The ERH gene regulates migration and invasion in 5637 and T24 bladder cancer cells

ERH gene knockdown inhibits the proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells through MCM complex and EMT process

PURPOSE

To explore the role of the Enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) gene on the proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells, and its mechanism.

METHODS

ARPE-19 cells were divided into ERH gene knockdown (ERH KD) and normal ERH gene (ERH NC) groups and infected with respected virus. Cell counting kit-8 assay, wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the effects of the ERH gene on cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle. A 4D label-free quantitative proteomic analysis was conducted to obtain the ERH gene knockdown-related differential proteins list (DPL). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein domain analysis, subcellular localization analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed to explore the main downstream functions of the ERH gene. Proteins related to DNA replication, cell cycle, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were identified by Western blot test.

RESULTS

The ERH gene was successfully knocked down in ARPE-19 cells of the ERH KD group. The proliferation and migration of cells were reduced and the cell cycle was arrested at the S phase in the ERH KD group. A DPL of 47 upregulated and 108 downregulated proteins was obtained, and their functions were explored and found to be associated with the MCM complex, DNA replication, and cell cycle. Protein domain analysis, protein subcellular localization analysis, and PPI analysis showed that the MCM complex may play a key role in the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells affected by the ERH gene. DNA replication, cell cycle, and EMT-related proteins were affected when the ERH gene was knocked down.

CONCLUSION

Knockdown of ERH gene inhibits the proliferation and migration of ARPE-19 cells through the MCM complex and EMT process.

Thirty Years with ERH: An mRNA Splicing and Mitosis Factor Only or Rather a Novel Genome Integrity Protector?

ERH is a 100 to about 110 aa nuclear protein with unique primary and three-dimensional structures that are very conserved from simple eukaryotes to humans, albeit some species have lost its gene, with most higher fungi being a noteworthy example. Initially, studies on Drosophila melanogaster implied its function in pyrimidine metabolism. Subsequently, research on Xenopus laevis suggested that it acts as a transcriptional repressor. Finally, studies in humans pointed to a role in pre-mRNA splicing and in mitosis but further research, also in Caenorhabditis elegans and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, demonstrated its much broader activity, namely involvement in the biogenesis of mRNA, and miRNA, piRNA and some other ncRNAs, and in repressive heterochromatin formation. ERH interacts with numerous, mostly taxon-specific proteins, like Mmi1 and Mei2 in S. pombe, PID-3/PICS-1, TOST-1 and PID-1 in C. elegans, and DGCR8, CIZ1, PDIP46/SKAR and SAFB1/2 in humans. There are, however, some common themes in this wide range of processes and partners, such as: (a) ERH homodimerizes to form a scaffold for several complexes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, (b) all these RNAs are RNA polymerase II transcripts, (c) pre-mRNAs, whose splicing depends on ERH, are enriched in transcripts of DNA damage response and DNA metabolism genes, and (d) heterochromatin is formed to silence unwanted transcription, e.g., from repetitive elements. Thus, it seems that ERH has been adopted for various pathways that serve to maintain genome integrity.

Proteomics separates adult-type diffuse high-grade gliomas in metabolic subgroups independent of 1p/19q codeletion and across IDH mutational status

High-grade adult-type diffuse gliomas are malignant neuroepithelial tumors with poor survival rates in combined chemoradiotherapy. The current WHO classification is based on IDH1/2 mutational and 1p/19q codeletion status. Glioma proteome alterations remain undercharacterized despite their promise for a better molecular patient stratification and therapeutic target identification. Here, we use mass spectrometry to characterize 42 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from IDH-wild-type (IDHwt) gliomas, IDH-mutant (IDHmut) gliomas with and without 1p/19q codeletion, and non-neoplastic controls. Based on more than 5,500 quantified proteins and 5,000 phosphosites, gliomas separate by IDH1/2 mutational status but not by 1p/19q status. Instead, IDHmut gliomas split into two proteomic subtypes with widespread perturbations, including aerobic/anaerobic energy metabolism. Validations with three independent glioma proteome datasets confirm these subgroups and link the IDHmut subtypes to the established proneural and classic/mesenchymal subtypes in IDHwt glioma. This demonstrates common phenotypic subtypes across the IDH status with potential therapeutic implications for patients with IDHmut gliomas.

