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Javan S, Eskandari M, Babaei Z, Aminisani N, Ahmadi R, Ramezani AM. Separation and identification of snuff constituents by using GC-MS and ICP-OES as well as health risk assessment of some existing heavy metals. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1513. [PMID: 37989886 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The identification of volatile organic components in snuff was accomplished using GC-MS analysis in this study. The findings of the GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of nicotine, its derivatives, and several other toxic chemicals that are hazardous to human health. Furthermore, the content of 34 elements in four brands of snuff consumed in Neyshabur City was determined by ICP-OES analysis (with five repetitions). The health hazards of measured heavy elements were examined from two perspectives: carcinogenic (7 heavy elements were checked) and non-carcinogenic (4 heavy elements were checked). The investigation of non-carcinogenic hazards from inhalation was based on the computation of the hazard quotient (HQ) factor, and the results indicated that inhaling five heavy metals, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Cd, does not represent a substantial health risk ((HQ < 1). In contrast, the computed HQ factors for Cr and As were relatively high (1 < HQ < 10), indicating a substantial health risk from breathing these two elements. The carcinogenic factor (CR value) results revealed that the degree of carcinogenic risk for Cd was very low (CR value less than 1 × 10-6) and did not pose a concern to the consumer population. However, the risk of As, Cr, and Ni exposure is considerable in the carcinogenic risk range (CR values between 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Javan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mahboube Eskandari
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Babaei
- Department of Plant Breeding & Biotechnology, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nayyereh Aminisani
- Iranian Research Center On Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Ahmadi
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Amir M Ramezani
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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Nie Z, Guo N, Peng Y, Gao Y, Cao H, Zhang S. Duality of the SVIL expression in bladder cancer and its correlation with immune infiltration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14595. [PMID: 37670039 PMCID: PMC10480233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SVIL is a member of the villin/gelsolin superfamily and is responsible for encoding supervillin. It has been reported to be closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors. However, the mechanism of SVIL in bladder cancer has not been reported yet. In this research, we evaluated the relationship between SVIL expression and bladder cancer in public dataset and examined the expression of SVIL in bladder cancer cell lines, tissue microarrays and patients in our cohort. Our work determined that the expression of SVIL in bladder cancer tissue was significantly lower than that in normal tissue. However, in bladder cancer tissues, the high expression of SVIL is significantly associated with poor prognosis. This kind of duality is very novel and has great research value. The expression level of SVIL can well predict the survival time of bladder cancer patients, and is an independent risk factor of bladder cancer patients. The expression of SVIL is also closely related to the immune tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer. Our research provides a basis for personalized therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Na Guo
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Yanling Peng
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Yuanhui Gao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China.
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Tichanek F, Försti A, Hemminki A, Hemminki O, Hemminki K. Survival in Kidney and Bladder Cancers in Four Nordic Countries through a Half Century. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2782. [PMID: 37345119 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney and bladder cancers share etiology and relatively good recent survival, but long-term studies are rare. We analyzed survival for these cancers in Denmark, Finland, Norway (NO), and Sweden (SE) over a 50-year period (1971-2020). Relative 1- and 5-year survival data were obtained from the NORDCAN database, and we additionally calculated conditional 5/1-year survival. In 2016-2020, 5-year survivals for male kidney (79.0%) and bladder (81.6%) cancers were best in SE. For female kidney cancer, NO survival reached 80.0%, and for bladder cancer, SE survival reached 76.1%. The magnitude of 5-year survival improvements during the 50-year period in kidney cancer was over 40% units; for bladder cancer, the improvement was over 20% units. Survival in bladder cancer was worse for women than for men, particularly in year 1. In both cancers, deaths in the first year were approximately as many as in the subsequent 4 years. We could document an impressive development for kidney cancer with tripled male and doubled female 5-year survival in 50 years. Additionally, for bladder cancer, a steady improvement was recorded. The current challenges are to curb early mortality and target treatment to reduce long-term mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tichanek
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30605 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Försti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 30605 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Koskinen AI, Hemminki O, Försti A, Hemminki K. Incidence and survival in oral and pharyngeal cancers in Finland and Sweden through half century. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:227. [PMID: 35236321 PMCID: PMC8889707 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx encompass a heterogeneous group of cancers for which known risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection but their influence is site-specific with HPV mainly influencing oropharyngeal cancer. Their incidence and survival rates are not well known over extended periods of time. Patients/methods Data were obtained for Finnish (FI) and Swedish (SE) patients from the Nordcan database recently updated through 2019. Age-adjusted incidence trends (FI from 1953, SE from 1960) and relative survival rates for years 1970 through 2019 were calculated. Results We observed a prominent increase in oral and oropharyngeal cancers in FI and SE men and women but the trend for oral cancer was interrupted for SE men in 1985 and possibly also for FI and SE women in 2015. The trend changes in male and female oral cancer was confirmed in data for Denmark and Norway. Relative survival for these cancers has improved overall but they differed for one cluster of oral, oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancers with 60–70% 5-year survival in the last period and hypopharyngeal cancer with 25% male survival. In all these cancers, survival for old patients was unfavorable. Discussion/conclusion We hypothesize that reduction in smoking prevalence helped to stop the increase in oral cancer especially in men. As the prevalence of smoking is decreasing, HPV is becoming a dominant risk factor, particularly for the increasing oropharyngeal cancer. Prevention needs to emphasize sexual hygiene and HPV vaccination. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09337-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni I Koskinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO Box 263, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asta Försti
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic. .,Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Toxic effects of smokeless tobacco on female reproductive health: A review. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100066. [PMID: 35310558 PMCID: PMC8927787 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco use can lead to impairments of ovarian function, morphology, oocyte quality and hormonal regulation. Use of smokeless tobacco during pregnancy has adverse health effects on both the mother and fetus. Exposure to smokeless tobacco in utero has long term health consequences on offspring.
