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He Q, Zhang Y, Li W, Chen S, Xiong J, Zhao R, Yuan K, Hu Q, Liu S, Gao G, Bedford MT, Tang DG, Xu B, Zou C, Zhang D. Inhibition of PRMT5 moderately suppresses prostate cancer growth in vivo but enhances its response to immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 602:217214. [PMID: 39218291 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification (PTM) catalyzed by nine protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). As the major symmetric arginine methyltransferase that methylates both histone and non-histone substrates, PRMT5 plays key roles in a number of biological processes critical for development and tumorigenesis. PRMT5 overexpression has been reported in multiple cancer types including prostate cancer (PCa), but the exact biological and mechanistic understanding of PRMT5 in aggressive PCa remains ill-defined. Here, we show that PRMT5 is upregulated in PCa, correlates with worse patient survival, promotes corrupted RNA splicing, and functionally cooperates with an array of pro-tumorigenic pathways to enhance oncogenesis. PRMT5 inhibition via either genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition reduces stemness with paralleled differentiation and arrests cell cycle progression without causing appreciable apoptosis. Strikingly, the severity of antitumor effect of PRMT5 inhibition correlates with disease aggressiveness, with AR+ PCa being less affected. Molecular characterization pinpoints MYC, but not (or at least to a lesser degree) AR, as the main partner of PRMT5 to form a positive feedback loop to exacerbate malignancy in both AR+ and AR- PCa cells. Inspired by the surprising finding that PRMT5 negatively correlates with tumor immune infiltration and transcriptionally suppresses an immune-gene program, we further show that although PRMT5 inhibitor (PRMT5i) EPZ015666 or anti-PD-1 immunotherapy alone exhibits limited antitumor effects, combination of PRMT5i with anti-PD-1 displays superior efficacy in inhibiting castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) in vivo. Finally, to expand the potential use of PRMT5i through a synthetic lethality concept, we also perform a global CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen to unravel that many clinical-grade drugs of known oncogenic pathways can be repurposed to target CRPC when used in combination with PRMT5i at low doses. Collectively, our findings establish a rationale to exploit PRMT5i in combination with immunotherapy or other targeted therapies to treat aggressive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinju He
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Saisai Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jiangling Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Current Address: Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, China
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, 14263, New York, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, 14263, New York, USA
| | - Guozhen Gao
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Cheng Zou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Dingxiao Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University, School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Murphy KC, DeMarco KD, Zhou L, Lopez-Diaz Y, Ho YJ, Li J, Bai S, Simin K, Zhu LJ, Mercurio AM, Ruscetti M. MYC and p53 alterations cooperate through VEGF signaling to repress cytotoxic T cell and immunotherapy responses in prostate cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604943. [PMID: 39091883 PMCID: PMC11291169 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are generally unresponsive to tumor targeted and immunotherapies. Whether genetic alterations acquired during the evolution of CRPC impact immune and immunotherapy responses is largely unknown. Using our innovative electroporation-based mouse models, we generated distinct genetic subtypes of CRPC found in patients and uncovered unique immune microenvironments. Specifically, mouse and human prostate tumors with MYC amplification and p53 disruption had weak cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltration and an overall dismal prognosis. MYC and p53 cooperated to induce tumor intrinsic secretion of VEGF, which by signaling through VEGFR2 expressed on CD8+ T cells, could directly inhibit T cell activity. Targeting VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling in vivo led to CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor and metastasis growth suppression and significantly increased overall survival in MYC and p53 altered CPRC. VEGFR2 blockade also led to induction of PD-L1, and in combination with PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade produced anti-tumor efficacy in multiple preclinical CRPC mouse models. Thus, our results identify a genetic mechanism of immune suppression through VEGF signaling in prostate cancer that can be targeted to reactivate immune and immunotherapy responses in an aggressive subtype of CRPC. Significance Though immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies can achieve curative responses in many treatment-refractory cancers, they have limited efficacy in CRPC. Here we identify a genetic mechanism by which VEGF contributes to T cell suppression, and demonstrate that VEGFR2 blockade can potentiate the effects of PD-L1 ICB to immunologically treat CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Murphy
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kelly D. DeMarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yvette Lopez-Diaz
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yu-jui Ho
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shi Bai
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Karl Simin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arthur M. Mercurio
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcus Ruscetti
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Zvirble M, Survila Z, Bosas P, Dobrovolskiene N, Mlynska A, Zaleskis G, Jursenaite J, Characiejus D, Pasukoniene V. Prognostic significance of soluble PD-L1 in prostate cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401097. [PMID: 39055716 PMCID: PMC11269106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the role of sPD-L1 and sPD-1 as potential biomarkers in prostate cancer (PCa). The association of the values of these soluble proteins were correlated to the clinical data: stage of disease, Gleason score, biochemical recurrence etc. For a comprehensive study, the relationship between sPD-L1 and sPD-1 and circulating immune cells was further investigated. Methods A total of 88 patients with pT2 and pT3 PCa diagnosis and 41 heathy men were enrolled. Soluble sPD-L1 and sPD-1 levels were measured in plasma by ELISA method. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry analysis. Results Our study's findings demonstrate that PCa patients had higher levels of circulating sPD-L1 and sPD-1 comparing to healthy controls (p < 0.001). We found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationship between improved progression free survival and lower initial sPD-L1 values. Furthermore, patients with a lower sPD-1/sPD-L1 ratio were associated with a higher probability of disease progression (p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant (p < 0.05) association was discovered between higher Gleason scores and elevated preoperative sPD-L1 levels and between sPD-1 and advanced stage of disease (p < 0.05). A strong correlation (p < 0.05), between immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and baseline sPD-L1 was observed in patients with unfavorable postoperative course of the disease, supporting the idea that these elements influence each other in cancer progression. In addition to the postoperative drop in circulating PD-L1, the inverse relationship (p < 0.05), between the percentage of M-MDSC and sPD-L1 in patients with BCR suggests that M-MDSC is not a source of sPD-L1 in PCa patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest the potential of sPD-L1 as a promising prognostic marker in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Zvirble