ERH Interacts With EIF2α and Regulates the EIF2α/ATF4/CHOP Pathway in Bladder Cancer Cells

Background

There is a lack of research on the molecular interaction of the enhancers of rudimentary homolog (ERH) in bladder cancer (BC) cells. This study aimed to determine the interacting proteins of ERH in human T24 cells.

Methods

First, the ERH gene was overexpressed in human T24 cells. Coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and shotgun mass spectrometry (MS) analyses were performed to obtain a list of proteins that interact with ERH. Subsequently, bioinformatic analyses with Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein–protein interaction (PPI) studies were performed to analyze the ERH-interactive protein list (ERH-IPL). Then, we selected one of the interacting proteins, EIF2α for verification. An immunofluorescence colocalization assay was performed to validate the co-expression of the selected protein, and the binding sites of the two proteins were predicted by ZDOCK technology. Finally, PCR analysis on the downstream molecules of the interacting protein was performed for verification.

Results

ERH protein was successfully overexpressed in human T24 cells. We obtained a list of 205 proteins that might directly or indirectly interact with the ERH protein by mass spectrometric analysis. The bioinformatic analysis showed that ERH-interacting proteins were related to “ribonucleoprotein complex”, “ATPase activity”, “nuclear speck”, and “translation factor activity, RNA binding”. We further identified one of the key genes, EIF2S1, and confirmed that the corresponding protein EIF2α is co-expressed and may bind with ERH in human T24 cells. The mRNA levels of molecules ATF4 and CHOP were found to be upregulated by ERH.

Conclusion

ERH protein affects “ribonucleoprotein complex”, “ATPase activity”, “nuclear speck”, and “translation factor activity, RNA binding”. The ERH protein can interact with EIF2α and regulate the EIF2α-ATF4/CHOP signaling pathway in human T24 cells.

Sphingomyelin Phodiesterase Acid-Like 3A Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth Through the Enhancer of Rudimentary Homolog

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, with unclear pathogenesis. Sphingomyelin phodiesterase acid-like 3A (SMPDL3A) affects cell differentiation and participates in immune regulation. However, its molecular biological function in HCC has not yet been elucidated.

Methods

Data from 180 HCC patients were analyzed the relationship between the expression of SMPDL3A in liver cancer tissues and the prognosis of liver cancer patients. Crispr-Cas9 dual vector lentivirus was used to knock out SMPDL3A in HCC cell lines. The effects of SMPDL3A on cell viability were determined by CCK8 assay, clone formation experiment, cell cycle assay, cell scratch, TUNEL experiment and flow cytometry. Xenograft tumor assays in BALB/c nude mice confirmed that SMPDL3A promoted tumor growth and in vivo. Preliminary exploration of SMPDL3A interacting protein by mass spectrometry analysis and co-immunoprecipitation.

Results

This study showed that the expression of SMPDL3A in HCC tissue differed from that in tumor-adjacent tissues. Moreover, the overall survival rate and tumor-free survival rate of patients with high-SMPDL3A expression were significantly lower than those with low-SMPDL3A expression. SMPDL3A expression was closely related to the level of protein induced by PIVKA-II, liver cirrhosis, tumor diameter, microvascular invasion, and Barcelona clinic liver cancer staging. Thus, SMPDL3A is an independent risk factor that affects the tumor-free survival rate and overall survival rate of HCC patients. In vitro study using Crispr-Cas9 genome editing technology revealed the knockout effect of SMPDL3A on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. Cell counting kit-8 assay and clone formation experiment showed that sgSMPDL3A inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay showed that sgSMPDL3A promoted apoptosis in tumors. Moreover, sgSMPDL3A inhibited tumor growth during subcutaneous tumor formation in nude mice. Immunohistochemistry of Ki67 and PNCA also indicated that sgSMPDL3A inhibited subcutaneous tumor proliferation in tumor-bearing nude mice. Further experiments showed that SMPDL3A interacts with the enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH).

