of the project. Higher number of personnel had no such effect. CONCLUSIONS Prior to the implementation of public health programme, several factors that could hinder its execution should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Parda
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stępień
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Zakrzewska
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Madaliński
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kołakowska
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Godzik
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rosińska
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Nowakowski A, Cybulski M, Buda I, Janosz I, Olszak-Wąsik K, Bodzek P, Śliwczyński A, Teter Z, Olejek A, Baranowski W. Cervical Cancer Histology, Staging and Survival before and after Implementation of Organised Cervical Screening Programme in Poland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155849. [PMID: 27196050 PMCID: PMC4873170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A population-based organised cervical cancer screening programme (OCCSP) was introduced in Poland in 2006. In this study we have aimed to analyse whether selected parameters related to invasive cervical cancer (ICC) of patients diagnosed in two distant gynaecological oncology centres changed after the first screening round of the programme run between 2006-2008. We have run a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 189 women diagnosed with ICC between 2002-2005 (directly before introduction of the programme) and 165 patients diagnosed between 2009-2012 (just after the first screening round of the programme) and compared their age at diagnosis, histology, stage of tumours and overall survival (OS). Mean age of patients diagnosed in years 2002-2005 and 2009-2012 was 52.1 and 52.6 years respectively. Squamous cell carcinomas constituted 90.5% and 86.1% of tumours diagnosed in years 2002-2005 and 2009-2012 respectively and the rest of tumours had glandular and other histologies. 74.5% and 61.0% of women diagnosed in years 2002-2005 and 2009-2012 respectively had early ICC (FIGO-International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stages I-IIA) and the rest had advanced disease (FIGO IIB-IV). We have noticed no significant differences in mean age of patients, histology of tumours and OS of patients with ICC diagnosed before and after the first screening round of OCSSP in Poland. Advanced stages of ICC were more commonly diagnosed after the introduction of OCSSP. Changes only in some clinical parameters of patients with ICC were noticed before and after the first screening round of OCSSP in Poland but OS of patients remained the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nowakowski
- Department of Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Cybulski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Irmina Buda
- Department of Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Janosz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Olszak-Wąsik
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Piotr Bodzek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | | | | | - Anita Olejek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Medical University of Silesia, Bytom, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Baranowski
- Department of Gynaecology and Oncological Gynaecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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