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Zilvinas Survila
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Bosas
- Department of Oncourology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Agata Mlynska
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Zaleskis
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Jursenaite
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Characiejus
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vita Pasukoniene
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Yin X, Wu Y, Song J. Characteristics of the immune environment in prostate cancer as an adjunct to immunotherapy. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2148. [PMID: 38988627 PMCID: PMC11233410 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The tumor microenvironment (TME) exerts an important role in carcinogenesis and progression. Several investigations have suggested that immune cell infiltration (ICI) is of high prognostic importance for tumor progression and patient survival in many tumors, particularly prostate cancer. The pattern of immune infiltration of PCa, on the other hand, has not been thoroughly understood. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets on PCa were obtained, and several datasets were merged into one data set using the "ComBat" algorithm. The ICI profiles of PCa patients were then to be uncovered by two computer techniques. The unsupervised clustering method was utilized to identify three ICI patterns in tumor samples, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to estimate the ICI score. Results Three different clusters of three ICIs were identified in 1341 PCa samples, which also correlated with different clinical features/characteristics and biological pathways. Patients with PCa are classified into high and low subtypes based on the ICI scores extracted from immune-associated signature genes. High ICI score subtypes are associated with a worse prognosis, which may intrigue the activation of cancer-related and immune-related pathways such as pathways involving Toll-like receptors, T-cell receptors, JAK-STAT, and natural killer cells. The ICI score was linked to tumor mutation load and immune/cancer-relevant signaling pathways, which explain prostate cancer's poor prognosis. Conclusion The findings of this study not only advanced our knowledge of the mechanism of immune response in the prostate tumor microenvironment but also provided a novel biomarker, that is, the ICI score, for disease prognosis and guiding precision immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Yin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Guiyang China
| | - Yadong Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University Guiyang China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Guizhou Medical University Guiyang China
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5
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Zhi-gang Y, Han-dong W. A causal link between circulating leukocytes and three major urologic cancers: a mendelian randomization investigation. Front Genet 2024; 15:1424119. [PMID: 38962453 PMCID: PMC11220253 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1424119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the influence of serum leukocytes on urologic cancers (UC) using observation-based investigations. In the present study, Mendelian randomization (MR) was employed to assess the link between leukocyte count (LC) and the risk of UC development. Methods Five LC and three major UC patient prognoses were obtained for MR analysis from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Furthermore, in order to evaluate reverse causality, bidirectional studies were conducted. Finally, a sensitivity analysis using multiple methods was carried out. Results There was no significant correlation found in the genetic assessment of differential LC between the co-occurrence of bladder cancer (BCA) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Conversely, an individual 1-standard deviation (SD) rise in neutrophil count was strongly linked to a 9.3% elevation in prostate cancer (PCA) risk ([odd ratio]OR = 1.093, 95% [confidence interval]CI = 0.864-1.383, p = 0.002). Reverse MR analysis suggested that PCA was unlikely to cause changes in neutrophil count. Additional sensitivity studies revealed that the outcomes of all MR evaluations were similar, and there was no horizontal pleiotropy. Primary MR analysis using inverse-variance weighted (IVW) revealed that differential lymphocyte count significantly influenced RCC risk (OR = 1.162, 95%CI = 0.918-1.470, p = 0.001). Moreover, altered basophil count also affected BCA risk (OR = 1.249, 95% CI = 0.904-1.725, p = 0.018). Nonetheless, these causal associations were not significant in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusion In summary, the results revealed that increased neutrophil counts represent a significant PCA risk factor. The current research indicates a significant relationship between immune cell activity and the cause of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wang Han-dong
- Department of Nephrology, Huangshi Aikang Hospital Affiliated to Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, Hubei, China
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6
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Seema Mustafa, Jansen CS, Jani Y, Evans S, Zhuang TZ, Brown J, Nazha B, Master V, Bilen MA. The Evolving Landscape of Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Genitourinary Cancers. Biomark Insights 2024; 19:11772719241254179. [PMID: 38827239 PMCID: PMC11143877 DOI: 10.1177/11772719241254179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been approved for treatment of genitourinary malignancies and have revolutionized the treatment landscape of these tumors. However, despite the remarkable success of these therapies in some GU malignancies, many patients' tumors do not respond to these therapies, and others may experience significant side effects, such as immune-related adverse events (iRAEs). Accordingly, biomarkers and improved prognostic tools are critically needed to help predict which patients will respond to ICI, predict and mitigate risk of developing immune-related adverse events, and inform personalized choice of therapy for each patient. Ongoing clinical and preclinical studies continue to provide an increasingly robust understanding of the mechanisms of the response to immunotherapy, which continue to inform biomarker development and validation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of biomarkers of the response to immunotherapy in GU tumors and their role in selection of therapy and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mustafa
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Caroline S Jansen
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sean Evans
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tony Z Zhuang
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Brown
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel Nazha
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Viraj Master
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehmet Asim Bilen