Conclusions

High-SMPDL3A expression was related to poor prognosis of patients with HCC. Knockout of SMPDL3A inhibited the proliferation and migration and accelerated the migration of HCC cells. SMPDL3A interacted with ERH to affect the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC.

ERH Gene and Its Role in Cancer Cells

Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies on oncogenes and tumor-targeted therapies have become an important part of cancer treatment development. In this review, we summarize and systematically introduce the gene enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH), which encodes a highly conserved small molecule protein. ERH mainly exists as a protein partner in human cells. It is involved in pyrimidine metabolism and protein complexes, acts as a transcriptional repressor, and participates in cell cycle regulation. Moreover, it is involved in DNA damage repair, mRNA splicing, the process of microRNA hairpins as well as erythroid differentiation. There are many related studies on the role of ERH in cancer cells; however, there are none on tumor-targeted therapeutic drugs or related therapies based on the expression of ERH. This study will provide possible directions for oncologists to further their research studies in this field.

Solasonine Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of Bladder Cancer Cells by Suppressing NRP1 Expression

Solasonine, a steroidal alkaloid extracted from Solanum nigrum L., has been found to exert inhibitory effect on cancers. However, the underlying anticancer mechanisms of solasonine, particularly in urinary bladder cancer (BC), remain unclear. In this study, we identified the potential targets and biological functions associated with solasonine activity using a bioinformatics approach. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and other signaling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathways, were potentially involved in the therapeutic effects of solasonine. The ability of solasonine in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in BC cells was confirmed experimentally, and the inhibition of ERK/MAPK, P38/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways was validated by Western blot. Mechanistically, solasonine suppressed the expression of NRP1 protein, but not that of mRNA. Further results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis indicated that solasonine could directly bind to the b1 domain of NRP1 protein with a reasonable and stable docking conformation. We previously found that targeting NRP1 is a potential antitumor strategy. Combined with these findings, it can be speculated that the binding of solasonine with NRP1 on the cell membrane could prevent the formation of NRP1/VEGFA/VEGFR2 and NRP1/EGFR complexes, resulting in the inhibition of downstream signaling, including ERK/MAPK, P38/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Additionally, intracellular solasonine could inhibit the membrane localization of NRP1 and provoke its cytoplasmic retention, facilitating the degradation of NRP1 protein in the cytoplasm. The dual effects induced by the binding of solasonine to NRP1 extracellularly and intracellularly could account for the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of solasonine on BC.

CBX3 is a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated with ATR Activation and Immune Infiltration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Background

Chromobox protein homolog (CBX) family members play important roles in the progression and prognosis of many cancers. However, their functional role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains largely unknown.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed the expression and functions of CBX family members using The Cancer Genome Atlas data. Most CBX family members were found to be differentially expressed in various tumors, including HNSCC, compared to normal tissues. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that CBX3 expression is an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC patients. A nomogram based on CBX3 expression was constructed for use as a diagnostic indicator for HNSCC patients. We also used qPCR to validate the expression of CBX3.

Results

Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that CBX3 participates in ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related protein kinase (ATR) activation and tumor progression. Analysis of immune infiltration indicated that CBX3 expression is negatively correlated with mast cells, DCs, immature DCs, and neutrophils.

Conclusion

Our findings show that high CBX3 expression predicts poor prognosis in HNSCC and that CBX3 may act as an oncoprotein by activating ATR and affecting immune infiltration.

Changes in the Proteome in the Development of Chronic Human Papillomavirus Infection-A Prospective Study in HIV Positive and HIV Negative Rwandan Women

BACKGROUND

Effects on the proteome when a high risk (HR)-HPV infection occurs, when it is cleared and when it becomes chronic were investigated. Moreover, biomarker panels that could identify cervical risk lesions were assessed.

