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Wang J, Tan Z, Huang Y, Li C, Zhan P, Wang H, Li H. Integrating single-cell RNA-seq to identify fibroblast-based molecular subtypes for predicting prognosis and therapeutic response in bladder cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:11385-11408. [PMID: 39033778 PMCID: PMC11315389 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BLCA) is a highly aggressive and heterogeneous disease, posing challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a promising option for patients with advanced and drug-resistant cancers. Fibroblasts, a significant component of the tumor microenvironment, play a crucial role in tumor progression, but their precise function in BLCA remains uncertain. METHODS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data for BLCA were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The R package "Seurat" was used for processing scRNA-seq data, with uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) for downscaling and cluster identification. The FindAllMarkers function identified marker genes for each cluster. Differentially expressed genes influencing overall survival (OS) of BLCA patients were identified using the limma package. Differences in clinicopathological characteristics, immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints, and chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity between high- and low-risk groups were investigated. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry validated the expression of prognostic genes. RESULTS Fibroblast marker genes identified three molecular subtypes in the testing set. A prognostic signature comprising ten genes stratified BLCA patients into high- and low-score groups. This signature was validated in one internal and two external validation sets. High-score patients exhibited increased immune cell infiltration, elevated chemokine expression, and enhanced immune checkpoint expression but had poorer OS and a reduced response to immunotherapy. Six sensitive anti-tumor drugs were identified for the high-score group. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry showed that CERCAM, TM4SF1, FN1, ANXA1, and LOX were highly expressed, while EMP1, HEYL, FBN1, and SLC2A3 were downregulated in BLCA. CONCLUSION A novel fibroblast marker gene-based signature was established, providing robust predictions of survival and immunotherapeutic response in BLCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyong Tan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yinglong Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Charles Li
- Core Facility for Protein Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongke Jianlan Medical Research Institute, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiqin Zhan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haihao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Lu C, Gao H, Li H, Luo N, Fan S, Li X, Deng R, He D, Zhao H. A novel LINC02321 promotes cell proliferation and decreases cisplatin sensitivity in bladder cancer by regulating RUVBL2. Transl Oncol 2024; 45:101962. [PMID: 38677015 PMCID: PMC11066559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) has a high incidence and is prone to recurrence. In most instances, the low 5-year survival rate of advanced BC patients results from postoperative recurrence and drug resistance. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can participate in numerous biological functions by regulating the expression of genes to affect tumorigenesis. Our previous work had demonstrated that a novel lncRNA, LINC02321, was associated with BC prognosis. In this study, A high expression of LINC02321 was found in BC tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis in patients. LINC02321 promoted both proliferation and G1-G0 progression in BC cells, while also inhibited sensitivity to cisplatin. Mechanistically, LINC02321 can bind to RUVBL2 and regulate the expression levels of RUVBL2 protein by affecting its half-life. RUVBL2 is involved in the DNA damage response. The potential of DNA damage repair pathways to exert chemosensitization has been demonstrated in vivo. The rescue experiment demonstrated that RUVBL2 overexpression can markedly abolish the decreased cell proliferation and the increased sensitivity of BC cells to cisplatin caused by LINC02321 knockdown. The results indicate that LINC02321 functions as an oncogene in BC, and may serve as a novel potential target for controlling BC progression and addressing cisplatin resistance in BC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncheng Lu
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Ning Luo
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shipeng Fan
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Renbin Deng
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Danpeng He
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Urology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China; Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Chronic Kidney Disease, Kunming 650032, China.
