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Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Li J, Yin Y, Zhang E, Gui M, Chen L, Li J. Peptide deregulated in hypertrophic scar-1 alleviates hypertrophic scar fibrosis by targeting focal adhesion kinase and pyruvate kinase M2 and remodeling the metabolic landscape. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123809. [PMID: 36828096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scarring is a fibrotic skin disease characterized by excessive deposition of collagens. Emerging evidence has suggested important roles for peptides in fibrosis-related diseases. Here, we demonstrate that a skin-derived endogenous peptide, peptide deregulated in hypertrophic scar-1 (PDHS1), with the sequence IATTTASAATAAAIGATPRAK, inhibits cell proliferation, promotes apoptosis, decreases the proportion of cells in S phase, and decreases collagen synthesis in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts. Additionally, treatment with PDHPS1 alleviates hypertrophic scarring in a rabbit ear model. PDHPS1 was found to bind to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and to decrease its activity. PDHPS1 was also shown to bind to pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and to decreased its expression. Smad2 phosphorylation is also inhibited by treatment with PDHPS1. Overexpression of FAK rescues the decreased expression of COL3A1 induced by PDHPS1 treatment. Targeted metabolomics revealed that PDHPS1 reprogramed metabolism that related to amino acid synthesis, leading to decreases of the key glycolysis intermediates glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. These results demonstrated that the endogenous peptide PDHPS1 alleviates hypertrophic scar fibrosis in vitro and in vivo by targeting FAK and PKM2 and remodeling the metabolic landscape. Overall, treatment with PDHPS1 is a potential therapeutic strategy for hypertrophic scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Li
- Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, China.
| | - Yiliang Yin
- Department of Plastic&Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Enyuan Zhang
- Department of Plastic&Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Mang Gui
- Yangzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University), Yangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plastic&Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Plastic&Cosmetic Surgery, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), 123rd Tianfei Street, Mochou Road, Nanjing 210004, China.
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3
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Kawano T, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Murata M, Kang JH. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5425. [PMID: 36358843 PMCID: PMC9658272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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Peng Y, Wang L, Zhang Z, He X, Fan Q, Cheng X, Qiao Y, Huang H, Lai S, Wan Q, He M, He H. Puerarin activates adaptive autophagy and protects the myocardium against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via the 14–3-3γ/PKCε pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113403. [PMID: 36076529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) seriously threatens the health of related patients. Studies have confirmed that 14-3-3γ and protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) are the endogenous protective proteins. Puerarin (Pue) is a bioactive ingredient isolated from the root of Pueraria lobata. It possesses many pharmacological properties, which have been widely used in treating and adjuvant therapy of cardiovascular diseases. In the study, we intended to explore the effects and mechanism of Pue pretreatment to protect the myocardium against DIC injury. Adult mice and H9c2 cells were pretreated with Pue, and the injury model was made with Dox. Results showed that Pue pretreatment alleviated DIC injury, as revealed by increased cell viability, decreased LDH activity and apoptosis, inhibited excess oxidative stress, maintained mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, and improved myocardial function. Furthermore, Pue pretreatment upregulated 14-3-3γ expression, interacted with PKCε, phosphorylated and impelled migration to mitochondria, activated adaptive autophagy, and protected the myocardium. However, pAD/14-3-3γ-shRNA or εV1-2 (a PKCε activity inhibitor) or 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) could weaken the above effects of Pue pretreatment. Together, Pue pretreatment could activate adaptive autophagy by the 14-3-3γ/PKCε pathway and protect the myocardium against DIC injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xinlan He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qigui Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xie Cheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Songqing Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qing Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ming He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jiangxi Academy of Clinical Medical Sciences, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Huan He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanchang 330006, China.