METHODS

Cytology, HPV screening and proteomics were performed on cervical samples from Rwandan HIV+ and HIV- women at baseline, at 9 months, at 18 months and at 24 months. Biological pathways were identified using the String database.

RESULTS

The most significantly affected pathway when an incident HR-HPV infection occurred was neutrophil degranulation, and vesicle-mediated transport was the most significantly affected pathway when an HR-HPV infection was cleared; protein insertion into membrane in chronic HR-HPV lesions and in lesions where HR-HPVs were cleared were compared; and cellular catabolic process in high-grade lesions was compared to that in negative lesions. A four-biomarker panel (EIF1; BLOC1S5; LIMCH1; SGTA) was identified, which was able to distinguish chronic HR-HPV lesions from cleared HR-HPV/negative lesions (sensitivity 100% and specificity 91%). Another four-biomarker panel (ERH; IGKV2-30; TMEM97; DNAJA4) was identified, which was able to distinguish high-grade lesions from low-grade/negative lesions (sensitivity 100% and specificity 81%).

CONCLUSIONS

We have identified the biological pathways triggered in HR-HPV infection, when HR-HPV becomes chronic and when cervical risk lesions develop. Moreover, we have identified potential biomarkers that may help to identify women with cervical risk lesions.

Menin inhibition suppresses castration-resistant prostate cancer and enhances chemosensitivity

Disease progression and therapeutic resistance of prostate cancer (PC) are linked to multiple molecular events that promote survival and plasticity. We previously showed that heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) acted as a driver of castration-resistant phenotype (CRPC) and developed an oligonucleotides antisense (ASO) against HSP27 with evidence of anti-cancer activity in men with CRPC. Here, we show that the tumor suppressor Menin (MEN1) is highly regulated by HSP27. Menin is overexpressed in high-grade PC and CRPC. High MEN1 mRNA expression is associated with decreased biochemical relapse-free and overall survival. Silencing Menin with ASO technology inhibits CRPC cell proliferation, tumor growth, and restores chemotherapeutic sensitivity. ChIP-seq analysis revealed differential DNA binding sites of Menin in various prostatic cells, suggesting a switch from tumor suppressor to oncogenic functions in CRPC. These data support the evaluation of ASO against Menin for CRPC.

Role of NRP1 in Bladder Cancer Pathogenesis and Progression

Bladder urothelial carcinoma (BC) is a fatal invasive malignancy and the most common malignancy of the urinary system. In the current study, we investigated the function and mechanisms of Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), the co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor, in BC pathogenesis and progression. The expression of NRP1 was evaluated using data extracted from GEO and HPA databases and examined in BC cell lines. The effect on proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion of BC cells were validated after NRP1 knockdown. After identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by NRP1 silencing, GO/KEGG and IPA^® bioinformatics analyses were performed and specific predicted pathways and targets were confirmed in vitro. Additionally, the co-expressed genes and ceRNA network were predicted using data downloaded from CCLE and TCGA databases, respectively. High expression of NRP1 was observed in BC tissues and cells. NRP1 knockdown promoted apoptosis and suppressed proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion of BC cells. Additionally, after NRP1 silencing the activity of MAPK signaling and molecular mechanisms of cancer pathways were predicted by KEGG and IPA^® pathway analysis and validated using western blot in BC cells. NRP1 knockdown also affected various biological functions, including antiviral response, immune response, cell cycle, proliferation and migration of cells, and neovascularisation. Furthermore, the main upstream molecule of the DEGs induced by NRP1 knockdown may be NUPR1, and NRP1 was also the downstream target of NUPR1 and essential for regulation of FOXP3 expression to activate neovascularisation. DCBLD2 was positively regulated by NRP1, and PPAR signaling was significantly associated with low NRP1 expression. We also found that NRP1 was a predicted target of miR-204, miR-143, miR-145, and miR-195 in BC development. Our data provide evidence for the biological function and molecular aetiology of NRP1 in BC and for the first time demonstrated an association between NRP1 and NUPR1, FOXP3, and DCBLD2. Specifically, downregulation of NRP1 contributes to BC progression, which is associated with activation of MAPK signaling and molecular mechanisms involved in cancer pathways. Therefore, NRP1 may serve as a target for new therapeutic strategies to treat BC and other cancers.