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Yalala S, Gondane A, Poulose N, Liang J, Mills IG, Itkonen HM. CDK9 inhibition activates innate immune response through viral mimicry. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23628. [PMID: 38661032 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302375r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently exhibit hyperactivation of transcription, which can lead to increased sensitivity to compounds targeting the transcriptional kinases, in particular CDK9. However, mechanistic details of CDK9 inhibition-induced cancer cell-selective anti-proliferative effects remain largely unknown. Here, we discover that CDK9 inhibition activates the innate immune response through viral mimicry in cancer cells. In MYC over-expressing prostate cancer cells, CDK9 inhibition leads to the gross accumulation of mis-spliced RNA. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated kinase can recognize these mis-spliced RNAs, and we show that the activity of this kinase is required for the CDK9 inhibitor-induced anti-proliferative effects. Using time-resolved transcriptional profiling (SLAM-seq), targeted proteomics, and ChIP-seq, we show that, similar to viral infection, CDK9 inhibition significantly suppresses transcription of most genes but allows selective transcription and translation of cytokines related to the innate immune response. In particular, CDK9 inhibition activates NFκB-driven cytokine signaling at the transcriptional and secretome levels. The transcriptional signature induced by CDK9 inhibition identifies prostate cancers with a high level of genome instability. We propose that it is possible to induce similar effects in patients using CDK9 inhibition, which, we show, causes DNA damage in vitro. In the future, it is important to establish whether CDK9 inhibitors can potentiate the effects of immunotherapy against late-stage prostate cancer, a currently lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Yalala
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aishwarya Gondane
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninu Poulose
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Harri M Itkonen
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zang L, Yin D, Tan S. Hyperoside Inhibits RNF8-mediated Nuclear Translocation of β-catenin to Repress PD-L1 Expression and Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:464-476. [PMID: 38305391 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289246240110044931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. that has inhibitory effects on cancer cells; however, its effects on prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. Therefore, we studied the anti-PCa effects of hyperoside and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. AIM This study aimed to explore the mechanism of hyperoside in anti-PCa. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-Thiazolyl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), transwell, and flow cytometry assays were used to detect PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to analyze the antitumor mechanism of hyperoside. RESULTS Hyperoside inhibited PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, RING finger protein 8 (RNF8), an E3 ligase that assembles K63 polyubiquitination chains, was predicted to be a direct target of hyperoside and was downregulated by hyperoside. Downregulation of RNF8 by hyperoside impeded the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and disrupted the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which reduced the expression of the target genes c-myc, cyclin D1, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Decreased PD-L1 levels contributed to induced immunity in Jurkat cells in vitro. Finally, in vivo studies demonstrated that hyperoside significantly reduced tumor size, inhibited PD-L1 and RNF8 expression, and induced apoptosis in tumor tissues of a subcutaneous mouse model. CONCLUSION Hyperoside exerts its anti-PCa effect by reducing RNF8 protein, inhibiting nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in turn reducing the expression of PD-L1 and improving Jurkat cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Long Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Song Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
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9
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Kishore C, Zi X. Wnt Signaling and Therapeutic Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 9:261-274. [PMID: 37994344 PMCID: PMC10664806 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-023-00333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a lethal form of prostate cancer (PCa) due to the development of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy and anti-androgens. Here, we review the emerging role of Wnt signaling in therapeutic resistance of CRPC. Recent Findings Convincing evidence have accumulated that Wnt signaling is aberrantly activated through genomic alterations and autocrine and paracrine augmentations. Wnt signaling plays a critical role in a subset of CRPC and in resistance to anti-androgen therapies. Wnt signaling navigates CRPC through PCa heterogeneity, neuroendocrine differentiation, DNA repair, PCa stem cell maintenance, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition and metastasis, and immune evasion. Summary Components of Wnt signaling can be harnessed for inhibiting PCa growth and metastasis and for developing novel therapeutic strategies to manage metastatic CRPC. There are many Wnt pathway-based potential drugs in different stages of pre-clinical development and clinical trials but so far, no Wnt signaling-specific drug has been approved by FDA for clinical use in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kishore
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Rt.81 Bldg.55 Rm.204, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Rt.81 Bldg.55 Rm.204, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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Gong Z, Zhang H, Ge Y, Wang P. Long noncoding RNA MIAT regulates TP53 ubiquitination and expedites prostate adenocarcinoma progression by recruiting TBL1X. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119527. [PMID: 37356458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, their efficacy for treating patients with prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) is low due to complex immune evasion mechanisms. However, the function of long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) in immune evasion has not been fully clarified. This study aimed to expound the role of myocardial infarction-associated transcript (MIAT), a lncRNA significantly upregulated in three PRAD-associated datasets, in immune evasion and try to reveal the potential mechanism. MIAT was highly expressed in PRAD tissues and predicted poor prognosis, and suppression of MIAT inhibited the malignant biological behavior of PRAD cells. Moreover, the depletion of MIAT promoted the immune response of CD8+ T cells and hampered the immune evasion of PRAD cells. In addition, MIAT downregulated TP53 protein expression by recruiting transducin beta-like protein 1X (TBL1X) for ubiquitination modification. Silencing of TP53 or overexpression of TBL1X was enough to abate the tumor suppressive effects of MIAT knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Our results provide evidence for a novel regulation mechanism of CD8+ T cells in PRAD and MIAT may serve as a potential therapeutic target in PRAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Huijing Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuntian Ge
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, PR China.