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5
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Peng Y, Wang L, Zhao X, Lai S, He X, Fan Q, He H, He M. Puerarin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial injury via the 14-3-3γ/PKCε pathway activating adaptive autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Munquad S, Si T, Mallik S, Das AB, Zhao Z. A Deep Learning-Based Framework for Supporting Clinical Diagnosis of Glioblastoma Subtypes. Front Genet 2022; 13:855420. [PMID: 35419027 PMCID: PMC9000988 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.855420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular features that facilitate aggressive phenotypes in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a major clinical challenge. Accurate diagnosis of GBM subtypes, namely classical, proneural, and mesenchymal, and identification of specific molecular features are crucial for clinicians for systematic treatment. We develop a biologically interpretable and highly efficient deep learning framework based on a convolutional neural network for subtype identification. The classifiers were generated from high-throughput data of different molecular levels, i.e., transcriptome and methylome. Furthermore, an integrated subsystem of transcriptome and methylome data was also used to build the biologically relevant model. Our results show that deep learning model outperforms the traditional machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, to evaluate the biological and clinical applicability of the classification, we performed weighted gene correlation network analysis, gene set enrichment, and survival analysis of the feature genes. We identified the genotype-phenotype relationship of GBM subtypes and the subtype-specific predictive biomarkers for potential diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Munquad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | - Tapas Si
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bankura Unnayani Institute of Engineering, Bankura, India
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Asim Bikas Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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OUP accepted manuscript. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2236-2261. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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8
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Targeting Protein Kinase C in Glioblastoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040381. [PMID: 33916593 PMCID: PMC8067000 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor and is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite the use of combined treatment approaches, recurrence is almost inevitable and survival longer than 14 or 15 months after diagnosis is low. It is therefore necessary to identify new therapeutic targets to fight GBM progression and recurrence. Some publications have pointed out the role of glioma stem cells (GSCs) as the origin of GBM. These cells, with characteristics of neural stem cells (NSC) present in physiological neurogenic niches, have been proposed as being responsible for the high resistance of GBM to current treatments such as temozolomide (TMZ). The protein Kinase C (PKC) family members play an essential role in transducing signals related with cell cycle entrance, differentiation and apoptosis in NSC and participate in distinct signaling cascades that determine NSC and GSC dynamics. Thus, PKC could be a suitable druggable target to treat recurrent GBM. Clinical trials have tested the efficacy of PKCβ inhibitors, and preclinical studies have focused on other PKC isozymes. Here, we discuss the idea that other PKC isozymes may also be involved in GBM progression and that the development of a new generation of effective drugs should consider the balance between the activation of different PKC subtypes.
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Ranieri D, Nanni M, Guttieri L, Torrisi MR, Belleudi F. The aberrant expression in epithelial cells of the mesenchymal isoform of FGFR2 controls the negative crosstalk between EMT and autophagy. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:4166-4172. [PMID: 33609078 PMCID: PMC8051744 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling of the epithelial splicing variant of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2b) triggers both differentiation and autophagy, while the aberrant expression of the mesenchymal FGFR2c isoform in epithelial cells induces impaired differentiation, inhibition of autophagy as well as the induction of the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In light of the widely proposed negative loop linking autophagy and EMT in the early steps of carcinogenesis, here we investigated the possible involvement of FGFR2c aberrant expression and signalling in orchestrating this crosstalk in human keratinocytes. Biochemical, molecular, quantitative immunofluorescence analysis and in vitro invasion assays, coupled to the use of specific substrate inhibitors and transient or stable silencing approaches, showed that AKT/MTOR and PKCε are the two hub signalling pathways, downstream FGFR2c, intersecting with each other in the control of both the inhibition of autophagy and the induction of EMT and invasive behaviour. These results indicate that the expression of FGFR2c, possibly resulting from FGFR2 isoform switch, could represent a key upstream event responsible for the establishment of a negative interplay between autophagy and EMT, which contributes to the assessment of a pathological oncogenic profile in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Ranieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Nanni