Apoptotic Effects of Anthocyanins from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Are Enhanced by Augmented Enhancer of the Rudimentary Homolog (ERH) in Human Gastric Carcinoma MKN28 Cells

Evidence suggests that augmented expression of a certain gene can influence the efficacy of targeted and conventional chemotherapies. Here, we tested whether the high expression of enhancer of the rudimentary homolog (ERH), which serves as a prognostic factor in some cancers, can influence the efficacy of anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, Meoru in Korea (AIMs) on human gastric cancer cells. The anticancer efficacy of AIMs was augmented in ERH-transfected MKN28 cells (E-MKN28 cells). Molecularly, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -9. The ERH-augmented apoptotic effect was related to mitochondrial depolarization and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was augmented in AIMs-treated E-MKN28 cells compared to AIMs-treated naïve MKN28 cells. In conclusion, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial-related apoptosis in MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and subsequent excessive ROS generation would be the mechanism for ERH-augmented mitochondrial-related apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of XIAP would be another mechanism for ERH-augmented caspase-dependent apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells.

The Clinical Significance and Potential Molecular Mechanism of PTTG1 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological type of esophageal cancers worldwide. Transcription factor PTTG1 was seen highly expressed in a variety of tumors and was related to the degree of tumor differentiation, invasion, and metastasis. However, the clinical significance of PTTG1 had yet to be verified, and the mechanism of abnormal PTTG1 expression in ESCC was not clear. In this study, the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of PTTG1 expression in ESCC were completed by synthesizing in-house immunohistochemistry (IHC), clinical sample tissue RNA-seq (in-house RNA-seq), public high-throughput data, and literature data. We also explored the possible signaling pathways and target genes of PTTG1 in ESCC by combining the target genes of PTTG1 (displayed by ChIP-seq), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ESCC, and PTTG1-related genes, revealing the potential molecular mechanism of PTTG1 in ESCC. In the present study, PTTG1 protein and mRNA expression levels in ESCC tissues were all significantly higher than in non-cancerous tissues. The pool standard mean difference (SMD) of the overall PTTG1 expression was 1.17 (95% CI: 0.72-1.62, P < 0.01), and the area under curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83-0.89). By combining the target genes displayed by ChIP-seq of PTTG1, DEGs of ESCC, and PTTG1-related genes, it was observed that PTTG1 may interact with these genes through chemokines and cytokine signaling pathways. By constructing a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and combining ChIP-seq data, we obtained four PTTG1 potential target genes, SPTAN1, SLC25A17, IKBKB, and ERH. The gene expression of PTTG1 had a strong positive correlation with SLC25A17 and ERH, which suggested that PTTG1 might positively regulate the expression of these two genes. In summary, the high expression of PTTG1 may play an important role in the formation of ESCC. These roles may be completed by PTTG1 regulating the downstream target genes SLC25A17 and ERH.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived exosomal miR-3656 promotes the development and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the ACAP2/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal tumors, accounting for almost half a million deaths per year. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dramatically impact ESCC progression. Recent evidence suggests that exosomes derived from CAFs are able to transmit regulating signals and promote ESCC development. In this study, we compared different the component ratios of miRNAs in exosomes secreted by CAFs in tumors and with those from normal fibroblasts (NFs) in precancerous tissues. The mRNA level of hsa-miR-3656 was significantly upregulated in the former exosomes. Subsequently, by comparing tumor cell development in vitro and in vivo, we found that the proliferation, migration and invasion capabilities of ESCC cells were significantly improved when miR-3656 was present. Further target gene analysis confirmed ACAP2 was a target gene regulated by miR-3656 and exhibited a negative regulatory effect on tumor proliferation. Additionally, the downregulation of ACAP2 triggered by exosomal-derived miR-3656 further promotes the activation of the PI3K/AKT and β-catenin signaling pathways and ultimately improves the growth of ESCC cells both in vitro and in xenograft models. These results may represent a potential therapeutic target for ESCC and provide a new basis for clinical treatment plans.

