1
|
Bhattacharya R, Brown JS, Gatenby RA, Ibrahim-Hashim A. A gene for all seasons: The evolutionary consequences of HIF-1 in carcinogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 102-103:17-24. [PMID: 38969311 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen played a pivotal role in the evolution of multicellularity during the Cambrian Explosion. Not surprisingly, responses to fluctuating oxygen concentrations are integral to the evolution of cancer-a disease characterized by the breakdown of multicellularity. Poorly organized tumor vasculature results in chaotic patterns of blood flow characterized by large spatial and temporal variations in intra-tumoral oxygen concentrations. Hypoxia-inducible growth factor (HIF-1) plays a pivotal role in enabling cells to adapt, metabolize, and proliferate in low oxygen conditions. HIF-1 is often constitutively activated in cancers, underscoring its importance in cancer progression. Here, we argue that the phenotypic changes mediated by HIF-1, in addition to adapting the cancer cells to their local environment, also "pre-adapt" them for proliferation at distant, metastatic sites. HIF-1-mediated adaptations include a metabolic shift towards anaerobic respiration or glycolysis, activation of cell survival mechanisms like phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic reprogramming, and formation of tumor vasculature through angiogenesis. Hypoxia induced epigenetic reprogramming can trigger epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer cells-the first step in the metastatic cascade. Highly glycolytic cells facilitate local invasion by acidifying the tumor microenvironment. New blood vessels, formed due to angiogenesis, provide cancer cells a conduit to the circulatory system. Moreover, survival mechanisms acquired by cancer cells in the primary site allow them to remodel tissue at the metastatic site generating tumor promoting microenvironment. Thus, hypoxia in the primary tumor promoted adaptations conducive to all stages of the metastatic cascade from the initial escape entry into a blood vessel, intravascular survival, extravasation into distant tissues, and establishment of secondary tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Bhattacharya
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of South Florida, United States; Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States
| | - Joel S Brown
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States; Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, at Chicago, United States
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States; Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States.
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng J, Madduri S, Clontz AD, Stewart DA. Clinical trial-identified inflammatory biomarkers in breast and pancreatic cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1106520. [PMID: 37181043 PMCID: PMC10173309 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer and pancreatic cancer are two common cancer types characterized by high prevalence and high mortality rates, respectively. However, breast cancer has been more well-studied than pancreatic cancer. This narrative review curated inflammation-associated biomarkers from clinical studies that were systematically selected for both breast and pancreatic cancers and discusses some of the common and unique elements between the two endocrine-regulated malignant diseases. Finding common ground between the two cancer types and specifically analyzing breast cancer study results, we hoped to explore potential feasible methods and biomarkers that may be useful also in diagnosing and treating pancreatic cancer. A PubMed MEDLINE search was used to identify articles that were published between 2015-2022 of different kinds of clinical trials that measured immune-modulatory biomarkers and biomarker changes of inflammation defined in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer and pancreatic cancer patients. A total of 105 papers (pancreatic cancer 23, breast cancer 82) were input into Covidence for the title and abstract screening. The final number of articles included in this review was 73 (pancreatic cancer 19, breast cancer 54). The results showed some of the frequently cited inflammatory biomarkers for breast and pancreatic cancers included IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CD8+ T cells and VEGF. Regarding unique markers, CA15-3 and TNF-alpha were two of several breast cancer-specific, and CA19 and IL-18 were pancreatic cancer-specific. Moreover, we discussed leptin and MMPs as emerging biomarker targets with potential use for managing pancreatic cancer based on breast cancer studies in the future, based on inflammatory mechanisms. Overall, the similarity in how both types of cancers respond to or result in further disruptive inflammatory signaling, and that point to a list of markers that have been shown useful in diagnosis and/or treatment method response or efficacy in managing breast cancer could potentially provide insights into developing the same or more useful diagnostic and treatment measurement inflammatory biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. More research is needed to investigate the relationship and associated inflammatory markers between the similar immune-associated biological mechanisms that contribute to breast and pancreatic cancer etiology, drive disease progression or that impact treatment response and reflect survival outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Supradeep Madduri
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Angela D. Clontz
- Department of Nutrition, Meredith College, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Delisha A. Stewart
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Delisha A. Stewart,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paccagnella M, Abbona A, Michelotti A, Geuna E, Ruatta F, Landucci E, Denaro N, Vanella P, Lo Nigro C, Galizia D, Merlano M, Garrone O. Circulating Cytokines in Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients Select Different Prognostic Groups and Patients Who Might Benefit from Treatment beyond Progression. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:78. [PMID: 35062739 PMCID: PMC8781714 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer induces immune suppression to overcome its recognition and eradication by the immune system. Cytokines are messengers able to modulate immune response or suppression. There is great interest in the evaluation of their changes during treatment in order to identify their relationship with clinical outcome. We evaluated 18 cytokines in breast cancer patients treated with eribulin before starting treatment (T0) and after four courses of therapy (T1). Longitudinal modifications were considered and cytokine clusters through PCA and HCPC correlated to patients' outcomes were identified. Forty-one metastatic breast cancer patients and fifteen healthy volunteers were included. After clustering, we identified at T0 six patient clusters with different risk of relapse and death. At T1, only four clusters were identified, and three of them accounted for thirty-eight of forty-one patients, suggesting a possible role of treatment in reducing heterogeneity. The cluster with the best survival at T1 was characterized by low levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL-2, CCL-4, and TGF-β. The cluster showing the worst survival encompassed high levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, CCL-2, and IFN-γ. A subgroup of patients with short progression-free survival (PFS) and long overall survival (OS) was comprised in the cluster characterized by low levels of CCL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 at T0. Our data support the prognostic significance of longitudinal serum cytokine analysis. This approach may help identify patients for whom early treatment stop avoids needless toxicity or might justify treatment beyond early progression. Further investigations are required to validate this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Abbona
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Andrea Michelotti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Elena Geuna
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (E.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Fiorella Ruatta
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (F.R.); (N.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Landucci
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (F.R.); (N.D.); (P.V.)