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11
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Fortis SP, Batsaki P, Stokidis S, Moschandreou D, Grouzi E, Baxevanis CN, Gritzapis AD, Goulielmaki M. A Blood-Based Immune Gene Signature with Prognostic Significance in Localized Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3697. [PMID: 37509358 PMCID: PMC10377824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male cancers worldwide and one of the deadliest if unsuccessfully treated. Τhe need for reliable, easily accessible immune-related molecular biomarkers that could be combined with clinically defined criteria, including PSA and Gleason score, to accurately predict PCa patients' clinical outcomes is emerging. Herein, we describe for the first time a blood-identified immune-related gene signature comprising eight upregulated multi-functional genes associated with poor prognosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of PCa patients' peripheral blood samples revealed a more than three-fold upregulation of each of the eight genes as compared to samples originating from healthy donors. The construction of gene and protein interaction networks revealed different extents of the functional implications of these genes in the regulation of cell proliferation and immune responses. Analysis of the available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) regarding gene expression and survival of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) and pan-cancer (PANCAN) patients revealed that intra-tumoral upregulation of this eight-gene signature (8-GS) was associated with poor 5-year progression-free intervals in PCa patients, even in those with high Gleason scores, and also with an unfavorable prognosis for cancer patients irrespective of the cancer type and even in the early stages. These observations suggest that further investigation of the 8-GS prospectively in randomized clinical trials, in which clinical benefit in terms of evaluating time to disease progression can be assessed, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios P Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Batsaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Savvas Stokidis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Moschandreou
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Grouzi
- Department of Transfusion Service and Clinical Hemostasis, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos D Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
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12
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Charytonowicz D, Brody R, Sebra R. Interpretable and context-free deconvolution of multi-scale whole transcriptomic data with UniCell deconvolve. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1350. [PMID: 36906603 PMCID: PMC10008582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce UniCell: Deconvolve Base (UCDBase), a pre-trained, interpretable, deep learning model to deconvolve cell type fractions and predict cell identity across Spatial, bulk-RNA-Seq, and scRNA-Seq datasets without contextualized reference data. UCD is trained on 10 million pseudo-mixtures from a fully-integrated scRNA-Seq training database comprising over 28 million annotated single cells spanning 840 unique cell types from 898 studies. We show that our UCDBase and transfer-learning models achieve comparable or superior performance on in-silico mixture deconvolution to existing, reference-based, state-of-the-art methods. Feature attribute analysis uncovers gene signatures associated with cell-type specific inflammatory-fibrotic responses in ischemic kidney injury, discerns cancer subtypes, and accurately deconvolves tumor microenvironments. UCD identifies pathologic changes in cell fractions among bulk-RNA-Seq data for several disease states. Applied to lung cancer scRNA-Seq data, UCD annotates and distinguishes normal from cancerous cells. Overall, UCD enhances transcriptomic data analysis, aiding in assessment of cellular and spatial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Charytonowicz
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Brody
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Icahn Genomics Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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13
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Liang H, Liu Y, Guo J, Dou M, Zhang X, Hu L, Chen J. Progression in immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126752. [PMID: 36925917 PMCID: PMC10011447 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers of the male genitourinary system and has high morbidity and mortality. Currently, treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer focus mainly on radical prostatectomy or radical radiation therapy. Some patients still experience disease recurrence or progression after these treatments, while others are already at an advanced stage or have metastases at the time of diagnosis. With the continuous development and progress of medicine in recent years, immunotherapy has become a revolutionary cancer treatment, and has achieved remarkable accomplishments in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. A variety of immunotherapies have also appeared in the field of advanced prostate cancer treatment, including therapeutic vaccines and immune checkpoint therapies. Despite the discrepancy between the results of some immunotherapy studies, immunotherapy for prostate cancer has shown some initial success, especially in combination immunotherapies. Currently, immunotherapy is mainly used in advanced prostate cancer, especially in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, with the development of more clinical trials of immunotherapy, more evidence will be provided supporting the rational application of immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Maoyang Dou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liyong Hu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
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14
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Tumor immunology. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Chen CH, Wu BJ. Monoamine oxidase A: An emerging therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1137050. [PMID: 36860320 PMCID: PMC9968829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1137050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme degrading biogenic and dietary amines, has been studied in the contexts of neuropsychiatry and neurological disorders for decades, but its importance in oncology, as best exemplified in prostate cancer (PC) to date, was only realized recently. PC is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer and the second deadliest malignancy for men in the United States. In PC, the increased expression level of MAOA is correlated with dedifferentiated tissue microarchitecture and a worse prognosis. A wealth of literature has demonstrated that MAOA promotes growth, metastasis, stemness and therapy resistance in PC, mainly by increasing oxidative stress, augmenting hypoxia, inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and activating the downstream principal transcription factor Twist1-dictated multiple context-dependent signaling cascades. Cancer-cell-derived MAOA also enables cancer-stromal cell interaction involving bone stromal cells and nerve cells by secretion of Hedgehog and class 3 semaphorin molecules respectively to modulate the tumor microenvironment in favor of invasion and metastasis. Further, MAOA in prostate stromal cells promotes PC tumorigenesis and stemness. Current studies suggest that MAOA functions in PC in both cell autonomous and non-autonomous manners. Importantly, clinically available monoamine oxidase inhibitors have shown promising results against PC in preclinical models and clinical trials, providing a great opportunity to repurpose them as a PC therapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of MAOA roles and mechanisms in PC, present several MAOA-targeted strategies that have been nominated for treating PC, and discuss the unknowns of MAOA function and targeting in PC for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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16
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Glud EN, Rasmussen M, Zhang Y, Mandrup OA, Salachan PV, Borre M, Sørensen KD, Howard KA. Identification of a high-risk immunogenic prostate cancer patient subset as candidates for T-cell engager immunotherapy and the introduction of a novel albumin-fused anti-CD3 × anti-PSMA bispecific design. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:2186-2197. [PMID: 36243890 PMCID: PMC9727128 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapies such as bispecific T-cell engagers have seen limited adoption in prostate cancer (PC), possibly due to differing levels of cancer receptor expression and effector T-cell infiltration between patients and inherent defects in T-cell engager design. METHODS CD8+ T-cell infiltration and PSMA expression were determined by RNA sequencing of primary PC tissue samples from 126 patients with localised PC and 17 patients with metastatic PC. Prognostic value was assessed through clinical parameters, including CAPRA-S risk score. A panel of albumin-fused anti-CD3 × anti-PSMA T-cell engagers with different neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) affinity were characterised by flow cytometry, Bio-Layer Interferometry and functional cellular assays. RESULTS A subset of patients with localised (30/126 = 24%) and metastatic (10/17 = 59%) PC showed both high PSMA expression and high CD8+ T-cell enrichment. The High/High phenotype in localised PC associated with a clinically high-risk cancer subtype, confirmed in an external patient cohort (n = 550, PRAD/TCGA). The T-cell engagers exhibited tunable FcRn-driven cellular recycling, CD3 and PSMA cellular engagement, T-cell activation and PSMA level-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION This work presents an albumin-fused bispecific T-cell engager with programmable FcRn engagement and identifies a high-risk PC patient subset as candidates for treatment with the T-cell engager class of immuno-oncology biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eske N. Glud
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Rasmussen
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital & Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole A. Mandrup
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul Vinu Salachan
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital & Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Borre
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital & Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital & Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A. Howard
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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17
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Gholami N, Haghparast A, Alipourfard I, Nazari M. Prostate cancer in omics era. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:274. [PMID: 36064406 PMCID: PMC9442907 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in omics technology have prompted extraordinary attempts to define the molecular changes underlying the onset and progression of a variety of complex human diseases, including cancer. Since the advent of sequencing technology, cancer biology has become increasingly reliant on the generation and integration of data generated at these levels. The availability of multi-omic data has transformed medicine and biology by enabling integrated systems-level approaches. Multivariate signatures are expected to play a role in cancer detection, screening, patient classification, assessment of treatment response, and biomarker identification. This review reports current findings and highlights a number of studies that are both novel and groundbreaking in their application of multi Omics to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Gholami
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institutitue of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Majid Nazari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- , P.O. Box 14155-6117, Shiraz, Iran.