The methylation landscape and its role in domestication and gene regulation in the chicken

Domestication is one of the strongest examples of artificial selection and has produced some of the most extreme within-species phenotypic variation known. In the case of the chicken, it has been hypothesized that DNA methylation may play a mechanistic role in the domestication response. By inter-crossing wild-derived red junglefowl with domestic chickens, we mapped quantitative trait loci for hypothalamic methylation (methQTL), gene expression (eQTL) and behaviour. We find large, stable methylation differences, with 6,179 cis and 2,973 trans methQTL identified. Over 46% of the trans effects were genotypically controlled by five loci, mainly associated with increased methylation in the junglefowl genotype. In a third of eQTL, we find that there is a correlation between gene expression and methylation, while statistical causality analysis reveals multiple instances where methylation is driving gene expression, as well as the reverse. We also show that methylation is correlated with some aspects of behavioural variation in the inter-cross. In conclusion, our data suggest a role for methylation in the regulation of gene expression underlying the domesticated phenotype of the chicken.

The Cells and Extracellular Matrix of Human Amniotic Membrane Hinder the Growth and Invasive Potential of Bladder Urothelial Cancer Cells

Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancers among men in industrialized countries and on the global level incidence and mortality rates are increasing. In spite of progress in surgical treatment and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is a multi-layered membrane that comprises the innermost part of the placenta. It has unique properties that make it suitable for clinical use, such as the ability to promote wound healing and decrease scarring, low immunogenicity, and immunomodulatory, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of (i) hAM-derived cells and (ii) hAM scaffolds on the growth dynamics, proliferation rate, and invasive potential of muscle-invasive bladder cancer T24 cells. Our results show that 24 and 48 h of co-culturing T24 cells with hAM-derived cells (at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios) diminished the proliferation rate of T24 cells. Furthermore, when seeded on hAM scaffolds, namely (1) epithelium of hAM (e-hAM), (2) basal lamina of hAM (denuded; d-hAM), and (3) stroma of hAM (s-hAM), the growth dynamic of T24 cells was altered and proliferation was reduced, even more so by the e-hAM scaffolds. Importantly, despite their muscle-invasive potential, the T24 cells did not disrupt the basal lamina of hAM scaffolds. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers N-cadherin, Snail and Slug in T24 cells grown on hAM scaffolds and individual T24 cells even expressed epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin. Our study brings new knowledge on basic mechanisms of hAM affecting bladder carcinogenesis and the results serve as a good foundation for further research into the potential of hAM-derived cells and the hAM extracellular matrix to serve as a novel bladder cancer treatment.

ERH overexpression is associated with decreased cell migration and invasion and a good prognosis in gastric cancer

Background

The enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) protein is implicated in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, and malignancy. We previously conducted a proteomics analysis using gastric cancer (GC) tissues and identified ERH as a biomarker candidate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ERH may be useful as a prognostic marker for GC.

Methods

Surgically resected GC tissue specimens were obtained from 327 patients who underwent gastrectomy at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate ERH as a prognostic marker in these tissues. SNU601 and MKN74 cells with siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERH expression and ERH-overexpressing SNU601 and MKN74 knock-in cells were used for analysis of ERH function.

Results

ERH was overexpressed in stomach cancer tissues compared with normal tissues according to proteomics analysis (n=29, P<0.01) of patient samples. Based on IHC, patients with tumors overexpressing ERH had lower T stage and lower TNM stage classifications, lower cancer recurrence rates and longer survival times than did patients with tumors showing low expression of ERH (P=0.04). In vitro, forced expression of ERH significantly decreased GC cell migration and invasion, and depletion of ERH triggered GC cell migration and invasion but had no effect on proliferation in vitro.

Conclusions

The findings from the present study show that ERH is associated with decreased cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting that overexpression of ERH may serve as a marker of good prognosis for patients with GC.