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Shang S, Zhang L, Liu K, Lv M, Zhang J, Ju D, Wei D, Sun Z, Wang P, Yuan J, Zhu Z. Landscape of targeted therapies for advanced urothelial carcinoma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:641-677. [PMID: 38966172 PMCID: PMC11220318 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common malignancy globally. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a major type of BC, and advanced UC (aUC) is associated with poor clinical outcomes and limited survival rates. Current options for aUC treatment mainly include chemotherapy and immunotherapy. These options have moderate efficacy and modest impact on overall survival and thus highlight the need for novel therapeutic approaches. aUC patients harbor a high tumor mutation burden and abundant molecular alterations, which are the basis for targeted therapies. Erdafitinib is currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted therapy for aUC. Many potential targeted therapeutics aiming at other molecular alterations are under investigation. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular alterations associated with aUC targeted therapy. It also comprehensively discusses the related interventions for treatment in clinical research and the potential of using novel targeted drugs in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Shang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kepu Liu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maoxin Lv
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 65000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongen Ju
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Wei
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zelong Sun
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pinxiao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi, China
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Dorna D, Kleszcz R, Paluszczak J. Triple Combinations of Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors with PARP1 Inhibitor-Olaparib and Cisplatin Lead to Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects in Head and Neck Cancer Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1359. [PMID: 38927566 PMCID: PMC11201379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PARP inhibitors are used to treat cancers with a deficient homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway. Interestingly, recent studies revealed that HR repair could be pharmacologically impaired by the inhibition of histone lysine demethylases (KDM). Thus, we investigated whether KDM inhibitors could sensitize head and neck cancer cells, which are usually HR proficient, to PARP inhibition or cisplatin. Therefore, we explored the effects of double combinations of KDM4-6 inhibitors (ML324, CPI-455, GSK-J4, and JIB-04) with olaparib or cisplatin, or their triple combinations with both drugs, on the level of DNA damage and apoptosis. FaDu and SCC-040 cells were treated with individual compounds and their combinations, and cell viability, apoptosis, DNA damage, and gene expression were assessed using the resazurin assay, Annexin V staining, H2A.X activation, and qPCR, respectively. Combinations of KDM inhibitors with cisplatin enhanced cytotoxic effects, unlike combinations with olaparib. Triple combinations of KDM inhibitors with cisplatin and olaparib exhibited the best cytotoxic activity, which was associated with DNA damage accumulation and altered expression of genes associated with apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, triple combinations of KDM inhibitors (especially GSK-J4 and JIB-04) with cisplatin and olaparib represent a promising strategy for head and neck cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Dorna
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Doctoral School, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Robert Kleszcz
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Paluszczak
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
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Duan M, Leng S, Mao P. Cisplatin in the era of PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 258:108642. [PMID: 38614254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Platinum compounds such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are widely used in chemotherapy. Cisplatin induces cytotoxic DNA damage that blocks DNA replication and gene transcription, leading to arrest of cell proliferation. Although platinum therapy alone is effective against many tumors, cancer cells can adapt to the treatment and gain resistance. The mechanisms for cisplatin resistance are complex, including low DNA damage formation, high DNA repair capacity, changes in apoptosis signaling pathways, rewired cell metabolisms, and others. Drug resistance compromises the clinical efficacy and calls for new strategies by combining cisplatin with other therapies. Exciting progress in cancer treatment, particularly development of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors, opened a new chapter to combine cisplatin with these new cancer therapies. In this Review, we discuss how platinum synergizes with PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy to bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Peng Mao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Chien TM, Yang CW, Yen CH, Yeh BW, Wu WJ, Sheu JH, Chang HW. Excavatolide C/cisplatin combination induces antiproliferation and drives apoptosis and DNA damage in bladder cancer cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1543-1560. [PMID: 38424264 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Excavatolide C (EXCC), a marine coral-derived compound, exhibits an antiproliferation effect on bladder cancer cells. The present study evaluated the improvement in the antiproliferation ability of EXCC by co-treatment with cisplatin in bladder cancer cells. EXCC/cisplatin (12.5 and 1 μg/mL) showed higher antiproliferation effects on bladder cancer cells than single treatments (EXCC or cisplatin alone) in the 48 h ATP assay. EXCC/cisplatin also enhanced the increase in subG1, annexin V-mediated apoptosis, and activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and several caspases (caspases 3, 8, and 9) compared to the single treatments. Cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress was enhanced with EXCC/cisplatin compared to the single treatments according to analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial superoxide, and mitochondrial membrane potential; in addition, cellular antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH), and the mRNA expressions of antioxidant signaling genes (catalase and NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2) were downregulated. EXCC/cisplatin treatment produced more DNA damage than the single treatments, as indicated by γH2AX and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. Moreover, several DNA repair genes for homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) were downregulated in EXCC/cisplatin compared to others. The addition of the GSH precursor N-acetylcysteine, which has ROS scavenging activity, attenuated all EXCC/cisplatin-induced changes. Notably, EXCC/cisplatin showed lower antiproliferation, apoptosis, ROS induction, GSH depletion, and γH2AX DNA damage in normal cells than in bladder cancer cells. Therefore, the co-treatment of EXCC/cisplatin reduces the proliferation of bladder cancer cells via oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms with normal cell safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Ming Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Abbas N, Chehade L, Shamseddine A. Personalized treatment with PARP inhibitors in advanced urothelial carcinoma: a case report and literature review. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359241245283. [PMID: 38638285 PMCID: PMC11025443 DOI: 10.1177/17588359241245283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) poses a significant health challenge, particularly in metastatic cases, where the prognosis is unfavorable and therapeutic options are limited. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have gained approval for use in various cancer types, but their application in BC remains controversial, despite the notable prevalence of DNA damage response alterations in advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinomas. In this report, we describe a 66-year-old heavy-smoking female diagnosed with muscle-invasive BC. She underwent multiple rounds of chemotherapy and radiation, yet her disease remained poorly controlled, leading to metastasis in the left obturator internus muscle. Comprehensive genomic profiling through FoundationOne® Liquid CDx, examining a 324-gene panel using circulating tumor DNA from blood samples, revealed a pathogenic ATM gene alteration (p.Q654fs*10, c.1960delC), suggesting potential eligibility for PARP inhibitor therapy. Remarkably, the patient achieved a complete response to talazoparib, prompting an optimal investigation into BC candidates for this promising therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Abbas
- Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Laudy Chehade
- Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Jiang D, Zhang H, Yin B, He M, Lu X, He C. The Prognostic Hub Gene POLE2 Promotes BLCA Cell Growth via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1984-1998. [PMID: 38963027 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073273633231113060429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BLCA is a common urothelial malignancy characterized by a high recurrence rate. Despite its prevalence, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development remain unclear. AIMS This study aimed to explore new prognostic biomarkers and investigate the underlying mechanism of bladder cancer (BLCA). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify key prognostic biomarkers for BLCA and to elucidate their roles in the disease. METHODS We first collected the overlapping DEGs from GSE42089 and TCGA-BLCA samples for the subsequent weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to find a key module. Then, key module genes were analyzed by the MCODE algorithm, prognostic risk model, expression and immunohistochemical staining to identify the prognostic hub gene. Finally, the hub gene was subjected to clinical feature analysis, as well as cellular function assays. RESULTS In WGCNA on 1037 overlapping genes, the blue module was the key module. After a series of bioinformatics analyses, POLE2 was identified as a prognostic hub gene in BLCA from potential genes (TROAP, POLE2, ANLN, and E2F8). POLE2 level was increased in BLCA and related to different clinical features of BLCA patients. Cellular assays showed that si-POLE2 inhibited BLCA proliferation, and si-POLE2+ 740Y-P in BLCA cells up-regulated the PI3K and AKT protein levels. CONCLUSION In conclusion, POLE2 was identified to be a promising prognostic biomarker as an oncogene in BLCA. It was also found that POLE2 exerts a promoting function by the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Bingde Yin
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Minke He
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Xuwei Lu
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
| | - Chang He
- Department of Urology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, 170 Xin-Song Road, Shanghai, 201199, China
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Kaur SD, Chellappan DK, Aljabali AA, Tambuwala M, Dua K, Kapoor DN. Recent advances in cancer therapy using PARP inhibitors. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:241. [PMID: 36180646 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When DNA repair is inadequate it increases the chances of the genome becoming unstable and it undergoes a malignant mutation. The deficiency of DNA repair PARP proteins may be leveraged for cancer therapy by increasing genomic instability and causing massive DNA damage in cancer cells. DNA repair components are under increased demand in cancer cells because of the continuous replication of DNA. The oncogenic loss of BRCA and an inefficient DNA repair led to cancer cells being dependent on particular DNA repair pathways, like the Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase pathway. Breast cancer gene 1 and 2 plays a crucial role in DNA repair and genome integrity explaining how BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations raise the menace of cancer. PARP inhibitors inhibit the base exclusion repair pathway, resulting in the buildup of unrepaired single strand breaks, which cause inflated replication forks in the S phase and subsequently the development of damaging double stranded breaks. Cells having BRCA mutations are unable to repair DNA breaks, leading to apoptosis and eventually death of cancer cells. Numerous indicators, such as a lack of homologous recombination and a high degree of replication pressure, indicate that this therapy will be very effective. Combining PARP inhibitors with chemotherapy, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, and a targeted drug is an effective strategy for combating PARP inhibitors resistance. Several PARP-based combination approaches are in preclinical and clinical development. Various clinical trials are successfully completed and some are undergoing to evaluate the efficacy of these molecules. This review will describe the current views and clinical updates on PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Deep Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alaa A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarrmouk University, Irbid, 566, Jordan
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, England, UK
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Deepak N Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India.
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