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18
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Velaga R, Koo KM, Mainwaring PN. Harnessing gene fusion-derived neoantigens for 'cold' breast and prostate tumor immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:1165-1179. [PMID: 36043380 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are generally considered immunologically 'cold' tumors due to multiple mechanisms rendering them unresponsive to immune checkpoint blockade therapies. With little success in garnering positive outcomes in modern immunotherapeutic clinical trials, it is prudent to re-examine the role of immunogenic neoantigens in these cold tumors. Gene fusions are driver mutations in hormone-driven cancers that can result in alternative mutation-specific neoantigens to promote immunotherapy sensitivity. This review focuses on 1) gene fusion formation mechanisms in neoantigen generation; 2) gene fusion neoantigens in cancer immunotherapeutic strategies and associated clinical trials; and 3) challenges and opportunities in computational and liquid biopsy technologies. This review is anticipated to initiate further research into gene fusion neoantigens of cold tumors for further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Velaga
- Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kevin M Koo
- XING Technologies Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD 4073, Australia.,The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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19
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Staniszewska AD, Armenia J, King M, Michaloglou C, Reddy A, Singh M, San Martin M, Prickett L, Wilson Z, Proia T, Russell D, Thomas M, Delpuech O, O'Connor MJ, Leo E, Angell H, Valge-Archer V. PARP inhibition is a modulator of anti-tumor immune response in BRCA-deficient tumors. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2083755. [PMID: 35756843 PMCID: PMC9225208 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2083755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are synthetically lethal with BRCA1/2 mutations, and in this setting, accumulation of DNA damage leads to cell death. Because increased DNA damage and subsequent immune activation can prime an anti-tumor immune response, we studied the impact of olaparib ± immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) on anti-tumor activity and the immune microenvironment. Concurrent combination of olaparib, at clinically relevant exposures, with ICB gave durable and deeper anti-tumor activity in the Brca1m BR5 model vs. monotherapies. Olaparib and combination treatment modulated the immune microenvironment, including increases in CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and upregulation of immune pathways, including type I IFN and STING signaling. Olaparib also induced a dose-dependent upregulation of immune pathways, including JAK/STAT, STING and type I IFN, in the tumor cell compartment of a BRCA1m (HBCx-10) but not a BRCA WT (HBCx-9) breast PDX model. In vitro, olaparib induced BRCAm tumor cell–specific dendritic cell transactivation. Relevance to human disease was assessed using patient samples from the MEDIOLA (NCT02734004) trial, which showed increased type I IFN, STING, and JAK/STAT pathway expression following olaparib treatment, in line with preclinical findings. These data together provide evidence for a mechanism and schedule underpinning potential benefit of ICB combination with olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Armenia
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew King
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Avinash Reddy
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maneesh Singh
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Laura Prickett
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zena Wilson
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Theresa Proia
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deanna Russell
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Morgan Thomas
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oona Delpuech
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Elisabetta Leo
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Angell
- Early Oncology, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Zhang J, Ding X, Peng K, Jia Z, Yang J. Identification of biomarkers for immunotherapy response in prostate cancer and potential drugs to alleviate immunosuppression. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4839-4857. [PMID: 35680563 PMCID: PMC9217695 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Immunotherapy has a significant effect on the treatment of many tumor types. However, prostate cancers generally fail to show significant responses to immunotherapy owing to their immunosuppressive microenvironments. To sustain progress towards more effective immunotherapy for prostate cancer, comprehensive analyses of the genetic characteristics of the immune microenvironment and novel therapeutic strategies are required. Methods: The transcriptome profiles of patients with prostate cancer were obtained from GEO and processed with the TIDE algorithm to predict their responses to immunotherapy. Next, the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the responder and non-responder groups were identified and used to compute the co-expression modules by WGCNA. Then, co-expression networks were constructed and survival analysis was applied to hub genes. Finally, drug candidates to alleviate immunosuppression were filtered in prostate cancer using GSEA based on hub genes. Results: In total, we identified 2758 significant DEGs and constructed 16 co-expression modules, seven of which were significantly correlated with the immune response score. In total, 133 hub genes were identified, of which 13 were significantly associated with prostate cancer prognosis. Co-expression networks of hub genes were constructed with KMT2B at the center. Finally, six candidate drugs for prostate cancer immunotherapy were identified in PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. Conclusions: We obtained datasets from multiple platforms, performed integrated bioinformatic analysis to identify 133 hub genes and 13 biomarkers of an immunotherapy response, and six candidate drugs were filtered to inhibit the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, to ultimately improve patient responses to immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Urology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Urology, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhankui Jia
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinjian Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Institute of Urology, Tumor Molecular Biology Key Laboratory of Zhengzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zheng Zhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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21