Comprehensive gene expression analysis after ERH gene knockdown in human bladder cancer T24 cell lines

INTRODUCTION

In this article, we utilized Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) bioinformatics analysis software and Metascape® bioinformatics analysis website tools to analyse the possible mechanism of ERH affecting tumourigenesis (proliferation and apoptosis) in bladder cancer (BC) T24 cells.

METHODS

The ERH gene was knocked down, and BC T24 cells were divided into ERH normal and knockdown groups. Affymetrix® gene expression microarrays were performed to obtain a differentially expressed gene list (DEGL) between the 2 groups. IPA® data analyses contain five modules: disease and function analysis, upstream analysis, regulator effects analysis, canonical pathway analysis and molecular network analysis. The results of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were analysed by Metascape®.

RESULTS

The results of the gene expression profiling chip and the DEGL showed that 344 genes were upregulated and 254 genes were downregulated. The IPA® and Metascape® pathway analyses showed that the ERH gene may affect proliferation and apoptosis by affecting the apoptosis, cell cycle, Toll-like receptor (TLR), NF-κB or TGF-beta signalling pathways. Upstream analysis determined that the ERH gene may regulate TNF and NK-κB in the BC T24 cell lines. The ERH gene may be involved in the "cell death and survival" molecular network in BC T24 cells. ERH may be a regulator of KITLG through TNF.

CONCLUSIONS

The ERH gene may affect apoptosis through the TLR, NF-κB, TNF or TGF-beta signalling pathways in BC T24 cells, and may be a regulator of KITLG to ultimately activate the growth of malignant tumours.

Knockdown of enhancer of rudimentary homolog inhibits proliferation and metastasis in ovarian cancer by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. The pathogenesis of molecular in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), main histological type of OC, has not been completely defined. Enhancer of rudimentary homolog (ERH) had been reported to participate in transcriptional regulation, mRNA splicing, DNA repair and DNA synthesis by binding a variety of proteins. In this study, immunohistochemical staining revealed that the protein expression of ERH was associated with histological type, lymph node metastasis and pathological grade in EOC patients. To verify the association of ERH with the prognosis of OC, a GSE microarray dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Survival analysis suggested that ERH may be associated with poor prognosis of OC. In addition, shRNA was used to knockdown the protein and mRNA expression levels of ERH in the OC cell line SKOV3. Inhibition of ERH expression slowed proliferation, promoted apoptosis and inhibited metastasis and invasion by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in SKOV3 cells. These results indicate that ERH protein promotes the development of OC and provides an experimental basis for ERH as the potential target for ovarian cancer treatment.

Urine Lactoferrin as a Potential Biomarker Reflecting the Degree of Malignancy in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is potentially life-threatening; therefore, we aimed to discover a novel urine biomarker for diagnosis and prognostication of UCB. This is a retrospective case-control study. Exploration of a new biomarker using urine from 20 UCB patients in the present study revealed that urinary level of lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional glycoprotein released from neutrophils, was higher in 11 of 15 with invasive/high-grade UCB than 5 with non-invasive one, and 2 healthy adults. We therefore focused on LF and assessed the value of urine LF normalized by urine creatinine concentration (LF/Cr) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Diagnostic performance of urine LF/Cr was examined using urine from 92 patients with primary (newly diagnosed) untreated UCB and 166 controls without UCB, including 62 patients with pyuria, and 104 subjects without pyuria consisting of 84 patients and 20 healthy adults. However, the diagnostic accuracies were accompanied by the risk of bias. In 92 primary UCB patients, both pyuria and tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) were independent predictors for urine LF/Cr. In contrast, TINs or urine LF/Cr were independent predictors for invasive histology, whereas pyuria was not. In terms of prognostication, urine LF/Cr and nodal metastasis were independent predictors of disease-specific survival in 22 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, characterized by a high mortality rate, in the Cox proportional hazards model. In conclusion, urine LF/Cr linked to TINs was a predictor of both invasive histology and prognosis in UCB. Urine LF/Cr is a potential biomarker reflecting the degree of malignancy in UCB.