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Guttieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Belleudi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Chandel S, Manikandan A, Mehta N, Nathan AA, Tiwari RK, Mohapatra SB, Chandran M, Jaleel A, Manoj N, Dixit M. The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST mediates hypoxia-induced endothelial autophagy and angiogenesis via AMPK activation. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs250274. [PMID: 33323505 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global and endothelial loss of PTP-PEST (also known as PTPN12) is associated with impaired cardiovascular development and embryonic lethality. Although hypoxia is implicated in vascular remodelling and angiogenesis, its effect on PTP-PEST remains unexplored. Here we report that hypoxia (1% oxygen) increases protein levels and catalytic activity of PTP-PEST in primary endothelial cells. Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry revealed that α subunits of AMPK (α1 and α2, encoded by PRKAA1 and PRKAA2, respectively) interact with PTP-PEST under normoxia but not in hypoxia. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed this observation and determined that AMPK α subunits interact with the catalytic domain of PTP-PEST. Knockdown of PTP-PEST abrogated hypoxia-mediated tyrosine dephosphorylation and activation of AMPK (Thr172 phosphorylation). Absence of PTP-PEST also blocked hypoxia-induced autophagy (LC3 degradation and puncta formation), which was rescued by the AMPK activator metformin (500 µM). Because endothelial autophagy is a prerequisite for angiogenesis, knockdown of PTP-PEST also attenuated endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation, with autophagy inducer rapamycin (200 nM) rescuing angiogenesis. In conclusion, this work identifies for the first time that PTP-PEST is a regulator of hypoxia-induced AMPK activation and endothelial autophagy to promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Amrutha Manikandan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Nikunj Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Abel Arul Nathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Samar Bhallabha Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Mahesh Chandran
- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thyacaud Post, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thyacaud Post, Thiruvananthpuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Narayanan Manoj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Madhulika Dixit
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
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11
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Regulation of Autophagy by Protein Kinase C-ε in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124247. [PMID: 32549199 PMCID: PMC7352677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-ε (PKCε), an anti-apoptotic protein, plays critical roles in breast cancer development and progression. Although autophagy is an important survival mechanism, it is not known if PKCε regulates autophagy in breast cancer cells. We have shown that silencing of PKCε by siRNA inhibited basal and starvation-induced autophagy in T47D breast cancer cells as determined by the decrease in LC3-II, increase in p62, and decrease in autophagy puncta both in the presence and absence of bafilomycin A1. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) associates with Raptor or Rictor to form complex-1 (mTORC1) or complex-2 (mTORC2), respectively. Knockdown of PKCε attenuated an increase in autophagy caused by the depletion of Raptor and Rictor. Overexpression of PKCε in MCF-7 cells caused activation of mTORC1 and an increase in LC3-I, LC3-II, and p62. The mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin abolished the increase in LC3-I and p62. Knockdown of mTOR and Rictor or starvation enhanced autophagy in PKCε overexpressing cells. While overexpression of PKCε in MCF-7 cells inhibited apoptosis, it induced autophagy in response to tumor necrosis factor-α. However, inhibition of autophagy by Atg5 knockdown restored apoptosis in PKCε-overexpressing cells. Thus, PKCε promotes breast cancer cell survival not only by inhibiting apoptosis but also by inducing autophagy.
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12
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Protein Kinase C Isozymes and Autophagy during Neurodegenerative Disease Progression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030553. [PMID: 32120776 PMCID: PMC7140419 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are members of the Serine/Threonine kinase family regulating cellular events following activation of membrane bound phospholipids. The breakdown of the downstream signaling pathways of PKC relates to several disease pathogeneses particularly neurodegeneration. PKC isozymes play a critical role in cell death and survival mechanisms, as well as autophagy. Numerous studies have reported that neurodegenerative disease formation is caused by failure of the autophagy mechanism. This review outlines PKC signaling in autophagy and neurodegenerative disease development and introduces some polyphenols as effectors of PKC isozymes for disease therapy.
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