| | - Paola Vanella
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (F.R.); (N.D.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Danilo Galizia
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; (E.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Marco Merlano
- Experimental Cell Therapy Lab, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy;
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Policlinico Maggiore, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Theil G, Fornara P, Bialek J. Position of Circulating Tumor Cells in the Clinical Routine in Prostate Cancer and Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123782. [PMID: 33333999 PMCID: PMC7765455 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many different therapies are applied to fight tumor disease. Blood-based biosources, like circulating tumor cells (CTCs), offer the opportunity to monitor the healing progression and the real-time response to the therapy. In this review, we analyze the outcomes of the clinical trials and scientific studies of prostate and breast cancer performed in the decade between April 2010 and April 2020. Additionally, we describe the abstracts from the 4th Advances in Circulating Tumor Cells (ACTC) meeting in 2019. We discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities related to the CTCs and the challenges ahead in the routine treatment of cancer. Abstract Prostate cancer and breast cancer are the most common cancers worldwide. Anti-tumor therapies are long and exhaustive for the patients. The real-time monitoring of the healing progression could be a useful tool to evaluate therapeutic response. Blood-based biosources like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may offer this opportunity. Application of CTCs for the clinical diagnostics could improve the sequenced screening, provide additional valuable information of tumor dynamics, and help personalized management for the patients. In the past decade, CTCs as liquid biopsy (LB) has received tremendous attention. Many different isolation and characterization platforms are developed but the clinical validation is still missing. In this review, we focus on the clinical trials of circulating tumor cells that have the potential to monitor and stratify patients and lead to implementation into clinical practice.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen D, Wen J, Zeng S, Ma H. DNA fragment‐assisted microfluidic chip for capture and release of circulating tumor cells. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2845-2852. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengyi Chen
- College of Laboratory MedicineDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Laboratory MedicineDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Shaojiang Zeng
- College of Laboratory MedicineDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| | - Huipeng Ma
- College of Laboratory MedicineDalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning Province P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawaguchi K, Sakurai M, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki E, Tsuda M, Kataoka TR, Hirata M, Nishie M, Nojiri T, Kumazoe M, Saito K, Toi M. Alteration of specific cytokine expression patterns in patients with breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2924. [PMID: 30814616 PMCID: PMC6393524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation has been associated with aggressive tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Here we performed a comprehensive analysis of 26 kinds of inflammatory cytokine expression patterns among 185 patients with breast cancer and 54 healthy volunteers followed by chemometric analysis. We identified the specific cytokine expression patterns of breast cancer patients compared to healthy volunteers with (1) VEGF, IL-9, GM-CSF, IL-13, IL-4, and IFNγ, (2) IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-5, IL-7, IL-1α, GCSF, IL-1β, and TNFα and (3) IL-2, Eotaxin, MIP1β, MIP1α, IL-17, and bFGF. Among the patients with breast cancer, we identified the specific cytokine signature of metastatic patients compared to non-metastatic patients. We also established a mathematical model for distinguishing patients with breast cancer from healthy volunteers and metastatic patients from non-metastatic patients. This cytokine network analysis could provide new insights into early intervention and effective therapeutic strategy for patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Moe Tsuda
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki R Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mariko Nishie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nojiri
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Higashiosaka City Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motofumi Kumazoe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song Y, Tang C, Yin C. Combination antitumor immunotherapy with VEGF and PIGF siRNA via systemic delivery of multi-functionalized nanoparticles to tumor-associated macrophages and breast cancer cells. Biomaterials 2018; 185:117-132. [PMID: 30241030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PIGF), over-expressed in breast cancer cells and M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs) within tumor microenvironment (TME), work synergistically and independently in mediating tumor progression and immunosuppression, combinatorial immune-based approaches targeting them are expected to be a potent therapeutic modality for patients. Here, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and mannose doubly modified trimethyl chitosan (PEG = MT) along with citraconic anhydride grafted poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PC)-based nanoparticles (NPs) (PEG = MT/PC NPs) with dual pH-responsiveness were developed to deliver VEGF siRNA (siVEGF)/PIGF siRNA (siPIGF) to both M2-TAMs and breast cancer cells for antitumor immunotherapy. With prolonged blood circulation and intelligent pH-sensitivity, PEG = MT/PC NPs were highly accumulated in tumor tissues and then internalized in M2-TAMs and breast cancer cells via mannose-mediated active targeting and passive targeting, respectively. With the charge-reversal of PC, PEG = MT/PC NPs presented effective endosomal/lysosomal escape and intracellular siRNA release, resulting in efficient gene silencing. Due to the synergism between siVEGF and siPIGF in anti-proliferation of tumor cells and reversal of the TME from pro-oncogenic to anti-tumoral, PEG = MT/PC/siVEGF/siPIGF NPs (PEG = MT/PC/siV-P NPs) exerted robust suppression of breast tumor growth and lung metastasis. This combination strategy may provide a promising alternative for breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Cui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Chunhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Progress in Circulating Tumor Cell Research Using Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9070353. [PMID: 30424286 PMCID: PMC6082257 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a popular topic in cancer research because they can be obtained by liquid biopsy, a minimally invasive procedure with more sample accessibility than tissue biopsy, to monitor a patient’s condition. Over the past decades, CTC research has covered a wide variety of topics such as enumeration, profiling, and correlation between CTC number and patient overall survival. It is important to isolate and enrich CTCs before performing CTC analysis because CTCs in the blood stream are very rare (0–10 CTCs/mL of blood). Among the various approaches to separating CTCs, here, we review the research trends in the isolation and analysis of CTCs using microfluidics. Microfluidics provides many attractive advantages for CTC studies such as continuous sample processing to reduce target cell loss and easy integration of various functions into a chip, making “do-everything-on-a-chip” possible. However, tumor cells obtained from different sites within a tumor exhibit heterogenetic features. Thus, heterogeneous CTC profiling should be conducted at a single-cell level after isolation to guide the optimal therapeutic path. We describe the studies on single-CTC analysis based on microfluidic devices. Additionally, as a critical concern in CTC studies, we explain the use of CTCs in cancer research, despite their rarity and heterogeneity, compared with other currently emerging circulating biomarkers, including exosomes and cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Finally, the commercialization of products for CTC separation and analysis is discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
The clinical relevance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in correlation to circulating tumor cells and other serum biomarkers in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:93-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
10
|
Luo T, Chen X, Zeng S, Guan B, Hu B, Meng Y, Liu F, Wong T, Lu Y, Yun C, Hocher B, Yin L. Bioinformatic identification of key genes and analysis of prognostic values in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1747-1757. [PMID: 30008862 PMCID: PMC6036467 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify new key genes as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis or targeted therapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Three expression profiles (GSE36895, GSE46699 and GSE71963) were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus. GEO2R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ccRCC tissues and normal samples. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was utilized for functional and pathway enrichment analysis. STRING v10.5 and Molecular Complex Detection were used for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and module analysis, respectively. Regulation network analyses were performed with the WebGestal tool. UALCAN web-portal was used for expression validation and survival analysis of hub genes in ccRCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 65 up- and 164 downregulated genes were identified as DEGs. DEGs were enriched with functional terms and pathways compactly related to ccRCC pathogenesis. Seventeen hub genes and one significant module were filtered out and selected from the PPI network. The differential expression of hub genes was verified in TCGA patients. Kaplan-Meier plot showed that high mRNA expression of enolase 2 (ENO2) was associated with short overall survival in ccRCC patients (P=0.023). High mRNA expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) (P<0.001), fms related tyrosine kinase 1 (FLT1) (P=0.004), plasminogen (PLG) (P<0.001) and von Willebrand factor (VWF) (P=0.008) appeared to serve as favorable factors in survival. These findings indicate that the DEGs may be key genes in ccRCC pathogenesis and five genes, including ENO2, CCND1, PLT1, PLG and VWF, may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers in ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Shufei Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Baozhang Guan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Fanna Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Taksui Wong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yongpin Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Yun
- Department of Nephrology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|