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Huang W, Randhawa R, Jain P, Hubbard S, Eickhoff J, Kummar S, Wilding G, Basu H, Roy R. A Novel Artificial Intelligence-Powered Method for Prediction of Early Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Prostatectomy and Cancer Drivers. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2022; 6:e2100131. [PMID: 35192404 DOI: 10.1200/cci.21.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-powered method for the prediction of prostate cancer (PCa) early recurrence and identification of driver regions in PCa of all Gleason Grade Group (GGG). MATERIALS AND METHODS Deep convolutional neural networks were used to develop the AI model. The AI model was trained on The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) whole slide images (WSI) and data set (n = 243) to predict 3-year biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) and was subsequently validated on WSI from patients with PCa (n = 173) from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. RESULTS Our AI-powered platform can extract visual and subvisual morphologic features from WSI to identify driver regions predictive of early recurrence of PCa (regions of interest [ROIs]) after RP. The ROIs were ranked with AI-morphometric scores, which were prognostic for 3-year biochemical recurrence (area under the curve [AUC], 0.78), which is significantly better than the GGG overall (AUC, 0.62). The AI-morphometric scores also showed high accuracy in the prediction of recurrence for low- or intermediate-risk PCa-AUC, 0.76, 0.84, and 0.81 for GGG1, GGG2, and GGG3, respectively. These patients could benefit the most from timely adjuvant therapy after RP. The predictive value of the high-scored ROIs was validated by known PCa biomarkers studied. With this focused biomarker analysis, a potentially new STING pathway-related PCa biomarker-TMEM173-was identified. CONCLUSION Our study introduces a novel approach for identifying patients with PCa at risk for early recurrence regardless of their GGG status and for identifying cancer drivers for focused evolution-aware novel biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.,PathomIQ, Inc, Cupertino, CA
| | - Ramandeep Randhawa
- PathomIQ, Inc, Cupertino, CA.,University of Southern California Marshall School of Business, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Samuel Hubbard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jens Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- PathomIQ, Inc, Cupertino, CA.,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | - Hirak Basu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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22
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Powles T, Yuen KC, Gillessen S, Kadel EE, Rathkopf D, Matsubara N, Drake CG, Fizazi K, Piulats JM, Wysocki PJ, Buchschacher GL, Alekseev B, Mellado B, Karaszewska B, Doss JF, Rasuo G, Datye A, Mariathasan S, Williams P, Sweeney CJ. Atezolizumab with enzalutamide versus enzalutamide alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med 2022; 28:144-153. [PMID: 35013615 PMCID: PMC9406237 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Early clinical data indicate that some patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer may benefit from program death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibition, especially with enzalutamide. The IMbassador250 trial (no. NCT03016312) enrolled 759 men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer whose disease progressed on abiraterone. The addition of atezolizumab to enzalutamide in an open-label randomized trial did not meet the primary endpoint of improved overall survival in unselected patients (stratified hazard ratio 1.12, 95% confidence interval (0.91, 1.37), P = 0.28), despite an acceptable safety profile. In archival tumor samples, prostate tumors showed comparatively low expression of key immune biomarkers. DNA damage-response alterations, phosphatase and tensin homolog status and PD-L1 expression levels were similar between hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancers. In planned biomarker analysis, longer progression-free survival was seen with atezolizumab in patients with high PD-L1 IC2/3, CD8 expression and established immune gene signatures. Exploratory analysis linked progression-free survival in the atezolizumab arm with immune genes such as CXCL9 and TAP1, together with other potentially relevant biomarkers including phosphatase and tensin homolog alterations. Together these data indicate that the expected biology associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors is present in prostate cancer, albeit in fewer patients. Careful patient selection may be required for immune checkpoint inhibitors to identify subgroups of patients who may benefit from this treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Corresponding authors: Professor Thomas Powles MBBS MRCP MD, Director of Barts Cancer Centre; Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Old Anatomy Building Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Tel: +44 (0)20 7882 8498
- ; Professor Christopher J Sweeney, MBBS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Tel: 617-632-1914
| | | | - Silke Gillessen
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Dana Rathkopf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Karim Fizazi
- Gustave Roussy, University of Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Gary L. Buchschacher
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Begoña Mellado
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Asim Datye
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Sweeney
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding authors: Professor Thomas Powles MBBS MRCP MD, Director of Barts Cancer Centre; Queen Mary University of London, Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Old Anatomy Building Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Tel: +44 (0)20 7882 8498
- ; Professor Christopher J Sweeney, MBBS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Tel: 617-632-1914
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23
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Sun BL. Immunotherapy in treatment of metastatic prostate cancer: An approach to circumvent immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Prostate 2021; 81:1125-1134. [PMID: 34435699 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in men in the United States and the fifth worldwide. Most prostate cancer arises as an androgen-dependent tumor but eventually progresses into castration-resistance prostate cancer, incurable by the current androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy. The development of immunotherapy in cancer treatment has brought an exciting era of antiprostate cancer therapy through antitumor immune responses. Prostate cancer is recognized as a poorly immunogenic tissue with immunological ignorance showing low levels of antigen-presenting process and cytotoxic T-cell activation, high levels of immune checkpoint molecules and immunosuppressive cytokines/chemokines, and recruitment of immunosuppressive cells. Immunotherapies for prostate cancer have been developed to activate the innate and adaptive immune responses, such as vaccines and adoptive CAR-T cells, or to inhibit immunosuppressive molecules, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors or antibodies. The U.S Food and Drug Administration has approved Sipuleucel-T for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab for the treatment of all solid tumors, including prostate cancer, with impaired mismatch repair genes/microsatellite instability; however, the current clinical outcomes still need to be improved. As various immunosuppressive mechanisms coexist and cross-interact within the tumor microenvironment, different immunotherapy approaches may have to be combined and selected in a highly personalized way. It is hoped that this rapidly evolving field of immunotherapy will achieve successful treatment for mCRPC and will be applied to a wider range of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L Sun
