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Varney MJ, Benovic JL. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Kinases in Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:267-299. [PMID: 38351071 PMCID: PMC10877731 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus has emerged as a major global health concern that has accelerated in recent years due to poor diet and lifestyle. Afflicted individuals have high blood glucose levels that stem from the inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to meet demand. Although medication can help to maintain normal blood glucose levels in individuals with chronic disease, many of these medicines are outdated, have severe side effects, and often become less efficacious over time, necessitating the need for insulin therapy. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many physiologic processes, including blood glucose levels. In pancreatic β cells, GPCRs regulate β-cell growth, apoptosis, and insulin secretion, which are all critical in maintaining sufficient β-cell mass and insulin output to ensure euglycemia. In recent years, new insights into the signaling of incretin receptors and other GPCRs have underscored the potential of these receptors as desirable targets in the treatment of diabetes. The signaling of these receptors is modulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) that phosphorylate agonist-activated GPCRs, marking the receptor for arrestin binding and internalization. Interestingly, genome-wide association studies using diabetic patient cohorts link the GRKs and arrestins with T2D. Moreover, recent reports show that GRKs and arrestins expressed in the β cell serve a critical role in the regulation of β-cell function, including β-cell growth and insulin secretion in both GPCR-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we describe recent insights into GPCR signaling and the importance of GRK function in modulating β-cell physiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pancreatic β cells contain a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been shown to improve β-cell function and survival, yet only a handful have been successfully targeted in the treatment of diabetes. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of β-cell GPCR pharmacology and regulation by GPCR kinases while also highlighting the necessity of investigating islet-enriched GPCRs that have largely been unexplored to unveil novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Manukonda R, Narayana RV, Kaliki S, Mishra DK, Vemuganti GK. Emerging therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:937-947. [PMID: 36524402 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2158812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an early childhood intraocular tumor of the retina and is managed by multimodal therapeutic approaches. Recent advanced targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the eye has improved the possibility of globe salvage. However, enucleation is inevitable for advanced and recurrent Rb. The cumulative knowledge of identification of newer molecular biology tools, exosomal cargo, role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and its microenvironment in the progression of the diseases warrants a relook at the traditional treatment protocol and explore the feasibility of targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED This review covers Rb pathobiology, novel molecular-targeted therapeutics, and strategies targeting Rb CSCs and provides an update on potential therapeutic targets such as second messengers and exosomal cargo. EXPERT OPINION The emergence of early diagnosis and multimodality treatment protocols have significantly improved the clinical outcome of children with advanced Rb; however, the problem of tumor recurrence has not yet been overcome. Improved understanding of the molecular pathways, identification, and characterization of CSCs opens up new targeted therapy approaches. The contemporary evidence from other fields shows promising evidence that combining conservative treatment modalities with targeting therapies specific for CSCs in clinical practice is essential for achieving high globe salvage rate in Rb patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Revu Vl Narayana
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
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Lei P, Wang H, Yu L, Xu C, Sun H, Lyu Y, Li L, Zhang DL. A correlation study of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors as potential therapeutic targets in Uterine Corpus Endometrial cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108743. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sun B, Zhong FJ. ELTD1 Promotes Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation, Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through MAPK/ERK Signaling by Regulating CSK. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:4897-4911. [PMID: 34475781 PMCID: PMC8407680 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s325495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with gastric cancer (GC) often die from metastasis. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying GC metastasis is complicated and still remains elusive. Epidermal growth factor, latrophilin and seven-transmembrane domain-containing 1 (ELTD1), has been reported to be involved in cancer metastasis, but its role in GC is still missing. Patients and Methods We first analyzed the expression of ELTD1 in GC using public databases (TCGA, Oncomine, and GEO) and our clinical samples. The functions of ELTD1 in GC proliferation, invasion and metastasis were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The functional mechanism of ETLD1 in GC was also investigated. Finally, the association between ELTD1 expression and the overall survival of GC patients was analyzed using public databases. Results ELTD1 is significantly upregulated in GC tissues. Knockdown of ELTD1 inhibits GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro as well as tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, while ELTD1 overexpression obtains opposite results. Moreover, ELTD1 could promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GC. Mechanistically, ELTD1 exerts its tumor-promoting effect by activating MAPK/ERK signaling. Subsequent studies demonstrated that ELTD1 could interact with C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and inhibit its expression, which finally lead to MAPK/ERK activation. Data from TGCA and GEO both revealed that GC patients with high ELTD1 expression had poorer prognosis and the combination of ELTD1 with CSK showed better predictive performance. Conclusion ELTD1 plays an oncogene role in GC through MAPK/ERK signaling via inhibiting CSK, which may be a useful prognostic predictor and potential therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Jing Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Sun J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Xue M, Pan X. ELTD1 promotes invasion and metastasis by activating MMP2 in colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3048-3058. [PMID: 34421349 PMCID: PMC8375227 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.62293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a key factor that affects the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), and patients with metastasis have limited treatment options and poor prognoses. EGF, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domains containing 1 (ELTD1/ADGRL4) are members of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) superfamily. In this study, high expression of ELTD1 was correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcomes in CRC patients. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that ELTD1 markedly promoted the invasion and metastasis of CRC. Moreover, ELTD1 accelerated the transcriptional activity of MMP2, which could rescue the impaired invasiveness of CRC cells caused by the downregulation of ELTD1 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that ELTD1 might be a potential novel target for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zizhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China.,Institution of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Guo L, Bai Y, Ni T, Li Y, Cao R, Ji S, Li S. MicroRNA‑153‑3p suppresses retinoblastoma cell growth and invasion via targeting the IGF1R/Raf/MEK and IGF1R/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2021; 59:47. [PMID: 34036380 PMCID: PMC8143749 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play significant roles in various types of human tumors, including retinoblastoma (RB). However, the biological role and regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB remain to be fully elucidated. The present study was designed to identify the regulatory effects of miRNAs in RB and the underlying mechanisms. Differentially expressed miRNAs in RB tissue were screened out based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset, GSE7072, which revealed that miR-153 in particular, displayed the highest fold change in expression. It was identified that miR-153 was significantly downregulated in RB tissues, and its downregulation was closely associated with a larger tumor base and differentiation. Functional analysis revealed that the overexpression of miR-153 inhibited RB cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of WERI-RB-1 and Y79 cells. In addition, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was identified as a target of miR-153 in RB cells. More importantly, it was demonstrated that miR-153 upregulation inhibited the expression of its target gene, IGF1R, which inhibited the activation of the Raf/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the present study demonstrates for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that miR-153 functions as a tumor suppressor in RB by targeting the IGF1R/Raf/MEK and IGF1R/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Collectively, the findings presented herein demonstrate that miR-153 targets IGF1R and blocks the activation of the Raf/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus preventing the progression of RB. Thus, this miRNA may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Rong Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhe Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476100, P.R. China
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ELTD1-An Emerging Silent Actor in Cancer Drama Play. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105151. [PMID: 34068040 PMCID: PMC8152501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and seven transmembrane domain–containing protein 1 (ELTD1), is a member of the G–protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily. Although discovered in 2001, ELTD1 has been investigated only by a few research groups, and important data about its role in normal and tumor cells is still missing. Even though its functions and structure are not yet fully understood, recent studies show that ELTD1 has a role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis, and it appears to be a very important biomarker and a molecular target in cancer diseases. Upregulation of ELTD1 in malignant cells has been reported, and correlated with poor cancer prognosis. This review article aims to compile the existing data and to discuss the current knowledge on ELTD1 structure and signaling, and its role in physiological and neoplastic conditions.
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