The habitual consumption of tobacco in its various form is widespread and a serious public health issue globally. In particular, the use of smokeless tobacco has increased substantially due to its easy availability and misconception that it is relatively harmless compared to smoking. Tobacco use has been well established from numerous studies as a causative agent of devastating illnesses such as cancer, insulin resistance, hypertension, acute respiratory disease, osteoporosis, etc. Limited but growing evidence have also suggested its role in adversely affecting reproductive capabilities and outcomes in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy. This paper provides an updated review on available literature regarding the negative effects of smokeless tobacco use on female reproductive health, during pregnancy and its adverse consequences on the offspring. Existing data suggests the association between chronic smokeless tobacco use and impairment of ovarian morphology and function, oocyte quality, hormonal perturbations, fetal development and long-term health effects on the fetus. Improved understanding of these issues can contribute to better awareness of the dangers of smokeless tobacco products.
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Hemminki K, Försti A, Hemminki A, Ljungberg B, Hemminki O. Survival in bladder and upper urinary tract cancers in Finland and Sweden through 50 years. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261124. [PMID: 34982793 PMCID: PMC8726478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival has improved in bladder cancer but few studies have considered extended periods or covered populations for which medical care is essentially free of charge. We analyzed survival in urothelial cancer (UC, of which vast majority are bladder cancers) in Finland and Sweden over a 50-year period (1967–2016) using data from the NORDCAN database. Finland and Sweden are neighboring countries with largely similar health care systems but higher economic resources and health care expenditure in Sweden. We present results on 1- and 5-year relative survival rates, and additionally provide a novel measure, the difference between 1- and 5-year relative survival, indicating how well survival was maintained between these two periods. Over the 50-year period the median diagnostic age has increased by several years and the incidence in the very old patients has increased vastly. Relative 1- year survival rates increased until early 1990s in both countries, and with minor gains later reaching about 90% in men and 85% in women. Although 5-year survival also developed favorably until early 1990s, subsequent gains were small. Over time, age specific differences in male 1-year survival narrowed but remained wide in 5-year survival. For women, age differences were larger than for men. The limitations of the study were lack of information on treatment and stage. In conclusion, challenges are to improve 5-year survival, to reduce the gender gap and to target specific care to the most common patient group, those of 70 years at diagnosis. The most effective methods to achieve survival gains are to target control of tobacco use, emphasis on early diagnosis with prompt action at hematuria, upfront curative treatment and awareness of high relapse requiring regular cystoscopy follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Asta Försti
- Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Börje Ljungberg
- Department of surgical and perioperative sciences, Urology and andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Urology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Urologic Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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El-Amin S, Kinnunen JM, Rimpelä A. Adolescents' Perceptions of Harmfulness of Tobacco and Tobacco-like Products in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1485. [PMID: 35162508 PMCID: PMC8834861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
During the recent years, new tobacco and tobacco-like products, e.g., e-cigarettes, have emerged on the market. Adolescents often underestimate health risks in general, including those concerning tobacco. Little is known of adolescents' perceptions of health risks of the newer products. Our paper compares adolescents' perceptions of harmfulness of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, snus, water pipes, and nicotine in Finland, a country with a long history of strict tobacco control policy. Online surveys to nationally representative samples of 12-18-year-olds were conducted in 2017 and 2019, with 7578 answering the surveys. Only 3% of boys and 2% of girls did not agree that cigarettes are harmful to health. The percentages were slightly higher for snus (6% and 3%, respectively) and nicotine (12%, 8%) but much higher for e-cigarettes (30%, 22%) and water pipes (36%, 38%). Those who used the product, whose parents were smokers or had lower education, and whose school performance was lower, less often agreed with the harmful health effects of the products. Our results showed that adolescents understood the harmfulness of older tobacco products better than the harmfulness of the newer ones. Our results also showed the need to strengthen health education and fix adolescents' misperceptions of the health effects of the newer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma El-Amin
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (S.E.-A.); (A.R.)
| | - Jaana M. Kinnunen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (S.E.-A.); (A.R.)
| | - Arja Rimpelä
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (S.E.-A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
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