- Department of Pathology, Banner-University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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24
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Ollivier L, Labbé M, Fradin D, Potiron V, Supiot S. Interaction Between Modern Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:744679. [PMID: 34595122 PMCID: PMC8477651 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.744679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer-related death. In recent decades, the development of immunotherapies has resulted in great promise to cure metastatic disease. However, prostate cancer has failed to show any significant response, presumably due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment. There is therefore growing interest in combining immunotherapy with other therapies able to relieve the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Radiation therapy remains the mainstay treatment for prostate cancer patients, is known to exhibit immunomodulatory effects, depending on the dose, and is a potent inducer of immunogenic tumor cell death. Optimal doses of radiotherapy are thus expected to unleash the full potential of immunotherapy, improving primary target destruction with further hope of inducing immune-cell-mediated elimination of metastases at distance from the irradiated site. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on both the tumor immune microenvironment in prostate cancer and the effects of radiotherapy on it, as well as on the use of immunotherapy. In addition, we discuss the utility to combine immunotherapy and radiotherapy to treat oligometastatic metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Ollivier
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Maureen Labbé
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | | | - Vincent Potiron
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, CRCINA, Nantes, France
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight recent advances in prostate cancer tumor-immune microenvironment research and summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge of immune checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the cornerstone of modern immunotherapy which have shown encouraging results across a spectrum of cancers. However, only limited survival benefit has been seen in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer progression and its response to immunotherapies are strongly influenced by the tumor-immune microenvironment, whose feature can be summarized as low amounts of tumor-specific antigens, low frequency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and high frequency of tumor-associated macrophages. To improve the therapeutic effect of immunotherapies, in recent years, many strategies have been applied, of which the most promising ones include the combination of multiple immunotherapeutic agents, the combination of an immunotherapeutic agent with other modalities in parallel or in sequential, and the development of biomarkers to find a subgroup of patients who may benefit the most from immunotherapeutic agents. SUMMARY The impact of immune content and specific immune cell types on prostate cancer biology is highly complex. Recent clinical trials have shed light on the optimal use of immunotherapies for prostate cancer.
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26
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Immunophenotype Rearrangement in Response to Tumor Excision May Be Related to the Risk of Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163709. [PMID: 34442004 PMCID: PMC8396861 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is known to exhibit a wide spectrum of aggressiveness and relatively high immunogenicity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of tumor excision on immunophenotype rearrangements in peripheral blood and to elucidate if it is associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) in high risk (HR) and low risk (LR) patients. Methods: Radical prostatectomy (RP) was performed on 108 PCa stage pT2–pT3 patients. Preoperative vs. postoperative (one and three months) immunophenotype profile (T- and B-cell subsets, MDSC, NK, and T reg populations) was compared in peripheral blood of LR and HR groups. Results: The BCR-free survival difference was significant between the HR and LR groups. Postoperative PSA decay rate, defined as ePSA, was significantly slower in the HR group and predicted BCR at cut-off level ePSA = −2.0% d−1 (AUC = 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78–0.90). Three months following tumor excision, the LR group exhibited a recovery of natural killer CD3 − CD16+ CD56+ cells, from 232 cells/µL to 317 cells/µL (p < 0.05), which was not detectable in the HR group. Prostatectomy also resulted in an increased CD8+ population in the LR group, mostly due to CD8+ CD69+ compartment (from 186 cells/µL before surgery to 196 cells/µL three months after, p < 001). The CD8+ CD69+ subset increase without total T cell increase was present in the HR group (p < 0.001). Tumor excision resulted in a myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) number increase from 12.4 cells/µL to 16.2 cells/µL in the HR group, and no change was detectable in LR patients (p = 0.12). An immune signature of postoperative recovery was more likely to occur in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). Open RP (ORP) was associated with increased MDSC numbers (p = 0.002), whereas LRP was characterized by an immunity sparing profile, with no change in MDSC subset (p = 0.16). Conclusion: Tumor excision in prostate cancer patients results in two distinct patterns of immunophenotype rearrangement. The low-risk group is highly responsive, revealing postoperative restoration of T cells, NK cells, and CD8+ CD69+ numbers and the absence of suppressor MDSC increase. The high-risk group presented a limited response, accompanied by a suppressor MDSC increase and CD8+ CD69+ increase. The laparoscopic approach, unlike ORP, did not result in an MDSC increase in the postoperative period.
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27
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Okubo Y, Sato S, Osaka K, Yamamoto Y, Suzuki T, Ida A, Yoshioka E, Suzuki M, Washimi K, Yokose T, Kishida T, Miyagi Y. Clinicopathological Analysis of the ISUP Grade Group And Other Parameters in Prostate Cancer: Elucidation of Mutual Impact of the Various Parameters. Front Oncol 2021; 11:695251. [PMID: 34395260 PMCID: PMC8356042 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.695251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer has become increasingly common worldwide. Although Grade group (GG) is widely accepted as an indicator of prostate cancer grade, there are malignancies that cannot be defined by GG alone. Moreover, the relationship between GG and other parameters remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to explore the biological characteristics of prostate cancer. Methods This study included 299 radical prostatectomy cases. The Chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the association of GG with binary and continuous variables. We then conducted morphological analyses. Multivariate analyses were performed to extract the data on risk factors for biochemical recurrence (BCR) and lymph node metastasis. Results The lymphatic, venous, perineural, and seminal vesicle invasion rates were 37/299 (12.4%), 25/299 (8.4%), 280/299 (93.6%), and 23/299 (7.7%), respectively. The extraprostatic extension (EPE), positive surgical margin, tertiary Gleason pattern 5, intraductal carcinoma of the prostate gland, and lymph node metastasis rates were 89/299 (29.8%), 106/299 (35.5%), 33/260 (12.7%), 56/299 (18.7%), and 23/299 (7.7%), respectively. As GG increased, various parameters became easier to visualize; however, there were differences between the parameters. Postoperative BCR was observed in 31/242 (12.8%) cases without preoperative hormone therapy; GG2, GG3, GG4, and GG5 accounted for 4, 7, 7, and 13 cases, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that GG and tumor diameter were significant risk factors for early BCR, whereas lymphatic invasion, EPE, and seminal vesicle invasion were significant risk factors for lymph node metastasis. For BCR, the odds ratios (ORs) for GG and tumor diameter were 2.253 (95% confidence interval (CI]): 1.297–3.912; P=0.004) and 1.074 (95% CI: 1.011–1.142; P=0.022), respectively. For lymph node metastasis, ORs for the presence of lymphatic invasion, EPE, and seminal vesicle invasion were 7.425 (95% CI: 1.688–22.583; P=0.004), 4.391 (95% CI: 1.037–18.589; P=0.044), and 5.755 (95% CI: 1.308–25.316; P=0.021), respectively. Conclusions We summarized various parameters correlating with each GG. Through multivariate analyses, we established the independent risk factors for early BCR and lymph node metastasis. In addition to GG, other important indices of malignancy were determined and weighted to provide a basis for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Okubo
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimito Osaka
- Department of Urology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yamamoto
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Arika Ida
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pathology, University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Washimi
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokose
- Department of Pathology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kishida
- Department of Urology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
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28
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Imada EL, Sanchez DF, Dinalankara W, Vidotto T, Ebot EM, Tyekucheva S, Franco GR, Mucci LA, Loda M, Schaeffer EM, Lotan T, Marchionni L. Transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss in primary prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:856. [PMID: 34311724 PMCID: PMC8314517 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PTEN is the most frequently lost tumor suppressor in primary prostate cancer (PCa) and its loss is associated with aggressive disease. However, the transcriptional changes associated with PTEN loss in PCa have not been described in detail. In this study, we highlight the transcriptional changes associated with PTEN loss in PCa. METHODS Using a meta-analysis approach, we leveraged two large PCa cohorts with experimentally validated PTEN and ERG status by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), to derive a transcriptomic signature of PTEN loss, while also accounting for potential confounders due to ERG rearrangements. This signature was expanded to lncRNAs using the TCGA quantifications from the FC-R2 expression atlas. RESULTS The signatures indicate a strong activation of both innate and adaptive immune systems upon PTEN loss, as well as an expected activation of cell-cycle genes. Moreover, we made use of our recently developed FC-R2 expression atlas to expand this signature to include many non-coding RNAs recently annotated by the FANTOM consortium. Highlighting potential novel lncRNAs associated with PTEN loss and PCa progression. CONCLUSION We created a PCa specific signature of the transcriptional landscape of PTEN loss that comprises both the coding and an extensive non-coding counterpart, highlighting potential new players in PCa progression. We also show that contrary to what is observed in other cancers, PTEN loss in PCa leads to increased activation of the immune system. These findings can help the development of new biomarkers and help guide therapy choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Luidy Imada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Wikum Dinalankara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thiago Vidotto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Regina Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorelei Ann Mucci
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tamara Lotan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143471. [PMID: 34298683 PMCID: PMC8307279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2021, the identification of effective biomarkers became a major focus of prostate cancer (PCa) in order to improve outcomes and select potentially responsive patients. The aim of this contribution is to review the main 2021 novelties in prognostic and therapeutic markers in PCa, with special reference to PCa grading, aggressive variant PCa and molecular markers predicting significant disease or response to therapy. Abstract The 2021 novelties in prognostic and therapeutic tissue markers in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) can be subdivided into two major groups. The first group is related to prognostic markers based on morphological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The novelties in this group can then be subdivided into two subgroups, one involving morphologic evaluation only, i.e., PCa grading, and the other involving both morphologic and immunohistochemical evaluations, i.e., aggressive variant PCa (AVPCa). Grading concerns androgen-dependent PCa, while AVPCa represents a late phase in its natural history, when it becomes androgen-independent. The novelties of the other major group are related to molecular markers predicting significant disease or response to therapy. This group mainly includes novelties in the molecular evaluation of PCa in tissue material and liquid biopsies.
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30
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Kamat NV, Yu EY, Lee JK. BiTE-ing into Prostate Cancer with Bispecific T-cell Engagers. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2675-2677. [PMID: 33707179 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has important therapeutic ramifications, more recently including immune oncology. Data were recently presented on the preclinical efficacy of a half-life extended bispecific T-cell engager, AMG 160, which binds PSMA and CD3 to induce T-cell-driven cytolytic activity against prostate cancer.See related article by Deegen et al., p. 2928.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil V Kamat
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John K Lee
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington. .,Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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31
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Lung PY, Zhong D, Pang X, Li Y, Zhang J. Maximizing the reusability of gene expression data by predicting missing metadata. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007450. [PMID: 33156882 PMCID: PMC7673503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reusability is part of the FAIR data principle, which aims to make data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. One of the current efforts to increase the reusability of public genomics data has been to focus on the inclusion of quality metadata associated with the data. When necessary metadata are missing, most researchers will consider the data useless. In this study, we developed a framework to predict the missing metadata of gene expression datasets to maximize their reusability. We found that when using predicted data to conduct other analyses, it is not optimal to use all the predicted data. Instead, one should only use the subset of data, which can be predicted accurately. We proposed a new metric called Proportion of Cases Accurately Predicted (PCAP), which is optimized in our specifically-designed machine learning pipeline. The new approach performed better than pipelines using commonly used metrics such as F1-score in terms of maximizing the reusability of data with missing values. We also found that different variables might need to be predicted using different machine learning methods and/or different data processing protocols. Using differential gene expression analysis as an example, we showed that when missing variables are accurately predicted, the corresponding gene expression data can be reliably used in downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yau Lung
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States of America
| | - Dongrui Zhong
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Pang
- Insilicom LLC, Tallahassee, United States of America
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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